1
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Zhang C, Rittenhouse ST, Tscherbul TV, Sadeghpour HR, Hutzler NR. Sympathetic Cooling and Slowing of Molecules with Rydberg Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:033001. [PMID: 38307061 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
We propose to sympathetically slow and cool polar molecules in a cold, low-density beam using laser-cooled Rydberg atoms. The elastic collision cross sections between molecules and Rydberg atoms are large enough to efficiently thermalize the molecules even in a low-density environment. Molecules traveling at 100 m/s can be stopped in under 30 collisions with little inelastic loss. Our method does not require photon scattering from the molecules and can be generically applied to complex species for applications in precision measurement, quantum information science, and controlled chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Seth T Rittenhouse
- Department of Physics, the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Timur V Tscherbul
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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2
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Guttridge A, Ruttley DK, Baldock AC, González-Férez R, Sadeghpour HR, Adams CS, Cornish SL. Observation of Rydberg Blockade Due to the Charge-Dipole Interaction between an Atom and a Polar Molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:013401. [PMID: 37478436 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.013401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate Rydberg blockade due to the charge-dipole interaction between a single Rb atom and a single RbCs molecule confined in optical tweezers. The molecule is formed by magnetoassociation of a Rb+Cs atom pair and subsequently transferred to the rovibrational ground state with an efficiency of 91(1)%. Species-specific tweezers are used to control the separation between the atom and molecule. The charge-dipole interaction causes blockade of the transition to the Rb(52s) Rydberg state, when the atom-molecule separation is set to 310(40) nm. The observed excitation dynamics are in good agreement with simulations using calculated interaction potentials. Our results open up the prospect of a hybrid platform where quantum information is transferred between individually trapped molecules using Rydberg atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Guttridge
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel K Ruttley
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Archie C Baldock
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rosario González-Férez
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - C S Adams
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L Cornish
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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3
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Sola IR, Malinovsky VS, Ahn J, Shin S, Chang BY. Two-qubit atomic gates: spatio-temporal control of Rydberg interaction. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4325-4333. [PMID: 36752322 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04964c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By controlling the temporal and spatial features of light, we propose a novel protocol to prepare two-qubit entangling gates on atoms trapped at close distance, which could potentially speed up the operation of the gate from the sub-micro to the nanosecond scale. The protocol is robust to variations in the pulse areas and the position of the atoms, by virtue of the coherent properties of a dark state, which is used to drive the population through Rydberg states. From the time-domain perspective, the protocol generalizes the one proposed by Jaksch and coworkers [Jaksch et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 85, 2208], with three pulses that operate symmetrically in time, but with different pulse areas. From the spatial-domain perspective, it uses structured light. We analyze the map of the gate fidelity, which forms rotated and distorted lattices in the solution space. Finally, we study the effect of an additional qubit to the gate performance and propose generalizations that operate with multi-pulse sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio R Sola
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vladimir S Malinovsky
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - Jaewook Ahn
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmin Shin
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Y Chang
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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González-Férez R, Shertzer J, Sadeghpour HR. Ultralong-Range Rydberg Bimolecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:043401. [PMID: 33576643 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.043401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We predict that ultralong-range Rydberg bimolecules form in collisions between polar molecules in cold and ultracold settings. The interaction of Λ-doublet nitric oxide (NO) with long-lived Rydberg NO(nf, ng) molecules forms ultralong-range Rydberg bimolecules with GHz energies and kilo-Debye permanent electric dipole moments. The Hamiltonian includes both the anisotropic charge-molecular dipole interaction and the electron-NO scattering. The rotational constant for the Rydberg bimolecules is in the MHz range, allowing for microwave spectroscopy of rotational transitions in Rydberg bimolecules. Considerable orientation of NO dipole can be achieved. The Rydberg molecules described here hold promise for studies of a special class of long-range bimolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario González-Férez
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Janine Shertzer
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Department of Physics, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fey
- Fachbereich Physik, Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Frederic Hummel
- Fachbereich Physik, Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmelcher
- Fachbereich Physik, Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Engel F, Dieterle T, Hummel F, Fey C, Schmelcher P, Löw R, Pfau T, Meinert F. Precision Spectroscopy of Negative-Ion Resonances in Ultralong-Range Rydberg Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:073003. [PMID: 31491092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.073003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The level structure of negative ions near the electron detachment limit dictates the low-energy scattering of an electron with the parent neutral atom. We demonstrate that a single ultracold atom bound inside a Rydberg orbit forming an ultralong-range Rydberg molecule provides an atomic-scale system that is highly sensitive to electron-neutral scattering and thus allows for detailed insights into the underlying near-threshold anion states. Our measurements reveal the so-far unobserved fine structure of the ^{3}P_{J} triplet of Rb^{-} and allows us to extract parameters of the associated p-wave scattering resonances that deviate from previous theoretical estimates. Moreover, we observe a novel alignment mechanism for Rydberg molecules mediated by spin-orbit coupling in the negative ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Engel
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T Dieterle
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F Hummel
- Zentrum für optische Quantentechnologien, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Fey
- Zentrum für optische Quantentechnologien, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Schmelcher
- Zentrum für optische Quantentechnologien, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Löw
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T Pfau
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F Meinert
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Shaffer JP, Rittenhouse ST, Sadeghpour HR. Ultracold Rydberg molecules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1965. [PMID: 29773795 PMCID: PMC5958105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultracold molecules formed from association of a single Rydberg atom with surrounding atoms or molecules and those from double Rydberg excitations are discussed in this review. Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules possess a novel molecular bond resulting from scattering of the Rydberg electron from the perturber atoms or molecules. The strong interactions between Rydberg atoms in ultracold gases may lead to formation of macroscopic Rydberg macrodimers. The exquisite control over the properties of the Rydberg electron means that interesting and unusual few-body and quantum many-body features can be realized in such systems. Rydberg molecules have been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally. Here the authors review the recent developments in the study of various types of Rydberg molecules and their potential for future applications in spectroscopy, sensing and quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Shaffer
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, 440 W Brooks Street, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - S T Rittenhouse
- Department of Physics, The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, 21402, USA
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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8
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Rakić M, Beuc R, Bouloufa-Maafa N, Dulieu O, Vexiau R, Pichler G, Skenderović H. Satellite bands of the RbCs molecule in the range of highly excited states. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:204310. [PMID: 27250309 DOI: 10.1063/1.4952758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the observation of three RbCs satellite bands in the blue and green ranges of the visible spectrum. Absorption measurements are performed using all-sapphire cell filled with a mixture of Rb and Cs. We compare high resolution absorption spectrum of Rb-Cs vapor mixture with pure Rb and Cs vapor spectra from the literature. After detailed analysis, the new satellite bands of RbCs molecule at 418.3 nm, 468.3, and 527.5 nm are identified. The origin of these bands is discussed by direct comparison with difference potentials derived from quantum chemistry calculations of RbCs potential energy curves. These bands originate from the lower Rydberg states of the RbCs molecule. This study thus provides further insight into photoassociation of lower Rydberg molecular states, approximately between Cs(7s) + Rb(5s) and Cs(6s) + Rb(6p) asymptotes, in ultracold gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rakić
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Robert Beuc
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Nadia Bouloufa-Maafa
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 505, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay Cedex 91405, France
| | - Olivier Dulieu
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 505, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay Cedex 91405, France
| | - Romain Vexiau
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 505, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay Cedex 91405, France
| | - Goran Pichler
- Physics Department, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, Safat-13060, Kuwait
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9
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Wang CH, Kelley M, Buathong S, Dunning FB. Dynamics of heavy-Rydberg ion-pair formation in K(14p,20p)-SF6, CCl4 collisions. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:234306. [PMID: 24952540 DOI: 10.1063/1.4882659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of formation of heavy-Rydberg ion-pair states through electron transfer in K(np)-SF6, CCl4 collisions is examined by measuring the velocity, angular, and binding energy distributions of the product ion pairs. The results are analyzed with the aid of a Monte Carlo collision code that models both the initial electron capture and the subsequent evolution of the ion pairs. The model simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data and highlight the factors such as Rydberg atom size, the kinetic energy of relative motion of the Rydberg atom and target particle, and (in the case of attaching targets that dissociate) the energetics of dissociation that can be used to control the properties of the product ion-pair states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, MS-61, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - M Kelley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, MS-61, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - S Buathong
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, MS-61, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - F B Dunning
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, MS-61, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lemeshko
- a ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
| | - Roman V. Krems
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
- d Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , BC V6T 1Z1, Vancouver , Canada
| | - John M. Doyle
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
| | - Sabre Kais
- e Departments of Chemistry and Physics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , 47907 , USA
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11
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Sadeghpour HR, Rittenhouse ST. How do ultralong-range homonuclear Rydberg molecules get their permanent dipole moments? Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.811555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Sadeghpour
- a ITAMP , Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
| | - S. T. Rittenhouse
- b Department of Physics and Astronomy , Western Washington University , Bellingham , WA , 98225 , USA
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12
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Collins TA, Malinovskaya SA. Manipulation of ultracold Rb atoms using a single linearly chirped laser pulse. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2298-2300. [PMID: 22739887 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
At ultracold temperatures, atoms are free from thermal motion, which makes them ideal objects of investigations aiming to advance high-precision spectroscopy, metrology, quantum computation, producing Bose condensates, etc. The quantum state of ultracold atoms may be created and manipulated by making use of quantum control methods employing low-intensity pulses. We theoretically investigate population dynamics of ultracold Rb vapor induced by nanosecond linearly chirped pulses having kW/cm2 beam intensity and show a possibility of controllable population transfer between hyperfine (HpF) levels of 5(2)/S(1/2) state through Raman transitions. Satisfying the one-photon resonance condition with the lowest of the HpF states of 5(2)/P(1/2) or 5(2)/P(3/2) state allows us to enter the adiabatic region of population transfer at very low field intensities, such that corresponding Rabi frequencies are less than or equal to the HpF splitting. This methodology provides a robust way to create a specifically designed superposition state in Rb in the basis of HpF levels and perform state manipulation controllable on the picosecond-to-nanosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Collins
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
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13
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Zhao B, Glaetzle AW, Pupillo G, Zoller P. Atomic Rydberg reservoirs for polar molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:193007. [PMID: 23003036 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.193007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We discuss laser-dressed dipolar and van der Waals interactions between atoms and polar molecules, so that a cold atomic gas with laser admixed Rydberg levels acts as a designed reservoir for both elastic and inelastic collisional processes. The elastic scattering channel is characterized by large elastic scattering cross sections and repulsive shields to protect from close encounter collisions. In addition, we discuss a dissipative (inelastic) collision where a spontaneously emitted photon carries away (kinetic) energy of the collision partners, thus providing a significant energy loss in a single collision. This leads to the scenario of rapid thermalization and cooling of a molecule in the mK down to the μK regime by cold atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhao
- IQOQI and Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Li W, Pohl T, Rost JM, Rittenhouse ST, Sadeghpour HR, Nipper J, Butscher B, Balewski JB, Bendkowsky V, Löw R, Pfau T. A Homonuclear Molecule with a Permanent Electric Dipole Moment. Science 2011; 334:1110-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1211255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Noethnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - T. Pohl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Noethnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - J. M. Rost
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Noethnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Seth T. Rittenhouse
- Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (ITAMP), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - H. R. Sadeghpour
- Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (ITAMP), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J. Nipper
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B. Butscher
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J. B. Balewski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V. Bendkowsky
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - R. Löw
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T. Pfau
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Kuznetsova E, Rittenhouse ST, Sadeghpour HR, Yelin SF. Rydberg atom mediated polar molecule interactions: a tool for molecular-state conditional quantum gates and individual addressability. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17115-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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