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Caciuffo R, Lander GH. X-ray synchrotron radiation studies of actinide materials. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1692-1708. [PMID: 34738923 PMCID: PMC8570219 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521009413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By reviewing a selection of X-ray diffraction (XRD), resonant X-ray scattering (RXS), X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), resonant and non-resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS, NIXS), and dispersive inelastic scattering (IXS) experiments, the potential of synchrotron radiation techniques in studying lattice and electronic structure, hybridization effects, multipolar order and lattice dynamics in actinide materials is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Caciuffo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerard H. Lander
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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2
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Magnani N, Eloirdi R, Wilhelm F, Colineau E, Griveau JC, Shick AB, Lander GH, Rogalev A, Caciuffo R. Probing Magnetism in the Vortex Phase of PuCoGa_{5} by X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:157204. [PMID: 29077471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.157204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We measure x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra at the Pu M_{4,5} absorption edges from a newly prepared high-quality single crystal of the heavy-fermion superconductor ^{242}PuCoGa_{5}, exhibiting a critical temperature T_{c}=18.7 K. The experiment probes the vortex phase below T_{c} and shows that an external magnetic field induces a Pu 5f magnetic moment at 2 K equal to the temperature-independent moment measured in the normal phase up to 300 K by a superconducting quantum interference device. This observation is in agreement with theoretical models claiming that the Pu atoms in PuCoGa_{5} have a nonmagnetic singlet ground state resulting from the hybridization of the conduction electrons with the intermediate-valence 5f electronic shell. Unexpectedly, XMCD spectra show that the orbital component of the 5f magnetic moment increases significantly between 30 and 2 K; the antiparallel spin component increases as well, leaving the total moment practically constant. We suggest that this indicates a low-temperature breakdown of the complete Kondo-like screening of the local 5f moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magnani
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Eloirdi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Wilhelm
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), B.P.220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - E Colineau
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J-C Griveau
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A B Shick
- Institute of Physics, ASCR, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G H Lander
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Rogalev
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), B.P.220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - R Caciuffo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Janoschek M, Das P, Chakrabarti B, Abernathy DL, Lumsden MD, Lawrence JM, Thompson JD, Lander GH, Mitchell JN, Richmond S, Ramos M, Trouw F, Zhu JX, Haule K, Kotliar G, Bauer ED. The valence-fluctuating ground state of plutonium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500188. [PMID: 26601219 PMCID: PMC4646783 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A central issue in material science is to obtain understanding of the electronic correlations that control complex materials. Such electronic correlations frequently arise because of the competition of localized and itinerant electronic degrees of freedom. Although the respective limits of well-localized or entirely itinerant ground states are well understood, the intermediate regime that controls the functional properties of complex materials continues to challenge theoretical understanding. We have used neutron spectroscopy to investigate plutonium, which is a prototypical material at the brink between bonding and nonbonding configurations. Our study reveals that the ground state of plutonium is governed by valence fluctuations, that is, a quantum mechanical superposition of localized and itinerant electronic configurations as recently predicted by dynamical mean field theory. Our results not only resolve the long-standing controversy between experiment and theory on plutonium's magnetism but also suggest an improved understanding of the effects of such electronic dichotomy in complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Janoschek
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Pinaki Das
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Bismayan Chakrabarti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8019, USA
| | - Douglas L. Abernathy
- Quantum Condensed Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831–6475, USA
| | - Mark D. Lumsden
- Quantum Condensed Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831–6475, USA
| | | | | | - Gerard H. Lander
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Scott Richmond
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Mike Ramos
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Frans Trouw
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jian-Xin Zhu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kristjan Haule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8019, USA
| | - Gabriel Kotliar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8019, USA
| | - Eric D. Bauer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Abstract
The d and f electrons in correlated metals are often neither fully localized around their host nuclei nor fully itinerant. This localized/itinerant duality underlies the correlated electronic states of the high-Tc cuprate superconductors and the heavy-fermion intermetallics and is nowhere more apparent than in the 5f valence electrons of plutonium. Here, we report the full set of symmetry-resolved elastic moduli of PuCoGa5--the highest Tc superconductor of the heavy fermions (Tc = 18.5 K)--and find that the bulk modulus softens anomalously over a wide range in temperature above Tc. The elastic symmetry channel in which this softening occurs is characteristic of a valence instability--therefore, we identify the elastic softening with fluctuations of the plutonium 5f mixed-valence state. These valence fluctuations disappear when the superconducting gap opens at Tc, suggesting that electrons near the Fermi surface play an essential role in the mixed-valence physics of this system and that PuCoGa5 avoids a valence transition by entering the superconducting state. The lack of magnetism in PuCoGa5 has made it difficult to reconcile with most other heavy-fermion superconductors, where superconductivity is generally believed to be mediated by magnetic fluctuations. Our observations suggest that valence fluctuations play a critical role in the unusually high Tc of PuCoGa5.
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Magnani N, Caciuffo R, Wilhelm F, Colineau E, Eloirdi R, Griveau JC, Rusz J, Oppeneer PM, Rogalev A, Lander GH. Magnetic polarization of the americium J=0 ground state in AmFe(2). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:097203. [PMID: 25793847 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.097203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trivalent americium has a nonmagnetic (J=0) ground state arising from the cancellation of the orbital and spin moments. However, magnetism can be induced by a large molecular field if Am^{3+} is embedded in a ferromagnetic matrix. Using the technique of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, we show that this is the case in AmFe_{2}. Since ⟨J_{z}⟩=0, the spin component is exactly twice as large as the orbital one, the total Am moment is opposite to that of Fe, and the magnetic dipole operator ⟨T_{z}⟩ can be determined directly; we discuss the progression of the latter across the actinide series.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magnani
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU), Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Caciuffo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU), Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Wilhelm
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Boîte Postale 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - E Colineau
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU), Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Eloirdi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU), Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J-C Griveau
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU), Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Rusz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P M Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Rogalev
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Boîte Postale 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - G H Lander
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU), Postfach 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Das T, Zhu JX, Graf MJ. Theory of nodal s ± -wave pairing symmetry in the Pu-based 115 superconductor family. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8632. [PMID: 25721375 PMCID: PMC4342998 DOI: 10.1038/srep08632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spin-fluctuation mechanism of superconductivity usually results in the presence of gapless or nodal quasiparticle states in the excitation spectrum. Nodal quasiparticle states are well established in copper-oxide, and heavy-fermion superconductors, but not in iron-based superconductors. Here, we study the pairing symmetry and mechanism of a new class of plutonium-based high-Tc superconductors and predict the presence of a nodal s+− wave pairing symmetry in this family. Starting from a density-functional theory (DFT) based electronic structure calculation we predict several three-dimensional (3D) Fermi surfaces in this 115 superconductor family. We identify the dominant Fermi surface “hot-spots” in the inter-band scattering channel, which are aligned along the wavevector Q = (π, π, π), where degeneracy could induce sign-reversal of the pairing symmetry. Our calculation demonstrates that the s+− wave pairing strength is stronger than the previously thought d-wave pairing; and more importantly, this pairing state allows for the existence of nodal quasiparticles. Finally, we predict the shape of the momentum- and energy-dependent magnetic resonance spectrum for the identification of this pairing symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Das
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jian-Xin Zhu
- 1] Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA [2] Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Matthias J Graf
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Strong-coupling d-wave superconductivity in PuCoGa₅ probed by point-contact spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2012; 3:786. [PMID: 22510691 PMCID: PMC3337991 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Superconductivity is due to an attractive interaction between electrons that, below a critical temperature, drives them to form Cooper pairs and to condense into a ground state separated by an energy gap from the unpaired states. In the simplest cases, the pairing is mediated by lattice vibrations and the wavefunction of the pairs is isotropic. Less conventional pairing mechanisms can favour more exotic symmetries of the Cooper pairs. Here, we report on point-contact spectroscopy measurements in PuCoGa5, a moderate heavy-fermion superconductor with a record high critical temperature Tc=18.5 K. The results prove that the wavefunction of the paired electrons has a d-wave symmetry, with four lobes and nodes, and show that the pairing is likely to be mediated by spin fluctuations. Electronic structure calculations, which take into account the full structure of the f-orbital multiplets of Pu, provide a hint of the possible origin of these fluctuations. The heavy-fermion material PuCoGa5 is characterized by unconventional superconducting properties. By combining point-contact spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, this study reveals a d-wave symmetry in the system's order parameter.
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Bauer ED, Altarawneh MM, Tobash PH, Gofryk K, Ayala-Valenzuela OE, Mitchell JN, McDonald RD, Mielke CH, Ronning F, Griveau JC, Colineau E, Eloirdi R, Caciuffo R, Scott BL, Janka O, Kauzlarich SM, Thompson JD. Localized 5f electrons in superconducting PuCoIn₅: consequences for superconductivity in PuCoGa₅. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:052206. [PMID: 22194040 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/5/052206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of the first In analog of the PuMGa(5) (M = Co, Rh) family of superconductors, PuCoIn(5), are reported. With its unit cell volume being 28% larger than that of PuCoGa(5), the characteristic spin-fluctuation energy scale of PuCoIn(5) is three to four times smaller than that of PuCoGa(5), which suggests that the Pu 5f electrons are in a more localized state relative to PuCoGa(5). This raises the possibility that the high superconducting transition temperature T(c) = 18.5 K of PuCoGa(5) stems from the proximity to a valence instability, while the superconductivity at T(c) = 2.5 K of PuCoIn(5) is mediated by antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations associated with a quantum critical point.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Bauer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Das T, Zhu JX, Graf MJ. Spin fluctuations and the peak-dip-hump feature in the photoemission spectrum of actinides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:017001. [PMID: 22304279 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present first-principles multiband spin susceptibility calculations within the random-phase approximation for four isostructural superconducting PuCoIn{5}, PuCoGa{5}, PuRhGa{5}, and nonsuperconducting UCoGa{5} actinides. The results show that a strong peak in the spin-fluctuation dressed self-energy is present around 0.5 eV in all materials, which is mostly created by 5f electrons. These fluctuations couple to the single-particle spectrum and give rise to a peak-dip-hump feature, characteristic of the coexistence of itinerant and localized electronic states. Results are in quantitative agreement with photoemission spectra. Finally, we show that the studied actinides can be understood within the rigid-band filling approach, in which the spin-fluctuation coupling constant follows the same materials dependence as the superconducting transition temperature T{c}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Das
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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