1
|
Goel S, Conti C, Leedumrongwatthanakun S, Malik M. Referenceless characterization of complex media using physics-informed neural networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32824-32839. [PMID: 37859076 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a method to characterize the transmission matrices of complex scattering media using a physics-informed, multi-plane neural network (MPNN) without the requirement of a known optical reference field. We use this method to accurately measure the transmission matrix of a commercial multi-mode fiber without the problems of output-phase ambiguity and dark spots, leading to up to 58% improvement in focusing efficiency compared with phase-stepping holography. We demonstrate how our method is significantly more noise-robust than phase-stepping holography and show how it can be generalized to characterize a cascade of transmission matrices, allowing one to control the propagation of light between independent scattering media. This work presents an essential tool for accurate light control through complex media, with applications ranging from classical optical networks, biomedical imaging, to quantum information processing.
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh S, Labouesse S, Piestun R. Tunable mode control through myriad-mode fibers. JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY : A JOINT IEEE/OSA PUBLICATION 2021; 39:2961-2970. [PMID: 33994658 PMCID: PMC8117977 DOI: 10.1109/jlt.2021.3057615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multimode fibers are attractive for imaging, communication, computation, and energy delivery. Unfortunately, intermodal and polarization coupling precludes direct control of the delivered mode composition. We present a technique to tailor the mode composition at the output of a multimode fiber with thousands of modes, which we refer to as myriad-mode fiber, using its experimentally measured transmission matrix. While precise mode control has been demonstrated in typical multimode fibers with up to 210 modes, the method proposed here is particularly useful for high mode number fibers, such as when the number of modes is comparable to the number of modes of the wavefront shaping spatial light modulator. To illustrate the technique, we select different subsets of modes to create focal spots at the output of a fiber with 7140 modes. Importantly, we define efficiency and fidelity metrics to evaluate the mode control and demonstrate the relationship between efficiency, fidelity, and the spatial location of the spots across the distal fiber cross-section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Singh
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Simon Labouesse
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Rafael Piestun
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Braverman B, Fyffe A, Zhang R, Zhao J, Willner AE, Shi Z, Boyd RW. High-fidelity spatial mode transmission through a 1-km-long multimode fiber via vectorial time reversal. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1866. [PMID: 33767150 PMCID: PMC7994418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of spatial modes supported by standard multimode fibers is a promising platform for boosting the channel capacity of quantum and classical communications by orders of magnitude. However, the practical use of long multimode fibers is severely hampered by modal crosstalk and polarization mixing. To overcome these challenges, we develop and experimentally demonstrate a vectorial time reversal technique, which is accomplished by digitally pre-shaping the wavefront and polarization of the forward-propagating signal beam to be the phase conjugate of an auxiliary, backward-propagating probe beam. Here, we report an average modal fidelity above 80% for 210 Laguerre-Gauss and Hermite-Gauss modes by using vectorial time reversal over an unstabilized 1-km-long fiber. We also propose a practical and scalable spatial-mode-multiplexed quantum communication protocol over long multimode fibers to illustrate potential applications that can be enabled by our technique. The use of long multimode fibers for multiplexed quantum communication is hindered by modal crosstalk and polarisation mixing. Here, the authors use an auxiliary laser beam sent backwards from Bob to Alice, allowing her to pre-compensate for the spatial distortions and polarisation scrambling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Zhou
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Boris Braverman
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Fyffe
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Runzhou Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiapeng Zhao
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alan E Willner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhimin Shi
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert W Boyd
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Nape I, Wang Q, Vallés A, Wang J, Forbes A. Multidimensional entanglement transport through single-mode fiber. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay0837. [PMID: 32042899 PMCID: PMC6981081 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The global quantum network requires the distribution of entangled states over long distances, with substantial advances already demonstrated using polarization. While Hilbert spaces with higher dimensionality, e.g., spatial modes of light, allow higher information capacity per photon, such spatial mode entanglement transport requires custom multimode fiber and is limited by decoherence-induced mode coupling. Here, we circumvent this by transporting multidimensional entangled states down conventional single-mode fiber (SMF). By entangling the spin-orbit degrees of freedom of a biphoton pair, passing the polarization (spin) photon down the SMF while accessing multiple orbital angular momentum (orbital) subspaces with the other, we realize multidimensional entanglement transport. We show high-fidelity hybrid entanglement preservation down 250 m SMF across multiple 2 × 2 dimensions, confirmed by quantum state tomography, Bell violation measures, and a quantum eraser scheme. This work offers an alternative approach to spatial mode entanglement transport that facilitates deployment in legacy networks across conventional fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Isaac Nape
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Qainke Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Adam Vallés
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Andrew Forbes
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quantum mechanics with patterns of light: Progress in high dimensional and multidimensional entanglement with structured light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
One of candidates for the generation mechanism of high linearly polarized γ rays in γ-ray bursts is synchrotron radiations from high energy electrons under strong magnetic fields. If this scenario is true, Hermite Gaussian (HG) wave photons, which are one of high-order Gaussian modes, are also generated by high-order harmonic radiations in strong magnetic fields. The HG wave γ rays propagating along the z-direction have quantum numbers of nodes of nx and ny in the x- and y-directions, respectively. We calculate the differential cross sections for Compton scattering of photons described by HG wave function in the framework of relativistic quantum mechanics. The results indicate that it is possible to identify the HG wave photon and its quantum numbers nx and ny and by measuring the azimuthal angle dependence of differential cross section or the energy spectra of the scattered photon as a function of the azimuthal angle.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruskuc A, Koehler P, Weber MA, Andres-Arroyo A, Frosz MH, Russell PSJ, Euser TG. Excitation of higher-order modes in optofluidic photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:30245-30254. [PMID: 30469900 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order modes up to LP33 are controllably excited in water-filled kagomé- and bandgap-style hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCF). A spatial light modulator is used to create amplitude and phase distributions that closely match those of the fiber modes, resulting in typical launch efficiencies of 10-20% into the liquid-filled core. Modes, excited across the visible wavelength range, closely resemble those observed in air-filled kagomé HC-PCF and match numerical simulations. Mode indices are obtained by launching plane-waves at specific angles onto the fiber input-face and comparing the resulting intensity pattern to that of a particular mode. These results provide a framework for spatially-resolved sensing in HC-PCF microreactors and fiber-based optical manipulation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hordell J, Benedicto-Orenes D, Petrov PG, Kowalczyk AU, Barontini G, Boyer V. Transport of spatial squeezing through an optical waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:22783-22792. [PMID: 30184933 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.022783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-core optical fibers are readily used in endoscopic devices to transmit classical images. As an extension to the quantum domain, we study the transmission of the spatial quantum fluctuations of light through a conduit made of the ordered packing of thousands of fibers. Starting from twin beams that are correlated in their local intensity fluctuations, we show that, in the limit of a high density of constituent fiber cores, the intensity-difference squeezing present in arbitrary matching regions of the beams is preserved when one of the beams is sent through the conduit. The capability of using fiber bundles to transport quantum information encoded in the spatial degrees of freedom could bring guided-light technology to the emergent field of quantum imaging.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee HJ, Choi SK, Park HS. Experimental Demonstration of Four-Dimensional Photonic Spatial Entanglement between Multi-core Optical Fibres. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4302. [PMID: 28655886 PMCID: PMC5487350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibre transport of multi-dimensional photonic quantum states promises high information capacity per photon without space restriction. This work experimentally demonstrates transmission of spatial ququarts through multi-core optical fibres and measurement of the entanglement between two fibres with quantum state analyzers, each composed of a spatial light modulator and a single-mode fibre. Quantum state tomography reconstructs the four-dimension entangled state that verifies the nonlocality through concurrences in two-dimensional subspaces, a lower bound of four-dimensional concurrence and a Bell-type CGLMP inequality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kyung Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hee Su Park
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Krenn M, Malik M, Erhard M, Zeilinger A. Orbital angular momentum of photons and the entanglement of Laguerre-Gaussian modes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:20150442. [PMID: 28069773 PMCID: PMC5247486 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of orbital angular momentum (OAM) as a fundamental property of a beam of light nearly 25 years ago has led to an extensive body of research around this topic. The possibility that single photons can carry OAM has made this degree of freedom an ideal candidate for the investigation of complex quantum phenomena and their applications. Research in this direction has ranged from experiments on complex forms of quantum entanglement to the interaction between light and quantum states of matter. Furthermore, the use of OAM in quantum information has generated a lot of excitement, as it allows for encoding large amounts of information on a single photon. Here, we explain the intuition that led to the first quantum experiment with OAM 15 years ago. We continue by reviewing some key experiments investigating fundamental questions on photonic OAM and the first steps to applying these properties in novel quantum protocols. At the end, we identify several interesting open questions that could form the subject of future investigations with OAM.This article is part of the themed issue 'Optical orbital angular momentum'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Krenn
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehul Malik
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Erhard
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Zeilinger
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ménard JM, Trabold BM, Abdolvand A, Russell PSJ. Raman amplification of pure side-seeded higher-order modes in hydrogen-filled hollow-core PCF. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:895-901. [PMID: 25835849 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We use Raman amplification in hydrogen-filled hollow-core kagomé photonic crystal fiber to generate high energy pulses in pure single higher-order modes. The desired higher-order mode at the Stokes frequency is precisely seeded by injecting a pulse of light from the side, using a prism to select the required modal propagation constant. An intense pump pulse in the fundamental mode transfers its energy to the Stokes seed pulse with measured gains exceeding 60 dB and output pulse energies as high as 8 µJ. A pressure gradient is used to suppress stimulated Raman scattering into the fundamental mode at the Stokes frequency. The growth of the Stokes pulse energy is experimentally and theoretically investigated for six different higher-order modes. The technique has significant advantages over the use of spatial light modulators to synthesize higher-order mode patterns, since it is very difficult to perfectly match the actual eigenmode of the fiber core, especially for higher-order modes with complex multi-lobed transverse field profiles.
Collapse
|
12
|
Verhart NR, Lepert G, Billing AL, Hwang J, Hinds EA. Single dipole evanescently coupled to a multimode waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:19633-19640. [PMID: 25321046 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.019633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider a single dipole evanescently coupled to a cylindrical multimode waveguide. The emission rate into the waveguide is calculated as a function of the waveguide diameter and the dipole orientations, and the result is confirmed by finite-difference-time-domain simulations. We show that as the guide radius increases, the coupling to a given mode decreases but new decay channels to higher order modes open up to increase the density of states. This study gives insight for designing waveguide-based single photon sources that exploit superposition of transverse modes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Single-photon-level quantum image memory based on cold atomic ensembles. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2527. [PMID: 24084711 PMCID: PMC3806433 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantum memory is a key component for quantum networks, which will enable the distribution of quantum information. Its successful development requires storage of single-photon light. Encoding photons with spatial shape through higher-dimensional states significantly increases their information-carrying capability and network capacity. However, constructing such quantum memories is challenging. Here we report the first experimental realization of a true single-photon-carrying orbital angular momentum stored via electromagnetically induced transparency in a cold atomic ensemble. Our experiments show that the non-classical pair correlation between trigger photon and retrieved photon is retained, and the spatial structure of input and retrieved photons exhibits strong similarity. More importantly, we demonstrate that single-photon coherence is preserved during storage. The ability to store spatial structure at the single-photon level opens the possibility for high-dimensional quantum memories. Photonic quantum memories are necessary for quantum information networks and can be built using cold atomic gases. In this work, Ding et al. show the first storage and retrieval of single photons carrying orbital angular momentum using electromagnetically induced transparency in a cold rubidium ensemble.
Collapse
|
14
|
Etcheverry S, Cañas G, Gómez ES, Nogueira WAT, Saavedra C, Xavier GB, Lima G. Quantum key distribution session with 16-dimensional photonic states. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2316. [PMID: 23897033 PMCID: PMC3727059 DOI: 10.1038/srep02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The secure transfer of information is an important problem in modern telecommunications. Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a solution to this problem by using individual quantum systems to generate correlated bits between remote parties, that can be used to extract a secret key. QKD with D-dimensional quantum channels provides security advantages that grow with increasing D. However, the vast majority of QKD implementations has been restricted to two dimensions. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of using higher dimensions for real-world quantum cryptography by performing, for the first time, a fully automated QKD session based on the BB84 protocol with 16-dimensional quantum states. Information is encoded in the single-photon transverse momentum and the required states are dynamically generated with programmable spatial light modulators. Our setup paves the way for future developments in the field of experimental high-dimensional QKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Etcheverry
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carpenter J, Xiong C, Collins MJ, Li J, Krauss TF, Eggleton BJ, Clark AS, Schröder J. Mode multiplexed single-photon and classical channels in a few-mode fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:28794-28800. [PMID: 24514391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.028794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We classically measure the entire propagation matrix of a few-mode fiber and use a spatial light modulator to undo modal mixing and recover single-photons launched onto each of the eigenmodes of the fiber at one end, but arriving as mixed modal superpositions at the other. We exploit the orthogonality of these modal channels to improve the isolation between a quantum and classical channel launched onto different spatial and polarization modes at different wavelengths. The spatial diversity of the channels provides an additional 35dB of isolation in addition to that provided by polarization and wavelength.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kang Y, Ko J, Lee SM, Choi SK, Kim BY, Park HS. Measurement of the entanglement between photonic spatial modes in optical fibers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:020502. [PMID: 23030140 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the entanglement of spatial modes between two photons propagating through separate few-mode optical fibers. Quantum states over the two lowest-order spatial modes are measured with highly efficient spatial-mode analyzers based on acousto-optics. Quantum state tomography verifies the entanglement of the spatial-domain Bell state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonshik Kang
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Salakhutdinov VD, Eliel ER, Löffler W. Full-field quantum correlations of spatially entangled photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:173604. [PMID: 22680866 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.173604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatially entangled twin photons allow the study of high-dimensional entanglement, and the Laguerre-Gauss modes are the most commonly used basis to discretize the single-photon mode spaces. In this basis, to date only the azimuthal degree of freedom has been investigated experimentally due to its fundamental and experimental simplicity. We show that the full spatial entanglement is indeed accessible experimentally; i.e., we have found practicable radial detection modes with negligible cross correlations. This allows us to demonstrate hybrid azimuthal-radial quantum correlations in a Hilbert space with more than 100 dimensions per photon.
Collapse
|