1
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Avanzini F, Falasco G, Esposito M. Chemical cloaking. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:060102. [PMID: 32688465 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hiding an object in a chemical gradient requires one to suppress the distortions it would naturally cause on it. To do so, we propose a strategy based on coating the object with a chemical reaction-diffusion network which can act as an active cloaking device. By controlling the concentration of some species in its immediate surrounding, the chemical reactions redirect the gradient as if the object was not there. We also show that a substantial fraction of the energy required to cloak can be extracted from the chemical gradient itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Avanzini
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
| | - Gianmaria Falasco
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
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2
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D Laser Micro- and Nanoprinting: Challenges for Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15828-15845. [PMID: 28580704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a powerful emerging technology for the tailored fabrication of advanced functional materials. This Review summarizes the state-of-the art with regard to 3D laser micro- and nanoprinting and explores the chemical challenges limiting its full exploitation: from the development of advanced functional materials for applications in cell biology and electronics to the chemical barriers that need to be overcome to enable fast writing velocities with resolution below the diffraction limit. We further explore chemical means to enable direct laser writing of multiple materials in one resist by highly wavelength selective (λ-orthogonal) photochemical processes. Finally, chemical processes to construct adaptive 3D written structures that are able to respond to external stimuli, such as light, heat, pH value, or specific molecules, are highlighted, and advanced concepts for degradable scaffolds are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, IFG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, ITG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D-Laser-Mikro-Nanodruck: Herausforderungen für die Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology, QUT; 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4001 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für funktionelle Grenzflächen, IFG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, ITG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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4
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Abstract
We report the design, fabrication and experimental verification of an illusion device working at microwave frequencies. A two dimensional topology optimization procedure is employed to find the binary layout of a dielectric coating that, when wrapped around a metallic cylinder, mimics the scattering from a predefined, arbitrarily-shaped dielectric object. Fabrication is carried out with 3D-printing and spatially resolved near field measurements in a waveguide configuration were performed, allowing us to map the illusion effect. Our work provides general guidelines for engineering electromagnetic illusions but can be extended to shape the near and far-field radiations using low index isotropic materials.
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5
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Alwakil A, Zerrad M, Bellieud M, Amra C. Inverse heat mimicking of given objects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43288. [PMID: 28252031 PMCID: PMC5333104 DOI: 10.1038/srep43288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We address a general inverse mimicking problem in heat conduction. The objects to cloak and mimic are chosen beforehand; these objects identify a specific set of space transformations. The shapes that can be mimicked are derived from the conductivity matrices. Numerical calculation confirms all of the analytical predictions. The technique provides key advantages for applications and can be extended to the field of waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alwakil
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Zerrad
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | | | - Claude Amra
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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6
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Blasco E, Müller J, Müller P, Trouillet V, Schön M, Scherer T, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M. Fabrication of Conductive 3D Gold-Containing Microstructures via Direct Laser Writing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3592-5. [PMID: 26953811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
3D conductive microstructures containing gold are fabricated by simultaneous photopolymerization and photoreduction via direct laser writing. The photoresist employed consists of water-soluble polymers and a gold precursor. The fabricated microstructures show good conductivity and are successfully employed for 3D connections between gold pads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Müller
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute of Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Schön
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Schittny R, Kadic M, Bückmann T, Wegener M. Invisibility cloaking in a diffusive light scattering medium. Science 2014; 345:427-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1254524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schittny
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)–Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tiemo Bückmann
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)–Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)–Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Zang X, Shi C, Li Z, Chen L, Cai B, Zhu Y, Zhu H. Illusion induced overlapped optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:582-592. [PMID: 24515019 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The traditional transformation-based cloak seems like it can only hide objects by bending the incident electromagnetic waves around the hidden region. In this paper, we prove that invisible cloaks can be applied to realize the overlapped optics. No matter how many in-phase point sources are located in the hidden region, all of them can overlap each other (this can be considered as illusion effect), leading to the perfect optical interference effect. In addition, a singular parameter-independent cloak is also designed to obtain quasi-overlapped optics. Even more amazing of overlapped optics is that if N identical separated in-phase point sources covered with the illusion media, the total power outside the transformation region is N2I0 (not NI0) (I0 is the power of just one point source, and N is the number point sources), which seems violating the law of conservation of energy. A theoretical model based on interference effect is proposed to interpret the total power of these two kinds of overlapped optics effects. Our investigation may have wide applications in high power coherent laser beams, and multiple laser diodes, and so on.
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9
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Kadic M, Bückmann T, Schittny R, Wegener M. Metamaterials beyond electromagnetism. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:126501. [PMID: 24190877 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/12/126501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are rationally designed man-made structures composed of functional building blocks that are densely packed into an effective (crystalline) material. While metamaterials are mostly associated with negative refractive indices and invisibility cloaking in electromagnetism or optics, the deceptively simple metamaterial concept also applies to rather different areas such as thermodynamics, classical mechanics (including elastostatics, acoustics, fluid dynamics and elastodynamics), and, in principle, also to quantum mechanics. We review the basic concepts, analogies and differences to electromagnetism, and give an overview on the current state of the art regarding theory and experiment-all from the viewpoint of an experimentalist. This review includes homogeneous metamaterials as well as intentionally inhomogeneous metamaterial architectures designed by coordinate-transformation-based approaches analogous to transformation optics. Examples are laminates, transient thermal cloaks, thermal concentrators and inverters, 'space-coiling' metamaterials, anisotropic acoustic metamaterials, acoustic free-space and carpet cloaks, cloaks for gravitational surface waves, auxetic mechanical metamaterials, pentamode metamaterials ('meta-liquids'), mechanical metamaterials with negative dynamic mass density, negative dynamic bulk modulus, or negative phase velocity, seismic metamaterials, cloaks for flexural waves in thin plates and three-dimensional elastostatic cloaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muamer Kadic
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Halimeh JC, Wegener M. Photorealistic rendering of unidirectional free-space invisibility cloaks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:9457-9472. [PMID: 23609657 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.009457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carpet or ground-plane invisibility cloaks hide an object in reflection and inhibit transmission experiments by construction. This concept has significantly reduced the otherwise demanding material requirements and has hence enabled various experimental demonstrations. In contrast, free-space invisibility cloaks should work in both reflection and transmission. The fabrication of omnidirectional three-dimensional free-space cloaks still poses significant challenges. Recently, the idea of the carpet cloak has been carried over to experiments on unidirectional free-space invisibility cloaks that only work perfectly for one particular viewing direction and, depending on the design, also for one linear polarization of light only. Here, by using photorealistic ray tracing, we visualize the performance of four types of such unidirectional cloaks in three dimensions for different viewing directions and different polarizations of light, revealing virtues and limitations of these approaches in an intuitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad C Halimeh
- Physics Department and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80333 München, Germany.
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11
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Luo Y, Zhang B, Han T, Chen Z, Duan Y, Chu CW, Barbastathis G, Qiu CW. Phase-preserved optical elevator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:6650-7. [PMID: 23546046 PMCID: PMC3635697 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.006650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The unique superiority of transformation optics devices designed from coordinate transformation is their capability of recovering both ray trajectory and optical path length in light manipulation. However, very few experiments have been done so far to verify this dual-recovery property from viewpoints of both ray trajectory and optical path length simultaneously. The experimental difficulties arise from the fact that most previous optical transformation optics devices only work at the nano-scale; the lack of intercomparison between data from both optical path length and ray trajectory measurement in these experiments obscured the fact that the ray path was subject to a subwavelength lateral shift that was otherwise not easily perceivable and, instead, was pointed out theoretically [B. Zhang et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 233903, 2010]. Here, we use a simple macroscopic transformation optics device of phase-preserved optical elevator, which is a typical birefringent optical phenomenon that can virtually lift an optical image by a macroscopic distance, to demonstrate decisively the unique optical path length preservation property of transformation optics. The recovery of ray trajectory is first determined with no lateral shift in the reflected ray. The phase preservation is then verified with incoherent white-light interferometry without ambiguity and phase unwrapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051,
Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617,
Taiwan
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371,
Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371,
Singapore
| | - Tiancheng Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715,
China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 117576,
Singapore
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119620,
Singapore
| | - Yubo Duan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 117576,
Singapore
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119620,
Singapore
| | - Chia-Wei Chu
- Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051,
Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617,
Taiwan
| | - George Barbastathis
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715,
China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
USA
| | - Cheng Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119620,
Singapore
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12
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Lan L, Wu T, Jiang W, Ong CK, He S. First experimental demonstration of an isotropic electromagnetic cloak with strict conformal mapping. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2182. [PMID: 23851589 PMCID: PMC3711045 DOI: 10.1038/srep02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past years quasi-conformal mapping has been generally used to design broadband electromagnetic cloaks. However, this technique has some inherit practical limitations such as the lateral beam shift, rendering the device visible or difficult to hide a large object. In this work we circumvent these issues by using strict conformal mapping to build the first isotropic cloak. Microwave near-field measurement shows that our device (with dielectric constant larger than unity everywhere) has a very good cloaking performance and a broad frequency response. The present dielectric approach could be technically extended to the fabrication of other conformal devices at higher frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungui Ma
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yichao Liu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Centre for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lu Lan
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - C. K. Ong
- Centre for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Halimeh JC, Wegener M. Photorealistic ray tracing of free-space invisibility cloaks made of uniaxial dielectrics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:28330-28340. [PMID: 23263067 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.028330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The design rules of transformation optics generally lead to spatially inhomogeneous and anisotropic impedance-matched magneto-dielectric material distributions for, e.g., free-space invisibility cloaks. Recently, simplified anisotropic non-magnetic free-space cloaks made of a locally uniaxial dielectric material (calcite) have been realized experimentally. In a two-dimensional setting and for in-plane polarized light propagating in this plane, the cloaking performance can still be perfect for light rays. However, for general views in three dimensions, various imperfections are expected. In this paper, we study two different purely dielectric uniaxial cylindrical free-space cloaks. For one, the optic axis is along the radial direction, for the other one it is along the azimuthal direction. The azimuthal uniaxial cloak has not been suggested previously to the best of our knowledge. We visualize the cloaking performance of both by calculating photorealistic images rendered by ray tracing. Following and complementing our previous ray-tracing work, we use an equation of motion directly derived from Fermat's principle. The rendered images generally exhibit significant imperfections. This includes the obvious fact that cloaking does not work at all for horizontal or for ordinary linear polarization of light. Moreover, more subtle effects occur such as viewing-angle-dependent aberrations. However, we still find amazingly good cloaking performance for the purely dielectric azimuthal uniaxial cloak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad C Halimeh
- Physics Department and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80333 München, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Within the past a few years, transformation optics has emerged as a new research area, since it provides a general methodology and design tool for manipulating electromagnetic waves in a prescribed manner. Using transformation optics, researchers have demonstrated a host of striking phenomena and devices; many of which were only thought possible in science fiction. In this paper, we review the most recent advances in transformation optics. We focus on the theory, design, fabrication and characterization of transformation devices such as the carpet cloak, "Janus" lens and plasmonic cloak at optical frequencies, which allow routing light at the nanoscale. We also provide an outlook of the challenges and future directions in this fascinating area of transformation optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Liu
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center-NSEC, 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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15
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Farhat M, Mühlig S, Rockstuhl C, Lederer F. Scattering cancellation of the magnetic dipole field from macroscopic spheres. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:13896-13906. [PMID: 22714455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.013896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on the scattering cancellation technique we suggest a cloak that allows to conceal macroscopic objects, i.e. objects with an optical size comparable to wavelengths in the visible and whose scattering response is dominated by a magnetic dipole contribution. The key idea in our approach is to use a shell of polaritonic spheres around the object to be cloaked. These spheres exhibit an artificial magnetism. In a systematic investigation, where we progressively increase the complexity of the considered structure, we devise the requirements imposed on the shell and outline how it can be implemented with natural available materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farhat
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Broadband polygonal invisibility cloak for visible light. Sci Rep 2012; 2:255. [PMID: 22355767 PMCID: PMC3275922 DOI: 10.1038/srep00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invisibility cloaks have recently become a topic of considerable interest thanks to the theoretical works of transformation optics and conformal mapping. The design of the cloak involves extreme values of material properties and spatially dependent parameter tensors, which are very difficult to implement. The realization of an isolated invisibility cloak in the visible light, which is an important step towards achieving a fully movable invisibility cloak, has remained elusive. Here, we report the design and experimental demonstration of an isolated polygonal cloak for visible light. The cloak is made of several elements, whose electromagnetic parameters are designed by a linear homogeneous transformation method. Theoretical analysis shows the proposed cloak can be rendered invisible to the rays incident from all the directions. Using natural anisotropic materials, a simplified hexagonal cloak which works for six incident directions is fabricated for experimental demonstration. The performance is validated in a broadband visible spectrum.
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Stenger N, Wilhelm M, Wegener M. Experiments on elastic cloaking in thin plates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:014301. [PMID: 22304261 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.014301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Following a theoretical proposal [M. Farhat et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 024301 (2009)], we design, fabricate, and characterize a cloaking structure for elastic waves in 1 mm thin structured polymer plates. The cloak consists of 20 concentric rings of 16 different metamaterials, each being a tailored composite of polyvinyl chloride and polydimethylsiloxane. By using stroboscopic imaging with a camera from the direction normal to the plate, we record movies of the elastic waves for monochromatic plane-wave excitation. We observe good cloaking behavior for carrier frequencies in the range from 200 to 400 Hz (one octave), in good agreement with a complete continuum-mechanics numerical treatment. This system is thus ideally suited for demonstration experiments conveying the ideas of transformation optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stenger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Abstract
As invisibility cloaking has recently become experimental reality, it is interesting to explore ways to reveal remaining imperfections. In essence, the idea of most invisibility cloaks is to recover the optical path lengths without an object (to be made invisible) by a suitable arrangement around that object. Optical path length is proportional to the time of flight of a light ray or to the optical phase accumulated by a light wave. Thus, time-of-flight images provide a direct and intuitive tool for probing imperfections. Indeed, recent phase-sensitive experiments on the carpet cloak have already made early steps in this direction. In the macroscopic world, time-of-flight images could be measured directly by light detection and ranging (LIDAR). Here, we show calculated time-of-flight images of the conformal Gaussian carpet cloak, the conformal grating cloak, the cylindrical free-space cloak, and of the invisible sphere. All results are obtained by using a ray-velocity equation of motion derived from Fermat's principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad C Halimeh
- Physics Department, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80333 München, Germany.
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