1
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Toropov NA, Houghton MC, Yu D, Vollmer F. Thermo-Optoplasmonic Single-Molecule Sensing on Optical Microcavities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17534-17546. [PMID: 38924515 PMCID: PMC11238588 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonators are powerful instruments for single-molecule sensing in biological and biochemical investigations. WGM sensors leveraged by plasmonic nanostructures, known as optoplasmonic sensors, provide sensitivity down to single atomic ions. In this article, we describe that the response of optoplasmonic sensors upon the attachment of single protein molecules strongly depends on the intensity of WGM. At low intensity, protein binding causes red shifts of WGM resonance wavelengths, known as the reactive sensing mechanism. By contrast, blue shifts are obtained at high intensities, which we explain as thermo-optoplasmonic (TOP) sensing, where molecules transform absorbed WGM radiation into heat. To support our conclusions, we experimentally investigated seven molecules and complexes; we observed blue shifts for dye molecules, amino acids, and anomalous absorption of enzymes in the near-infrared spectral region. As an example of an application, we propose a physical model of TOP sensing that can be used for the development of single-molecule absorption spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Toropov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Matthew C Houghton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AX, U.K
| | - Deshui Yu
- National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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2
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Di Giulio V, Akerboom E, Polman A, García de Abajo FJ. Toward Optimum Coupling between Free Electrons and Confined Optical Modes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14255-14275. [PMID: 38775711 PMCID: PMC11155252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Free electrons are excellent tools to probe and manipulate nanoscale optical fields with emerging applications in ultrafast spectromicroscopy and quantum metrology. However, advances in this field are hindered by the small probability associated with the excitation of single optical modes by individual free electrons. Here, we theoretically investigate the scaling properties of the electron-driven excitation probability for a wide variety of optical modes including plasmons in metallic nanostructures and Mie resonances in dielectric cavities, spanning a broad spectral range that extends from the ultraviolet to the infrared region. The highest probabilities for the direct generation of three-dimensionally confined modes are observed at low electron and mode energies in small structures, with order-unity (∼100%) coupling demanding the use of <100 eV electrons interacting with eV polaritons confined down to tens of nanometers in space. Electronic transitions in artificial atoms also emerge as practical systems to realize strong coupling to few-eV free electrons. In contrast, conventional dielectric cavities reach a maximum probability in the few-percent range. In addition, we show that waveguide modes can be generated with higher-than-unity efficiency by phase-matched interaction with grazing electrons, suggesting a practical method to create multiple excitations of a localized optical mode by an individual electron through funneling the so-generated propagating photons into a confining cavity─an alternative approach to direct electron-cavity interaction. Our work provides a roadmap to optimize electron-photon coupling with potential applications in electron spectromicroscopy as well as nonlinear and quantum optics at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Di Giulio
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques-ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Evelijn Akerboom
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Polman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques-ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Mkhitaryan V, Weber AP, Abdullah S, Fernández L, Abd El-Fattah ZM, Piquero-Zulaica I, Agarwal H, García Díez K, Schiller F, Ortega JE, García de Abajo FJ. Ultraconfined Plasmons in Atomically Thin Crystalline Silver Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302520. [PMID: 37924223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to confine light down to atomic scales is critical for the development of applications in optoelectronics and optical sensing as well as for the exploration of nanoscale quantum phenomena. Plasmons in metallic nanostructures with just a few atomic layers in thickness can achieve this type of confinement, although fabrication imperfections down to the subnanometer scale hinder actual developments. Here, narrow plasmons are demonstrated in atomically thin crystalline silver nanostructures fabricated by prepatterning silicon substrates and epitaxially depositing silver films of just a few atomic layers in thickness. Specifically, a silicon wafer is lithographically patterned to introduce on-demand lateral shapes, chemically process the sample to obtain an atomically flat silicon surface, and epitaxially deposit silver to obtain ultrathin crystalline metal films with the designated morphologies. Structures fabricated by following this procedure allow for an unprecedented control over optical field confinement in the near-infrared spectral region, which is here illustrated by the observation of fundamental and higher-order plasmons featuring extreme spatial confinement and high-quality factors that reflect the crystallinity of the metal. The present study constitutes a substantial improvement in the degree of spatial confinement and quality factor that should facilitate the design and exploitation of atomic-scale nanoplasmonic devices for optoelectronics, sensing, and quantum-physics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahagn Mkhitaryan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew P Weber
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Saad Abdullah
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, E-11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Hitesh Agarwal
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin García Díez
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Enrique Ortega
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Materials Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Woodman O, Pasharavesh A, Wilson C, Bajcsy M. Detecting Single Microwave Photons with NV Centers in Diamond. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3274. [PMID: 37110108 PMCID: PMC10143562 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme for detecting single microwave photons using dipole-induced transparency (DIT) in an optical cavity resonantly coupled to a spin-selective transition of a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) defect in diamond crystal lattices. In this scheme, the microwave photons control the interaction of the optical cavity with the NV- center by addressing the spin state of the defect. The spin, in turn, is measured with high fidelity by counting the number of reflected photons when the cavity is probed by resonant laser light. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, we derive the governing master equation and solve it through both direct integration and the Monte Carlo approach. Using these numerical simulations, we then investigate the effects of different parameters on the detection performance and find their corresponding optimized values. Our results indicate that detection efficiencies approaching 90% and fidelities exceeding 90% could be achieved when using realistic optical and microwave cavity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Woodman
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Abdolreza Pasharavesh
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Christopher Wilson
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michal Bajcsy
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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5
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Fu Y, Liu X, He Y, Wang Y, Lin Y, Gan H. Radiometric calibration of a multiphoton microscope capable of measuring absolute photon flux of single photon sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23065-23077. [PMID: 36224994 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Precise photon flux measurement of single photon sources (SPSs) is essential to the successful application of SPSs. In this work, a novel method, to our knowledge, was proposed for direct measurement of the absolute photon flux of single photon sources with a femtosecond laser multiphoton microscope. A secondary 2-mm-diameter aperture was installed under the microscope objective to define the numerical aperture (NA) of the microscope. The defined NA was precisely measured to be 0.447. An LED-based miniaturized integrating sphere light source (LED-ISLS) was used as a standard radiance source to calibrate the photon flux responsivity of the multiphoton microscope, with the defined NA. The combined standard uncertainty of the measured photon flux responsivity was 1.97%. Absolute photon flux from a quantum-dot based emitter was measured by the multiphoton microscope. The uncertainty of the photon flux was evaluated to be 2.1%. This work offers a new, to our knowledge, radiometric method for fast calibration of photon flux responsivity of microscopes, and absolute photon flux calibration of single photon sources.
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6
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Abstract
The extraordinary sensitivity of plasmonic sensors is well-known in the optics and photonics community. These sensors exploit simultaneously the enhancement and the localization of electromagnetic fields close to the interface between a metal and a dielectric. This enables, for example, the design of integrated biochemical sensors at scales far below the diffraction limit. Despite their practical realization and successful commercialization, the sensitivity and associated precision of plasmonic sensors are starting to reach their fundamental classical limit given by quantum fluctuations of light-known as the shot-noise limit. To improve the sensing performance of these sensors beyond the classical limit, quantum resources are increasingly being employed. This area of research has become known as "quantum plasmonic sensing", and it has experienced substantial activity in recent years for applications in chemical and biological sensing. This review aims to cover both plasmonic and quantum techniques for sensing, and it shows how they have been merged to enhance the performance of plasmonic sensors beyond traditional methods. We discuss the general framework developed for quantum plasmonic sensing in recent years, covering the basic theory behind the advancements made, and describe the important works that made these advancements. We also describe several key works in detail, highlighting their motivation, the working principles behind them, and their future impact. The intention of the review is to set a foundation for a burgeoning field of research that is currently being explored out of intellectual curiosity and for a wide range of practical applications in biochemistry, medicine, and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyoup Lee
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Quantum Universe Center, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Lawrie
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Raphael Pooser
- Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kwang-Geol Lee
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Tame
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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7
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Jeannin M, Bonazzi T, Gacemi D, Vasanelli A, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield E, Sirtori C, Todorov Y. Absorption Engineering in an Ultrasubwavelength Quantum System. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4430-4436. [PMID: 32407632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many photonic and plasmonic structures have been proposed to achieve ultrasubwavelength light confinement across the electromagnetic spectrum. Notwithstanding this effort, however, the efficient funneling of external radiation into nanoscale volumes remains problematic. Here, we demonstrate a photonic concept that fulfills the seemingly incompatible requirements for both strong electromagnetic confinement and impedance matching to free space. Our architecture consists of antenna-coupled meta-atom resonators that funnel up to 90% of the incident radiation into an ultrasubwavelength semiconductor quantum well absorber of volume V = λ310-6. A significant fraction of the coupled electromagnetic energy is used to excite the electronic transitions in the quantum well, with a photon absorption efficiency 550 times larger than the intrinsic value of the electronic dipole. This system opens important perspectives for ultralow dark current quantum detectors and for the study of light-matter interaction in the extreme regimes of electronic and photonic confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Jeannin
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bonazzi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Djamal Gacemi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Luo Y, Chen G, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Kong F, Tian X, Zhang Y, Shan C, Luo Y, Yang J, Sandoghdar V, Dong Z, Hou JG. Electrically Driven Single-Photon Superradiance from Molecular Chains in a Plasmonic Nanocavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:233901. [PMID: 31298910 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.233901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate single-photon superradiance from artificially constructed nonbonded zinc-phthalocyanine molecular chains of up to 12 molecules. We excite the system via electron tunneling in a plasmonic nanocavity and quantitatively investigate the interaction of the localized plasmon with single-exciton superradiant states resulting from dipole-dipole coupling. Dumbbell-like patterns obtained by subnanometer resolved spectroscopic imaging disclose the coherent nature of the coupling associated with superradiant states while second-order photon correlation measurements demonstrate single-photon emission. The combination of spatially resolved spectral measurements with theoretical considerations reveals that nanocavity plasmons dramatically modify the linewidth and intensity of emission from the molecular chains, but they do not dictate the intrinsic coherence of the superradiant states. Our studies shed light on the optical properties of molecular collective states and their interaction with nanoscopically localized plasmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yunjie Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fanfang Kong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaojun Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chongxin Shan
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Zhenchao Dong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - J G Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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9
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Dias EJC, García de Abajo FJ. Fundamental Limits to the Coupling between Light and 2D Polaritons by Small Scatterers. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5184-5197. [PMID: 30916551 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic modes in two-dimensional van der Waals materials display short in-plane wavelengths compared with light in free space. As interesting as this may look from both fundamental and applied viewpoints, such large confinement is accompanied by poor in/out optical coupling, which severely limits the application of polaritons in practical devices. Here, we quantify the coupling strength between light and 2D polaritons in both homogeneous and anisotropic films using accurate rigorous analytical methods. In particular, we obtain universal expressions for the cross sections associated with photon-polariton coupling by point and line defects, as well as with polariton extinction and scattering processes. Additionally, we find closed-form constraints that limit the maximum possible values of these cross sections. Specifically, the maximum photon-to-plasmon conversion efficiency in graphene is ∼10-6 and ∼10-4 for point and line scatterers sitting at its surface, respectively, when the plasmon and Fermi energies are comparable in magnitude. We further show that resonant particles placed at an optimum distance from the film can boost light-to-polariton coupling to order unity. Our results bear fundamental interest for the development of 2D polaritonics and the design of applications based on these excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J C Dias
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels ( Barcelona ), Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels ( Barcelona ), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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10
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Paudel U, Wong JJ, Goggin M, Kwiat PG, Bracker AS, Yakes M, Gammon D, Steel DG. Direct excitation of a single quantum dot with cavity-SPDC photons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:16308-16319. [PMID: 31163810 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.016308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate mode-engineered single photons to interface with disparate quantum systems is of importance for building a quantum network. Here we report on the generation of a pulsed, heralded single photon source with a sub-GHz spectral bandwidth that couples to indium arsenide quantum dots centered at 942 nm. The source is built with a type-II PPKTP down-conversion crystal embedded in a semi-confocal optical cavity and pumped with a 76 MHz repetition rate pulsed laser to emit collinear, polarization-correlated photon pairs resonant with a single quantum dot. In order to demonstrate direct coupling, we use the mode-engineered cavity-SPDC single-photon source to resonantly excite an isolated single quantum dot.
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11
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Moradi A, Ristanović Z, Orrit M, Deperasińska I, Kozankiewicz B. Matrix-induced Linear Stark Effect of Single Dibenzoterrylene Molecules in 2,3-Dibromonaphthalene Crystal. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:55-61. [PMID: 30427119 PMCID: PMC6391937 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Absorption and fluorescence from single molecules can be tuned by applying an external electric field - a phenomenon known as the Stark effect. A linear Stark effect is associated to a lack of centrosymmetry of the guest in the host matrix. Centrosymmetric guests can display a linear Stark effect in disordered matrices, but the response of individual guest molecules is often relatively weak and non-uniform, with a broad distribution of the Stark coefficients. Here we introduce a novel single-molecule host-guest system, dibenzoterrylene (DBT) in 2,3-dibromonaphthalene (DBN) crystal. Fluorescent DBT molecules show excellent spectral stability with a large linear Stark effect, of the order of 1.5 GHz/kVcm-1 , corresponding to an electric dipole moment change of around 2 D. Remarkably, when the electric field is aligned with the a crystal axis, nearly all DBT molecules show either positive or negative Stark shifts with similar absolute values. These results are consistent with quantum chemistry calculations. Those indicate that DBT substitutes three DBN molecules along the a-axis, giving rise to eight equivalent embedding sites, related by the three glide planes of the orthorhombic crystal. The static dipole moment of DBT molecules is created by host-induced breaking of the inversion symmetry. This new host-guest system is promising for applications that require a high sensitivity of fluorescent emitters to electric fields, for example to probe weak electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Moradi
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes LaboratoryLION, Postbus 95042300RA LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes LaboratoryLION, Postbus 95042300RA LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes LaboratoryLION, Postbus 95042300RA LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Irena Deperasińska
- Institute of PhysicsPolish Academy of Sciences Al. Lotnikow 32/4602-668WarsawPoland
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12
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Mkhitaryan V, Meng L, Marini A, de Abajo FJG. Lasing and Amplification from Two-Dimensional Atom Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:163602. [PMID: 30387662 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.163602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We explore the ability of two-dimensional periodic atom arrays to produce light amplification and generate laser emission when gain is introduced through external optical pumping. Specifically, we predict that lasing can take place for arbitrarily weak atomic scatterers assisted by cooperative interaction among atoms in a 2D lattice. We base this conclusion on analytical theory for three-level scatterers, which additionally reveals a rich interplay between lattice and atomic resonances. Our results provide a general background to understand light amplification and lasing in periodic atomic arrays, with promising applications in the generation, manipulation, and control of coherent photon states at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahagn Mkhitaryan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Lijun Meng
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Andrea Marini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Valente D, Brito F, Ferreira R, Werlang T. Work on a quantum dipole by a single-photon pulse. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2644-2647. [PMID: 29856383 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer from a quantized field to a quantized dipole is investigated. We find that a single photon can transfer energy to a two-level dipole by inducing a dynamic Stark shift, going beyond the well-known absorption and emission processes. A quantum thermodynamical perspective allows us to unravel these two energy transfer mechanisms and to identify the former as a generalized work and the latter as a generalized heat. We show two necessary conditions for the generalized work transfer by a single photon to occur, namely, off-resonance and finite linewidth of the pulse. We also show that the generalized work performed by a single-photon pulse equals the reactive (dispersive) contribution of the work performed by a semiclassical pulse in the low-excitation regime.
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14
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Abstract
The strong coupling of atoms and molecules to radiation field modes in optical cavities creates dressed matter/field states known as polaritons with controllable dynamical and energy transfer properties. We propose a multidimensional optical spectroscopy technique for monitoring polariton dynamics. The response of a two-level atom to the time-dependent coupling to a single-cavity mode is monitored through time-and-frequency-resolved single-photon coincidence measurements of spontaneous emission. Polariton population and coherence dynamics and its variation with cavity photon number and controlled by gating parameters are predicted by solving the Jaynes-Cummings model.
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15
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Striebel M, Wrachtrup J, Gerhardt I. Absorption and Extinction Cross Sections and Photon Streamlines in the Optical Near-field. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15420. [PMID: 29133925 PMCID: PMC5684246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical interaction of light and matter is modeled as an oscillating dipole in a plane wave electromagnetic field. We analyze absorption, scattering and extinction for this system by the energy flow, visualized as streamlines of the Poynting vector. Depending on the dissipative damping of the oscillator, a part of the streamlines ends up in the dipole. Based on a graphical investigation of the streamlines, this represents the absorption cross section, and forms a far-field absorption aperture. In the near-field of the oscillator, a modification of the aperture is observed. As in the case for a linear dipole, we model the energy flow and derive the effective absorption apertures for an oscillator with a circular dipole characteristics - such as an atom in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Striebel
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jӧrg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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16
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Zhang L, Yu YJ, Chen LG, Luo Y, Yang B, Kong FF, Chen G, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Luo Y, Yang JL, Dong ZC, Hou JG. Electrically driven single-photon emission from an isolated single molecule. Nat Commun 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28924226 PMCID: PMC5603600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrically driven molecular light emitters are considered to be one of the promising candidates as single-photon sources. However, it is yet to be demonstrated that electrically driven single-photon emission can indeed be generated from an isolated single molecule notwithstanding fluorescence quenching and technical challenges. Here, we report such electrically driven single-photon emission from a well-defined single molecule located inside a precisely controlled nanocavity in a scanning tunneling microscope. The effective quenching suppression and nanocavity plasmonic enhancement allow us to achieve intense and stable single-molecule electroluminescence. Second-order photon correlation measurements reveal an evident photon antibunching dip with the single-photon purity down to g(2)(0) = 0.09, unambiguously confirming the single-photon emission nature of the single-molecule electroluminescence. Furthermore, we demonstrate an ultrahigh-density array of identical single-photon emitters. Molecular emitters offer a promising solution for single-photon generation. Here, by exploiting electronic decoupling by an ultrathin dielectric spacer and emission enhancement by a resonant plasmonic nanocavity, the authors demonstrate electrically driven single-photon emission from a single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yun-Jie Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Liu-Guo Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ben Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fan-Fang Kong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhen-Chao Dong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - J G Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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17
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Valente D, Brito F, Werlang T. Dynamic Stark shift induced by a single photon packet. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1692-1695. [PMID: 28454137 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic Stark shift results from the interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field. We show how a propagating single-photon wave packet can induce a time-dependent dynamical Stark shift on a two-level system (TLS). A non-perturbative fully quantum treatment is employed, where the quantum dynamics of both the field and the TLS are analyzed. We also provide the means to experimentally access such time-dependent frequency by measuring the interference pattern in the electromagnetic field inside a 1D waveguide. The effect we evidence here may find applications in the autonomous quantum control of quantum systems without classical external fields, which can be useful for quantum information processing as well as for quantum thermodynamical tasks.
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18
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Delteil A, Sun Z, Fält S, Imamoğlu A. Realization of a Cascaded Quantum System: Heralded Absorption of a Single Photon Qubit by a Single-Electron Charged Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:177401. [PMID: 28498703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.177401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photonic losses pose a major limitation for the implementation of a quantum state transfer between nodes of a quantum network. A measurement that heralds a successful transfer without revealing any information about the qubit may alleviate this limitation. Here, we demonstrate the heralded absorption of a single photonic qubit, generated by a single neutral quantum dot, by a single-electron charged quantum dot that is located 5 m away. The transfer of quantum information to the spin degree of freedom takes place upon the emission of a photon; for a properly chosen or prepared quantum dot, the detection of this photon yields no information about the qubit. We show that this process can be combined with local operations optically performed on the destination node by measuring classical correlations between the absorbed photon color and the final state of the electron spin. Our work suggests alternative avenues for the realization of quantum information protocols based on cascaded quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Delteil
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fält
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Atac Imamoğlu
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Das S, Elfving VE, Faez S, Sørensen AS. Interfacing Superconducting Qubits and Single Optical Photons Using Molecules in Waveguides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:140501. [PMID: 28430479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose an efficient light-matter interface at optical frequencies between a single photon and a superconducting qubit. The desired interface is based on a hybrid architecture composed of an organic molecule embedded inside an optical waveguide and electrically coupled to a superconducting qubit placed near the outside surface of the waveguide. We show that high fidelity, photon-mediated, entanglement between distant superconducting qubits can be achieved with incident pulses at the single photon level. Such a low light level is highly desirable for achieving a coherent optical interface with superconducting qubit, since it minimizes decoherence arising from the absorption of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Das
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vincent E Elfving
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sanli Faez
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anders S Sørensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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20
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Leong V, Seidler MA, Steiner M, Cerè A, Kurtsiefer C. Time-resolved scattering of a single photon by a single atom. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13716. [PMID: 27897173 PMCID: PMC5141341 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattering of light by matter has been studied extensively in the past. Yet, the most fundamental process, the scattering of a single photon by a single atom, is largely unexplored. One prominent prediction of quantum optics is the deterministic absorption of a travelling photon by a single atom, provided the photon waveform matches spatially and temporally the time-reversed version of a spontaneously emitted photon. Here we experimentally address this prediction and investigate the influence of the photon's temporal profile on the scattering dynamics using a single trapped atom and heralded single photons. In a time-resolved measurement of atomic excitation we find a 56(11)% increase of the peak excitation by photons with an exponentially rising profile compared with a decaying one. However, the overall scattering probability remains unchanged within the experimental uncertainties. Our results demonstrate that envelope tailoring of single photons enables precise control of the photon–atom interaction. The efficient excitation of atoms using photons is a fundamental step in the control of photon-atom interaction and quantum information protocols. Here the authors show that photons with an exponentially rising envelope excite a single atom efficiently compared to a decaying temporal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Leong
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Mathias Alexander Seidler
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Matthias Steiner
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Alessandro Cerè
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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21
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Feist J, Gonzalo Badía E, Moreno E, Garcia-Vidal FJ. Uncoupled Dark States Can Inherit Polaritonic Properties. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:156402. [PMID: 27768353 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.156402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
When a collection of quantum emitters interacts with an electromagnetic field, the whole system can enter into the collective strong coupling regime in which hybrid light-matter states, i.e., polaritons can be created. Only a small portion of excitations in the emitters are coupled to the light field, and there are many dark states that, in principle, retain their pure excitonic nature. Here we theoretically demonstrate that these dark states can have a delocalized character, which is inherent to polaritons, despite the fact that they do not have a photonic component. This unexpected behavior only appears when the electromagnetic field displays a discrete spectrum. In this case, when the main loss mechanism in the hybrid system stems from the radiative losses of the light field, dark states are even more efficient than polaritons in transferring excitations across the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gonzalo Badía
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Moreno
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
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22
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Wiring up pre-characterized single-photon emitters by laser lithography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31135. [PMID: 27507165 PMCID: PMC4979026 DOI: 10.1038/srep31135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Future quantum optical chips will likely be hybrid in nature and include many single-photon emitters, waveguides, filters, as well as single-photon detectors. Here, we introduce a scalable optical localization-selection-lithography procedure for wiring up a large number of single-photon emitters via polymeric photonic wire bonds in three dimensions. First, we localize and characterize nitrogen vacancies in nanodiamonds inside a solid photoresist exhibiting low background fluorescence. Next, without intermediate steps and using the same optical instrument, we perform aligned three-dimensional laser lithography. As a proof of concept, we design, fabricate, and characterize three-dimensional functional waveguide elements on an optical chip. Each element consists of one single-photon emitter centered in a crossed-arc waveguide configuration, allowing for integrated optical excitation and efficient background suppression at the same time.
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23
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Valente D, Arruda MFZ, Werlang T. Non-Markovianity induced by a single-photon wave packet in a one-dimensional waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3126-3129. [PMID: 27367118 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of non-Markovianity (NM) in quantum dynamics is still an open debate. Understanding how to generate and measure NM in specific models may aid in this quest. In quantum optics, an engineered electromagnetic environment coupled to a single atom can induce NM. The most common scenario of structured electromagnetic environment is an optical cavity, composed by a pair of mirrors. Here, we show how to generate and measure NM on a two-level system coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide with no mirrors required. The origin of the non-Markovian behavior lies in the initial state of the field, prepared as a single-photon packet. NM is shown to depend on two experimentally controllable parameters, namely, the linewidth of the packet and its central frequency. We relate the presence of NM to quantum interference. We also show how the two output channels of the waveguide provide distinct signatures of NM, both experimentally accessible.
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24
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Farrow T, Taylor RA, Vedral V. Towards witnessing quantum effects in complex molecules. Faraday Discuss 2015; 184:183-91. [PMID: 26428546 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00101c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Whether many-body objects like organic molecules can exhibit full quantum behaviour, including entanglement, is an open fundamental question. We present a generic theoretical protocol for entangling two organic molecules, such as dibenzoterrylene in anthracene. The availability of organic dye molecules with two-level energy structures characterised by sharp and intense emission lines are characteristics that position them favourably as candidates for quantum information processing technologies involving single-photons. Quantum entanglement can in principle be generated between several organic molecules by carefully interfering their photoluminescence spectra. Major milestones have been achieved in the last 10 years showcasing entanglement in diverse systems including ions, cold atoms, superconductors, photons, quantum dots and NV-centres in diamond, but not yet in molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Farrow
- Atomic & Laser Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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25
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Shchukina AL, Eremchev IY, Naumov AV. Looking at a blinking quantum emitter through time slots: the effect of blind times. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:032102. [PMID: 26465421 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.032102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most experimental observations of physical processes are naturally accompanied by "blind" ("dead") times, which in principle can distort the result of measurements. Here we analyze how the presence of blind times in measurements changes the measured statistics of blinking fluorescence of single quantum dots. We show that information can be extracted even for blinking processes with characteristic times longer than both blind times and time slots between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Shchukina
- Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute for Spectroscopy of Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 142910 Moscow, Russia
| | - I Yu Eremchev
- Institute for Spectroscopy of Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 142910 Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Naumov
- Institute for Spectroscopy of Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 142910 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow State Pedagogical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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26
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Abstract
The direct observation of chemical reactions on the single-molecule level is an ultimate goal in single-molecule chemistry, which also includes kinetic analyses. To analyze the lifetime of reaction intermediates, very sophisticated excitation schemes are often required. Here we focus on the kinetic analysis of the ground-state proton transfer within the photocycle of a photoacid. In detail, we demonstrate the determination of the bimolecular rate constant of this process with nanosecond resolution. The procedure relies on the exploration of a purely quantum-optical effect, namely, photon antibunching, and thus on evaluating interphoton arrival times to extract the reaction rate constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vester
- †Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Staut
- †Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- ‡III. Physikalisches Institut für Biophysik und Komplexe Systeme, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Jung
- †Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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27
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Meyer HM, Stockill R, Steiner M, Le Gall C, Matthiesen C, Clarke E, Ludwig A, Reichel J, Atatüre M, Köhl M. Direct photonic coupling of a semiconductor quantum dot and a trapped ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:123001. [PMID: 25860737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coupling individual quantum systems lies at the heart of building scalable quantum networks. Here, we report the first direct photonic coupling between a semiconductor quantum dot and a trapped ion and we demonstrate that single photons generated by a quantum dot controllably change the internal state of a Yb^{+} ion. We ameliorate the effect of the 60-fold mismatch of the radiative linewidths with coherent photon generation and a high-finesse fiber-based optical cavity enhancing the coupling between the single photon and the ion. The transfer of information presented here via the classical correlations between the σ_{z} projection of the quantum-dot spin and the internal state of the ion provides a promising step towards quantum-state transfer in a hybrid photonic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Meyer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - R Stockill
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - M Steiner
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - C Le Gall
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - C Matthiesen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - E Clarke
- EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - A Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - M Köhl
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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28
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Abstract
The observation and electrical manipulation of infrared surface plasmons in graphene have triggered a search for similar photonic capabilities in other atomically thin materials that enable electrical modulation of light at visible and near-infrared frequencies, as well as strong interaction with optical quantum emitters. Here, we present a simple analytical description of the optical response of such kinds of structures, which we exploit to investigate their application to light modulation and quantum optics. Specifically, we show that plasmons in one-atom-thick noble-metal layers can be used both to produce complete tunable optical absorption and to reach the strong-coupling regime in the interaction with neighboring quantum emitters. Our methods are applicable to any plasmon-supporting thin materials, and in particular, we provide parameters that allow us to readily calculate the response of silver, gold, and graphene islands. Besides their interest for nanoscale electro-optics, the present study emphasizes the great potential of these structures for the design of quantum nanophotonics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Sánchez-Burillo E, García-Ripoll J, Martín-Moreno L, Zueco D. Nonlinear quantum optics in the (ultra)strong light-matter coupling. Faraday Discuss 2015; 178:335-56. [PMID: 25760380 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00206g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The propagation of N photons in one dimensional waveguides coupled to M qubits is discussed, both in the strong and ultrastrong qubit-waveguide coupling. Special emphasis is placed on the characterisation of the nonlinear response and its linear limit for the scattered photons as a function of N, M, qubit inter distance and light-matter coupling. The quantum evolution is numerically solved via the matrix product states technique. The time evolutions for both the field and qubits are computed. The nonlinear character (as a function of N/M) depends on the computed observable. While perfect reflection is obtained for N/M≅1, photon-photon correlations are still resolved for ratios N/M=non-zero. Inter-qubit distance enhances the nonlinear response. Moving to the ultrastrong coupling regime, we observe that inelastic processes are robust against the number of qubits and that the qubit-qubit interaction mediated by the photons is qualitatively modified. The theory developed in this work models experiments in circuit QED, photonic crystals and dielectric waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sánchez-Burillo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón y Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50009, Spain
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30
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Yuan H, Gaiduk A, Siekierzycka JR, Fujiyoshi S, Matsushita M, Nettels D, Schuler B, Seidel CAM, Orrit M. Temperature-cycle microscopy reveals single-molecule conformational heterogeneity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6532-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05486e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule temperature-cycle FRET microscopy of polyproline and dsDNA reveals conformational heterogeneity induced dye–dye interaction and its influence on observed FRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yuan
- Huygens-KamerlingOnnes Laboratory
- Leiden University
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Gaiduk
- Huygens-KamerlingOnnes Laboratory
- Leiden University
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Nettels
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Claus A. M. Seidel
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-KamerlingOnnes Laboratory
- Leiden University
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
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31
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Faez S, Türschmann P, Haakh HR, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Coherent interaction of light and single molecules in a dielectric nanoguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:213601. [PMID: 25479493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many of the currently pursued experiments in quantum optics would greatly benefit from a strong interaction between light and matter. Here, we present a simple new scheme for the efficient coupling of single molecules and photons. A glass capillary with a diameter of 600 nm filled with an organic crystal tightly guides the excitation light and provides a maximum spontaneous emission coupling factor (β) of 18% for the dye molecules doped in the organic crystal. A combination of extinction, fluorescence excitation, and resonance fluorescence spectroscopy with microscopy provides high-resolution spatiospectral access to a very large number of single molecules in a linear geometry. We discuss strategies for exploring a range of quantum-optical phenomena, including polaritonic interactions in a mesoscopic ensemble of molecules mediated by a single mode of propagating photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanli Faez
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany and Leiden Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Türschmann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald R Haakh
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany and Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany and Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Srivathsan B, Gulati GK, Cerè A, Chng B, Kurtsiefer C. Reversing the temporal envelope of a heralded single photon using a cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:163601. [PMID: 25361256 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.163601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a way to prepare single photons with a temporal envelope that resembles the time reversal of photons from the spontaneous decay process. We use the photon pairs generated from a time-ordered cascade decay: the detection of the first photon of the cascade is used as a herald for the ground-state transition resonant second photon. We show how the interaction of the heralding photon with an asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity reverses the temporal shape of its twin photon from a decaying to a rising exponential envelope. This single photon is expected to be ideal for interacting with two-level systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Srivathsan
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Gulati
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Alessandro Cerè
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Brenda Chng
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Centre for Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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33
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Navarro P, Tian Y, van Stee M, Orrit M. Stable single-molecule lines of terrylene in polycrystalline para-dichlorobenzene at 1.5 K. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3032-9. [PMID: 25111909 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties of single terrylene (Tr) molecules are studied in a polycrystalline matrix of para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) at 1.5 K. Samples grown in a glass capillary show a very strong site at 597 nm, which is redshifted by more than 700 cm(-1) from the observed transition energy for Tr in p-DCB prepared as a film on a coverslip (572 nm). Each of these two sites is characterized by measuring their single-molecule spectroscopic parameters at 1.5 K. Lifetime-limited linewidths of 45±5 MHz are found for both sites. Fluorescence detection rates reach 8×10(4) count s(-1) at saturation. The spectral trails of the majority of single molecules show no spectral jumps, indicating an absence of interacting two-level systems; however, the small distribution of linewidths may indicate weak interactions with low-frequency modes. Frequency jumps are observed for 10 % of the molecules. The complete emission spectra from two different single molecules at the center of each of the two sites is presented. Debye-Waller factors of αDW=0.33±0.05 for the normal site (572 nm) and αDW=0.30±0.05 for the red site (597 nm) are reported. This new host-guest system provides a quick and easy way to obtain lifetime-limited single-molecule lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Navarro
- MoNOS, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
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34
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Aljunid SA, Maslennikov G, Wang Y, Dao HL, Scarani V, Kurtsiefer C. Excitation of a single atom with exponentially rising light pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:103001. [PMID: 25166660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the interaction between a single atom and optical pulses in a coherent state with a controlled temporal envelope. In a comparison between a rising exponential and a square envelope, we show that the rising exponential envelope leads to a higher excitation probability for fixed low average photon numbers, in accordance with a time-reversed Weisskopf-Wigner model. We characterize the atomic transition dynamics for a wide range of the average photon numbers and are able to saturate the optical transition of a single atom with ≈50 photons in a pulse by a strong focusing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Abdullah Aljunid
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Gleb Maslennikov
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Yimin Wang
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Hoang Lan Dao
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valerio Scarani
- Center for Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Center for Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
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Schug M, Huwer J, Kurz C, Müller P, Eschner J. Heralded photonic interaction between distant single ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:213603. [PMID: 23745873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.213603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We establish a heralded interaction between two remotely trapped single (40)Ca(+) ions through the exchange of single photons. In the sender ion, we release single photons with a controlled temporal shape on the P(3/2) to D(5/2) transition and transmit them to the distant receiver ion. Individual absorption events in the receiver ion are detected by quantum jumps. For continuously generated photons, the absorption reduces significantly the lifetime of the long-lived D(5/2) state. For triggered single-photon transmission, we observe a coincidence between the emission at the sender and quantum jump events at the receiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schug
- Universität des Saarlandes, Experimentalphysik, Campus E2 6, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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36
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Leuchs G, Sondermann M. Light-matter interaction in free space. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2013; 60:36-42. [PMID: 23606789 PMCID: PMC3627204 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2012.716461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We review recent experimental advances in the field of efficient coupling of single atoms and light in free space. Furthermore, a comparison of efficient free space coupling and strong coupling in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is given. Free space coupling does not allow for observing oscillatory exchange between the light field and the atom which is the characteristic feature of strong coupling in cavity QED. Like cavity QED, free space QED does, however, offer full switching of the light field, a 180° phase shift conditional on the presence of a single atom as well as 100% absorption probability of a single photon by a single atom. Furthermore, free space cavity QED comprises the interaction with a continuum of modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Leuchs
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Electric field induced fluorescence modulation of single molecules in PMMA based on electron transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11130-11140. [PMID: 23109842 PMCID: PMC3472734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method to modulate the fluorescence of non-polar single squaraine-derived rotaxanes molecules embedded in a polar poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix under an external electric field. The electron transfer between single molecules and the electron acceptors in a PMMA matrix contributes to the diverse responses of fluorescence intensities to the electric field. The observed instantaneous and non-instantaneous electric field dependence of single-molecule fluorescence reflects the redistribution of electron acceptors in PMMA induced by electronic polarization and orientation polarization of polar polymer chains in an electric field.
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