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Kringle L, Kay BD, Kimmel GA. Dynamic Heterogeneity and Kovacs' Memory Effects in Supercooled Water. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3919-3930. [PMID: 37097190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the properties of supercooled water is important for developing a comprehensive theory for liquid water and amorphous ices. Because of rapid crystallization for deeply supercooled water, experiments on it are typically carried out under conditions in which the temperature and/or pressure are rapidly changing. As a result, information on the structural relaxation kinetics of supercooled water as it approaches (metastable) equilibrium is useful for interpreting results obtained in this experimentally challenging region of phase space. We used infrared spectroscopy and the fast time resolution obtained by transiently heating nanoscale water films to investigate relaxation kinetics (aging) in supercooled water. When the structural relaxation of the water films was followed using a temperature jump protocol analogous to the classic experiments of Kovacs, similar memory effects were observed. In particular, after suitable aging at one temperature, water's structure displayed an extremum versus the number of heat pulses upon changing to a second temperature before eventually relaxing to a steady-state structure characteristic of that temperature. A random double well model based on the idea of dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled water accounts for the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loni Kringle
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Greg A Kimmel
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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2
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Gallo P, Bachler J, Bove LE, Böhmer R, Camisasca G, Coronas LE, Corti HR, de Almeida Ribeiro I, de Koning M, Franzese G, Fuentes-Landete V, Gainaru C, Loerting T, de Oca JMM, Poole PH, Rovere M, Sciortino F, Tonauer CM, Appignanesi GA. Advances in the study of supercooled water. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:143. [PMID: 34825973 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we report recent progress in the field of supercooled water. Due to its uniqueness, water presents numerous anomalies with respect to most simple liquids, showing polyamorphism both in the liquid and in the glassy state. We first describe the thermodynamic scenarios hypothesized for the supercooled region and in particular among them the liquid-liquid critical point scenario that has so far received more experimental evidence. We then review the most recent structural indicators, the two-state model picture of water, and the importance of cooperative effects related to the fact that water is a hydrogen-bonded network liquid. We show throughout the review that water's peculiar properties come into play also when water is in solution, confined, and close to biological molecules. Concerning dynamics, upon mild supercooling water behaves as a fragile glass former following the mode coupling theory, and it turns into a strong glass former upon further cooling. Connections between the slow dynamics and the thermodynamics are discussed. The translational relaxation times of density fluctuations show in fact the fragile-to-strong crossover connected to the thermodynamics arising from the existence of two liquids. When considering also rotations, additional crossovers come to play. Mobility-viscosity decoupling is also discussed in supercooled water and aqueous solutions. Finally, the polyamorphism of glassy water is considered through experimental and simulation results both in bulk and in salty aqueous solutions. Grains and grain boundaries are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gallo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Roma, Italy.
| | - Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Livia E Bove
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gaia Camisasca
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Luis E Coronas
- Secció de Física Estadística i Interdisciplinària-Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, & Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Horacio R Corti
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, B1650LWP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurice de Koning
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Franzese
- Secció de Física Estadística i Interdisciplinària-Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, & Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Fuentes-Landete
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catalin Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Peter H Poole
- Department of Physics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Mauro Rovere
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Christina M Tonauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gustavo A Appignanesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tanaka
- Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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Bachler J, Handle PH, Giovambattista N, Loerting T. Glass polymorphism and liquid-liquid phase transition in aqueous solutions: experiments and computer simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23238-23268. [PMID: 31556899 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02953b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing anomalies of water is its ability to exist as distinct amorphous ice forms (glass polymorphism or polyamorphism). This resonates well with the possible first-order liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) in the supercooled state, where ice is the stable phase. In this Perspective, we review experiments and computer simulations that search for LLPT and polyamorphism in aqueous solutions containing salts and alcohols. Most studies on ionic solutes are devoted to NaCl and LiCl; studies on alcohols have mainly focused on glycerol. Less attention has been paid to protein solutions and hydrophobic solutes, even though they reveal promising avenues. While all solutions show polyamorphism and an LLPT only in dilute, sub-eutectic mixtures, there are differences regarding the nature of the transition. Isocompositional transitions for varying mole fractions are observed in alcohol but not in ionic solutions. This is because water can surround alcohol molecules either in a low- or high-density configuration whereas for ionic solutes, the water ion hydration shell is forced into high-density structures. Consequently, the polyamorphic transition and the LLPT are prevented near the ions, but take place in patches of water within the solutions. We highlight discrepancies and different interpretations within the experimental community as well as the key challenges that need consideration when comparing experiments and simulations. We point out where reinterpretation of past studies helps to draw a unified, consistent picture. In addition to the literature review, we provide original experimental results. A list of eleven open questions that need further consideration is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Handle PH, Sciortino F, Giovambattista N. Glass polymorphism in TIP4P/2005 water: A description based on the potential energy landscape formalism. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:244506. [PMID: 31255050 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential energy landscape (PEL) formalism is a statistical mechanical approach to describe supercooled liquids and glasses. Here, we use the PEL formalism to study the pressure-induced transformations between low-density amorphous ice (LDA) and high-density amorphous ice (HDA) using computer simulations of the TIP4P/2005 molecular model of water. We find that the properties of the PEL sampled by the system during the LDA-HDA transformation exhibit anomalous behavior. In particular, at conditions where the change in density during the LDA-HDA transformation is approximately discontinuous, reminiscent of a first-order phase transition, we find that (i) the inherent structure (IS) energy, eIS(V), is a concave function of the volume and (ii) the IS pressure, PIS(V), exhibits a van der Waals-like loop. In addition, the curvature of the PEL at the IS is anomalous, a nonmonotonic function of V. In agreement with previous studies, our work suggests that conditions (i) and (ii) are necessary (but not sufficient) signatures of the PEL for the LDA-HDA transformation to be reminiscent of a first-order phase transition. We also find that one can identify two different regions of the PEL, one associated with LDA and another with HDA. Our computer simulations are performed using a wide range of compression/decompression and cooling rates. In particular, our slowest cooling rate (0.01 K/ns) is within the experimental rates employed in hyperquenching experiments to produce LDA. Interestingly, the LDA-HDA transformation pressure that we obtain at T = 80 K and at different rates extrapolates remarkably well to the corresponding experimental pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Handle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Francesco Sciortino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza-University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Montes de Oca JM, Accordino SR, Appignanesi GA, Handle PH, Sciortino F. Size dependence of dynamic fluctuations in liquid and supercooled water. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:144505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5085886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Manuel Montes de Oca
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Sebastián R. Accordino
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A. Appignanesi
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Philip H. Handle
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Francesco Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
- CNR-ISC, c/o Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
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Abstract
Thermal stability against crystallization upon isobaric heating at pressure 0.1 ≤ P ≤ 1.9 GPa is compared for five variants of high- (HDA) and very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA) with different preparation history. At 0.1-0.3 GPa expanded HDA (eHDA) and VHDA reach the same state before crystallization, which we infer to be the contested high-density liquid (HDL). Thus, 0.3 GPa sets the high-pressure limit for the possibility to observe HDL for timescales of minutes, hours, and longer. At P > 0.3 GPa the annealed amorphous ices no longer reach the same state before crystallization. Further examination of the results demonstrates that crystallization times are significantly affected both by the density of the amorphous matrix at the crystallization temperature T x as well as by nanocrystalline domains remaining in unannealed HDA (uHDA) as a consequence of incomplete pressure-induced amorphization.
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Lin C, Smith JS, Liu X, Tse JS, Yang W. Venture into Water's No Man's Land: Structural Transformations of Solid H_{2}O under Rapid Compression and Decompression. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:225703. [PMID: 30547611 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.225703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-induced formation of amorphous ices and the low-density amorphous (LDA) to high-density amorphous (HDA) transition have been believed to occur kinetically below a crossover temperature (T_{c}) above which thermodynamically driven crystalline-crystalline (e.g., ice I_{h}-to-II) transitions and crystallization of HDA and LDA are dominant. Here we show compression-rate-dependent formation of a high-density noncrystalline (HDN) phase transformed from ice I_{c} above T_{c}, bypassing crystalline-crystalline transitions under rapid compression. Rapid decompression above T_{c} transforms HDN to a low-density noncrystalline (LDN) phase which crystallizes spontaneously into ice I_{c}, whereas slow decompression of HDN leads to direct crystallization. The results indicate the formation of HDA and the HDN-to-LDN transition above T_{c} are results of competition between (de)compression rate, energy barrier, and temperature. The crossover temperature is shown to have an exponential relationship with the threshold compression rate. The present results provide important insight into the dynamic property of the phase transitions in addition to the static study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Lin
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jesse S Smith
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Xuqiang Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - John S Tse
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2 Canada
| | - Wenge Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
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Engstler J, Giovambattista N. Heating- and pressure-induced transformations in amorphous and hexagonal ice: A computer simulation study using the TIP4P/2005 model. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:074505. [PMID: 28830166 DOI: 10.1063/1.4998747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterize the phase behavior of glassy water by performing extensive out-of-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using the TIP4P/2005 water model. Specifically, we study (i) the pressure-induced transformations between low-density (LDA) and high-density amorphous ice (HDA), (ii) the pressure-induced amorphization (PIA) of hexagonal ice (Ih), (iii) the heating-induced LDA-to-HDA transformation at high pressures, (iv) the heating-induced HDA-to-LDA transformation at low and negative pressures, (v) the glass transition temperatures of LDA and HDA as a function of pressure, and (vi) the limit of stability of LDA upon isobaric heating and isothermal decompression (at negative pressures). These transformations are studied systematically, over a wide range of temperatures and pressures, allowing us to construct a P-T phase diagram for glassy TIP4P/2005 water. Our results are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations and with the P-T phase diagram obtained for glassy ST2 water that exhibits a liquid-liquid phase transition and critical point. We also discuss the mechanism for PIA of ice Ih and show that this is a two-step process where first, the hydrogen-bond network (HBN) is distorted and then the HBN abruptly collapses. Remarkably, the collapse of the HB in ice Ih occurs when the average molecular orientations order, a measure of the tetrahedrality of the HBN, is of the same order as in LDA, suggesting a common mechanism for the LDA-to-HDA and Ih-to-HDA transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Engstler
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
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10
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Stern JN, Loerting T. On the crystallisation temperature of very high-density amorphous ice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12589-12598. [PMID: 29691519 PMCID: PMC5944427 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the protocol of preparation on the crystallisation temperature TX of very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA) was studied by varying the annealing pressure (1.1, 1.6 and 1.9 GPa) and temperature (160, 167 and 175 K, respectively). TX increases by up to 4 K in the pressure range of 0.7 to 1.8 GPa for samples annealed at 1.9 GPa compared to samples annealed at 1.1 GPa. Concomitantly, secondary crystallisation channels are suppressed, indicating the absence of structural inhomogeneities. For VHDA prepared at 1.1 GPa and 1.6 GPa our results indicate such inhomogeneities, which we regard to be incompletely amorphized, distorted nanodomains of hexagonal ice that cannot be detected through X-ray diffraction experiments. VHDA prepared at high pressures and temperatures thus represents the amorphous state of water at >0.7 GPa least affected by nanocrystals that has been described so far. We expect the TX obtained for the samples prepared in this manner to be close to the ultimate limit, i.e., we do not consider it possible to raise the low-temperature border to the no-man's land notably further by changing the preparation protocol. An additional, considerable increase in this border will only be possible by working at much shorter time-scales, e.g., by employing fast heating experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef N Stern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Handle PH, Loerting T. Experimental study of the polyamorphism of water. I. The isobaric transitions from amorphous ices to LDA at 4 MPa. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5019413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip H. Handle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Handle PH, Loerting T. Experimental study of the polyamorphism of water. II. The isobaric transitions between HDA and VHDA at intermediate and high pressures. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5019414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip H. Handle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Tonauer CM, Seidl-Nigsch M, Loerting T. High-density amorphous ice: nucleation of nanosized low-density amorphous ice. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:034002. [PMID: 29189205 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pressure dependence of the crystallization temperature of different forms of expanded high-density amorphous ice (eHDA) was scrutinized. Crystallization at pressures 0.05-0.30 GPa was followed using volumetry and powder x-ray diffraction. eHDA samples were prepared via isothermal decompression of very high-density amorphous ice at 140 K to different end pressures between 0.07-0.30 GPa (eHDA0.07-0.3). At 0.05-0.17 GPa the crystallization line T x (p) of all eHDA variants is the same. At pressures >0.17 GPa, all eHDA samples decompressed to pressures <0.20 GPa exhibit significantly lower T x values than eHDA0.2 and eHDA0.3. We rationalize our findings with the presence of nanoscaled low-density amorphous ice (LDA) seeds that nucleate in eHDA when it is decompressed to pressures <0.20 GPa at 140 K. Below ~0.17 GPa, these nanosized LDA domains are latent within the HDA matrix, exhibiting no effect on T x of eHDA<0.2. Upon heating at pressures ⩾0.17 GPa, these nanosized LDA nuclei transform to ice IX nuclei. They are favored sites for crystallization and, hence, lower T x . By comparing crystallization experiments of bulk LDA with the ones involving nanosized LDA we are able to estimate the Laplace pressure and radius of ~0.3-0.8 nm for the nanodomains of LDA. The nucleation of LDA in eHDA revealed here is evidence for the first-order-like nature of the HDA → LDA transition, supporting water's liquid-liquid transition scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tonauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Supercooled and glassy water: Metastable liquid(s), amorphous solid(s), and a no-man's land. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13336-13344. [PMID: 29133419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the recent research on supercooled and glassy water, focusing on the possible origins of its complex behavior. We stress the central role played by the strong directionality of the water-water interaction and by the competition between local energy, local entropy, and local density. In this context we discuss the phenomenon of polyamorphism (i.e., the existence of more than one disordered solid state), emphasizing both the role of the preparation protocols and the transformation between the different disordered ices. Finally, we present the ongoing debate on the possibility of linking polyamorphism with a liquid-liquid transition that could take place in the no-man's land, the temperature-pressure window in which homogeneous nucleation prevents the investigation of water in its metastable liquid form.
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15
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Giovambattista N, Starr FW, Poole PH. Influence of sample preparation on the transformation of low-density to high-density amorphous ice: An explanation based on the potential energy landscape. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:044501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4993567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA and Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Peter H. Poole
- Department of Physics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
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16
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Bachler J, Fuentes-Landete V, Jahn DA, Wong J, Giovambattista N, Loerting T. Glass polymorphism in glycerol-water mixtures: II. Experimental studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:11058-68. [PMID: 27044677 PMCID: PMC4840991 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08069j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We here study pressure-induced amorphization and polyamorphic transitions in frozen bulk glycerol–water solutions experimentally.
We report a detailed experimental study of (i) pressure-induced transformations in glycerol–water mixtures at T = 77 K and P = 0–1.8 GPa, and (ii) heating-induced transformations of glycerol–water mixtures recovered at 1 atm and T = 77 K. Our samples are prepared by cooling the solutions at ambient pressure at various cooling rates (100 K s–1–10 K h–1) and for the whole range of glycerol mole fractions, χg. Depending on concentration and cooling rates, cooling leads to samples containing amorphous ice (χg ≥ 0.20), ice (χg ≤ 0.32), and/or “distorted ice” (0 < χg ≤ 0.38). Upon compression, we find that (a) fully vitrified samples at χg ≥ 0.20 do not show glass polymorphism, in agreement with previous works; (b) samples containing ice show pressure-induced amorphization (PIA) leading to the formation of high-density amorphous ice (HDA). PIA of ice domains within the glycerol–water mixtures is shown to be possible only up to χg ≈ 0.32 (T = 77 K). This is rather surprising since it has been known that at χg < 0.38, cooling leads to phase-separated samples with ice and maximally freeze-concentrated solution of χg ≈ 0.38. Accordingly, in the range 0.32 < χg < 0.38, we suggest that the water domains freeze into an interfacial ice, i.e., a highly-distorted form of layered ice, which is unable to transform to HDA upon compression. Upon heating samples recovered at 1 atm, we observe a rich phase behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that only at χg ≤ 0.15, the water domains within the sample exhibit polyamorphism, i.e., the HDA-to-LDA (low-density amorphous ice) transformation. At 0.15 < χg ≤ 0.38, samples contain ice, interfacial ice, and/or HDA domains. All samples (χg ≤ 0.38) show: the crystallization of amorphous ice domains, followed by the glass transition of the vitrified glycerol–water domains and, finally, the melting of ice at high temperatures. Our work exemplifies the complex “phase” behavior of glassy binary mixtures due to phase-separation (ice formation) and polyamorphism, and the relevance of sample preparation, concentration as well as cooling rates. The presence of the distorted ice (called “interphase” by us) also explains the debated “drift anomaly” upon melting. These results are compatible with the high-pressure study by Suzuki and Mishima indicating disappearance of polyamorphism at P ≈ 0.03–0.05 GPa at χg ≈ 0.12–0.15 [J. Chem. Phys., 2014, 141, 094505].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bachler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - David A Jahn
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Jessina Wong
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA and PhD Programs in Physics and Chemistry, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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17
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Kouchi A, Hama T, Kimura Y, Hidaka H, Escribano R, Watanabe N. Matrix sublimation method for the formation of high-density amorphous ice. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Gallo P, Amann-Winkel K, Angell CA, Anisimov MA, Caupin F, Chakravarty C, Lascaris E, Loerting T, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Russo J, Sellberg JA, Stanley HE, Tanaka H, Vega C, Xu L, Pettersson LGM. Water: A Tale of Two Liquids. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7463-500. [PMID: 27380438 PMCID: PMC5424717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Water is the most abundant liquid
on earth and also the substance
with the largest number of anomalies in its properties. It is a prerequisite
for life and as such a most important subject of current research
in chemical physics and physical chemistry. In spite of its simplicity
as a liquid, it has an enormously rich phase diagram where different
types of ices, amorphous phases, and anomalies disclose a path that
points to unique thermodynamics of its supercooled liquid state that
still hides many unraveled secrets. In this review we describe the
behavior of water in the regime from ambient conditions to the deeply
supercooled region. The review describes simulations and experiments
on this anomalous liquid. Several scenarios have been proposed to
explain the anomalous properties that become strongly enhanced in
the supercooled region. Among those, the second critical-point scenario
has been investigated extensively, and at present most experimental
evidence point to this scenario. Starting from very low temperatures,
a coexistence line between a high-density amorphous phase and a low-density
amorphous phase would continue in a coexistence line between a high-density
and a low-density liquid phase terminating in a liquid–liquid
critical point, LLCP. On approaching this LLCP from the one-phase
region, a crossover in thermodynamics and dynamics can be found. This
is discussed based on a picture of a temperature-dependent balance
between a high-density liquid and a low-density liquid favored by,
respectively, entropy and enthalpy, leading to a consistent picture
of the thermodynamics of bulk water. Ice nucleation is also discussed,
since this is what severely impedes experimental investigation of
the vicinity of the proposed LLCP. Experimental investigation of stretched
water, i.e., water at negative pressure, gives access to a different
regime of the complex water diagram. Different ways to inhibit crystallization
through confinement and aqueous solutions are discussed through results
from experiments and simulations using the most sophisticated and
advanced techniques. These findings represent tiles of a global picture
that still needs to be completed. Some of the possible experimental
lines of research that are essential to complete this picture are
explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gallo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre , Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Austen Angell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mikhail Alexeevich Anisimov
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Frédéric Caupin
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut Universitaire de France , 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charusita Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas , New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Erik Lascaris
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - John Russo
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.,School of Mathematics, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Alexander Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Eugene Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hajime Tanaka
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Limei Xu
- International Centre for Quantum Materials and School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
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19
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Wong J, Jahn DA, Giovambattista N. Pressure-induced transformations in glassy water: A computer simulation study using the TIP4P/2005 model. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:074501. [PMID: 26298139 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the pressure-induced transformations between low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) ice by performing out-of-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We employ the TIP4P/2005 water model and show that this model reproduces qualitatively the LDA-HDA transformations observed experimentally. Specifically, the TIP4P/2005 model reproduces remarkably well the (i) structure (OO, OH, and HH radial distribution functions) and (ii) densities of LDA and HDA at P = 0.1 MPa and T = 80 K, as well as (iii) the qualitative behavior of ρ(P) during compression-induced LDA-to-HDA and decompression-induced HDA-to-LDA transformations. At the rates explored, the HDA-to-LDA transformation is less pronounced than in experiments. By studying the LDA-HDA transformations for a broad range of compression/decompression temperatures, we construct a "P-T phase diagram" for glassy water that is consistent with experiments and remarkably similar to that reported previously for ST2 water. This phase diagram is not inconsistent with the possibility of TIP4P/2005 water exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition at low temperatures. A comparison with previous MD simulation studies of SPC/E and ST2 water as well as experiments indicates that, overall, the TIP4P/2005 model performs better than the SPC/E and ST2 models. The effects of cooling and compression rates as well as aging on our MD simulations results are also discussed. The MD results are qualitatively robust under variations of cooling/compression rates (accessible in simulations) and are not affected by aging the hyperquenched glass for at least 1 μs. A byproduct of this work is the calculation of TIP4P/2005 water's diffusion coefficient D(T) at P = 0.1 MPa. It is found that, for T ≥ 210 K, D(T) ≈ (T - T(MCT))(-γ) as predicted by mode coupling theory and in agreement with experiments. For TIP4P/2005 water, T(MCT) = 209 K and γ = 2.14, very close to the corresponding experimental values T(MCT) = 221 K and γ = 2.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessina Wong
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - David A Jahn
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
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20
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Johari GP, Teixeira J. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Two-Liquid Model for Anomalies of Water, HDL-LDL Fluctuations, and Liquid-Liquid Transition. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:14210-20. [PMID: 26436324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
After reviewing the protocol-dependent properties of HDA, which thermally anneals to LDA, and the data gap over an unusually large T-range between HDA, LDA, and water, we investigate whether or not, despite HDA's ill-defined state and distinction from a glass, the HDL-LDL fluctuations view of the two-liquid model can explain water's anomalous behavior. An analysis of the density, ρ, compressibility, β, heat capacity, Cp, and thermal conductivity, κ, of water over a monotonic (continuous) path bridging this data gap shows the following: (i) Such a path between ρwater at 320 K and ρHDA yields an untenable thermal expansion coefficient of water. (ii) There is neither a continuous path between βwater at 353 K and βHDA, nor between Cp,water at 363 K and Cp,HDA. (iii) The same value of ρwater, of βwater, or of Cp,water at two temperatures separated by a maxima or a minima is incompatible with the HDL-LDL fluctuations view. (iv) κLDA at ∼140 K is about twice that of κ water at 253 K. (v) κHDA at 120 K is incompatible with κwater at T > 320 K. Thus, there is an internal inconsistency between the thermodynamics of HDA seen as a glass and that of water seen as an HDL-LDL mixture, which is incompatible with both the HDL-LDL fluctuations view and the liquid-liquid transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Johari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.,Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA/CNRS), CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J Teixeira
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.,Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA/CNRS), CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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21
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Glass-to-cryogenic-liquid transitions in aqueous solutions suggested by crack healing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11765-70. [PMID: 26351671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510256112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observation of theorized glass-to-liquid transitions between low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) water states had been stymied by rapid crystallization below the homogeneous water nucleation temperature (∼235 K at 0.1 MPa). We report optical and X-ray observations suggestive of glass-to-liquid transitions in these states. Crack healing, indicative of liquid, occurs when LDA ice transforms to cubic ice at 160 K, and when HDA ice transforms to the LDA state at temperatures as low as 120 K. X-ray diffraction study of the HDA to LDA transition clearly shows the characteristics of a first-order transition. Study of the glass-to-liquid transitions in nanoconfined aqueous solutions shows them to be independent of the solute concentrations, suggesting that they represent an intrinsic property of water. These findings support theories that LDA and HDA ice are thermodynamically distinct and that they are continuously connected to two different liquid states of water.
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22
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Parmentier A, Shephard JJ, Romanelli G, Senesi R, Salzmann CG, Andreani C. Evolution of Hydrogen Dynamics in Amorphous Ice with Density. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2038-2042. [PMID: 26266499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The single-particle dynamics of hydrogen atoms in several of the amorphous ices are reported using a combination of deep inelastic neutron scattering (DINS) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). The mean kinetic energies of the hydrogen nuclei are found to increase with increasing density, indicating the weakening of hydrogen bonds as well as a trend toward steeper and more harmonic hydrogen vibrational potential energy surfaces. DINS shows much more pronounced changes in the O-H stretching component of the mean kinetic energy going from low- to high-density amorphous ices than indicated by INS and Raman spectroscopy. This highlights the power of the DINS technique to retrieve accurate ground-state kinetic energies beyond the harmonic approximation. In a novel approach, we use information from DINS and INS to determine the anharmonicity constants of the O-H stretching modes. Furthermore, our experimental kinetic energies will serve as important benchmark values for path-integral Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parmentier
- †Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST Centre, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - J J Shephard
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- §Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - G Romanelli
- †Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST Centre, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - R Senesi
- †Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST Centre, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- ∥CNR-IPCF Sezione di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - C G Salzmann
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - C Andreani
- †Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST Centre, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- ∥CNR-IPCF Sezione di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
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23
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Loerting T, Fuentes-Landete V, Handle PH, Seidl M, Amann-Winkel K, Gainaru C, Böhmer R. The glass transition in high-density amorphous ice. JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 2015; 407:423-430. [PMID: 25641986 PMCID: PMC4308024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There has been a long controversy regarding the glass transition in low-density amorphous ice (LDA). The central question is whether or not it transforms to an ultraviscous liquid state above 136 K at ambient pressure prior to crystallization. Currently, the most widespread interpretation of the experimental findings is in terms of a transformation to a superstrong liquid above 136 K. In the last decade some work has also been devoted to the study of the glass transition in high-density amorphous ice (HDA) which is in the focus of the present review. At ambient pressure HDA is metastable against both ice I and LDA, whereas at > 0.2 GPa HDA is no longer metastable against LDA, but merely against high-pressure forms of crystalline ice. The first experimental observation interpreted as the glass transition of HDA was made using in situ methods by Mishima, who reported a glass transition temperature Tg of 160 K at 0.40 GPa. Soon thereafter Andersson and Inaba reported a much lower glass transition temperature of 122 K at 1.0 GPa. Based on the pressure dependence of HDA's Tg measured in Innsbruck, we suggest that they were in fact probing the distinct glass transition of very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA). Very recently the glass transition in HDA was also observed at ambient pressure at 116 K. That is, LDA and HDA show two distinct glass transitions, clearly separated by about 20 K at ambient pressure. In summary, this suggests that three glass transition lines can be defined in the p-T plane for LDA, HDA, and VHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Violeta Fuentes-Landete
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philip H. Handle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seidl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catalin Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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24
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Suzuki Y, Mishima O. Experimentally proven liquid-liquid critical point of dilute glycerol-water solution at 150 K. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:094505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4894416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Suzuki
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Osamu Mishima
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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25
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Chiu J, Starr FW, Giovambattista N. Pressure-induced transformations in computer simulations of glassy water. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:184504. [PMID: 24320281 DOI: 10.1063/1.4829276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glassy water occurs in at least two broad categories: low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) solid water. We perform out-of-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study the transformations of glassy water using the ST2 model. Specifically, we study the known (i) compression-induced LDA-to-HDA, (ii) decompression-induced HDA-to-LDA, and (iii) compression-induced hexagonal ice-to-HDA transformations. We study each transformation for a broad range of compression/decompression temperatures, enabling us to construct a "P-T phase diagram" for glassy water. The resulting phase diagram shows the same qualitative features reported from experiments. While many simulations have probed the liquid-state phase behavior, comparatively little work has examined the transitions of glassy water. We examine how the glass transformations relate to the (first-order) liquid-liquid phase transition previously reported for this model. Specifically, our results support the hypothesis that the liquid-liquid spinodal lines, between a low-density and high-density liquid, are extensions of the LDA-HDA transformation lines in the limit of slow compression. Extending decompression runs to negative pressures, we locate the sublimation lines for both LDA and hyperquenched glassy water (HGW), and find that HGW is relatively more stable to the vapor. Additionally, we observe spontaneous crystallization of HDA at high pressure to ice VII. Experiments have also seen crystallization of HDA, but to ice XII. Finally, we contrast the structure of LDA and HDA for the ST2 model with experiments. We find that while the radial distribution functions (RDFs) of LDA are similar to those observed in experiments, considerable differences exist between the HDA RDFs of ST2 water and experiment. The differences in HDA structure, as well as the formation of ice VII (a tetrahedral crystal), are a consequence of ST2 overemphasizing the tetrahedral character of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Chiu
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
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26
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Amann-Winkel K, Gainaru C, Handle PH, Seidl M, Nelson H, Böhmer R, Loerting T. Water's second glass transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17720-5. [PMID: 24101518 PMCID: PMC3816484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311718110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glassy states of water are of common interest as the majority of H2O in space is in the glassy state and especially because a proper description of this phenomenon is considered to be the key to our understanding why liquid water shows exceptional properties, different from all other liquids. The occurrence of water's calorimetric glass transition of low-density amorphous ice at 136 K has been discussed controversially for many years because its calorimetric signature is very feeble. Here, we report that high-density amorphous ice at ambient pressure shows a distinct calorimetric glass transitions at 116 K and present evidence that this second glass transition involves liquid-like translational mobility of water molecules. This "double Tg scenario" is related to the coexistence of two liquid phases. The calorimetric signature of the second glass transition is much less feeble, with a heat capacity increase at Tg,2 about five times as large as at Tg,1. By using broadband-dielectric spectroscopy we resolve loss peaks yielding relaxation times near 100 s at 126 K for low-density amorphous ice and at 110 K for high-density amorphous ice as signatures of these two distinct glass transitions. Temperature-dependent dielectric data and heating-rate-dependent calorimetric data allow us to construct the relaxation map for the two distinct phases of water and to extract fragility indices m = 14 for the low-density and m = 20-25 for the high-density liquid. Thus, low-density liquid is classified as the strongest of all liquids known ("superstrong"), and also high-density liquid is classified as a strong liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Catalin Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philip H. Handle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Markus Seidl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Helge Nelson
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
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27
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Suzuki Y, Mishima O. Sudden switchover between the polyamorphic phase separation and the glass-to-liquid transition in glassy LiCl aqueous solutions. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:084507. [PMID: 23464160 DOI: 10.1063/1.4792498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium chloride aqueous solutions (LiClaq solutions) below 10 mol.% are vitrified by cooling from room temperature to 77 K at 0.3 GPa. We examine the solvent state of the glassy sample and its transformation by heating at 1 atm using low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy. This experimental study suggests strongly that the solvent state of the glassy LiClaq solution closely relates to the state of high-density amorphous ice. Moreover, we reconfirm that the separation into the low-density amorphous ice and the glassy highly concentrated LiClaq solution occurs in the glassy dilute LiClaq solution at ∼130 K, not the glass-to-liquid transition which is commonly observed in the glassy LiClaq solution above ∼10 mol.%. In order to interpret the sudden switchover between the glass-to-liquid transition and the phase separation at ∼10 mol.%, we propose a state diagram of LiClaq solution which connects with a polyamorphic state diagram of pure water and discuss a possibility that the electric field induces a polyamorphic transition of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Suzuki
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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