1
|
Tian H, Luo J, Tang Q, Zha H, Priestley RD, Hu W, Zuo B. Intramolecular dynamic coupling slows surface relaxation of polymer glasses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6082. [PMID: 39030198 PMCID: PMC11271542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, studies have indicated a mobile surface layer with steep gradients on glass surfaces. Among various glasses, polymers are unique because intramolecular interactions - combined with chain connectivity - can alter surface dynamics, but their fundamental role has remained elusive. By devising polymer surfaces occupied by chain loops of various penetration depths, combined with surface dissipation experiments and Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that the intramolecular dynamic coupling along surface chains causes the sluggish bulk polymers to suppress the fast surface dynamics. Such effect leads to that accelerated segmental relaxation on polymer glass surfaces markedly slows when the surface polymers extend chain loops deeper into the film interior. The surface mobility suppression due to the intramolecular coupling reduces the magnitude of the reduction in glass transition temperature commonly observed in thin films, enabling new opportunities for tailoring polymer properties at interfaces and under confinement and producing glasses with enhanced thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houkuan Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jintian Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qiyun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Hao Zha
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Wenbing Hu
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Biao Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute, Shengzhou, 312400, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang S, Galuska LA, Gu X. Water‐assisted
mechanical testing of polymeric
thin‐films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chambers LC, Huang Y, Jack KS, Blakey I. Spatial control of the topography of photo-sensitive block copolymer thin films. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spatially controlling self-assembly of block copolymer thin films through photoinduced molecular interactions that significantly impact on the glass transition temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. Chambers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Yun Huang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kevin S. Jack
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Idriss Blakey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Yang J, Damle S, Maiti S, Velankar SS. Stretching-induced wrinkling in plastic-rubber composites. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:776-787. [PMID: 28054062 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01823h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We examine the mechanics of three-layer composite films composed of an elastomeric layer sandwiched between two thin surface layers of plastic. Upon stretching and releasing such composite films, they develop a highly wrinkled surface texture. The mechanism for this texturing is that during stretching, the plastic layers yield and stretch irreversibly whereas the elastomer stretches reversibly. Thus upon releasing, the plastic layers buckle due to compressive stress imposed by the elastomer. Experiments are conducted using SEPS elastomer and 50 micron thick LLDPE plastic films. Stretching and releasing the composites to 2-5 times their original length induces buckles with wavelength on the order of 200 microns, and the wavelength decreases as the stretching increases. FEM simulations reveal that plastic deformation is involved at all stages during this process: (1) during stretching, the plastic layer yields in tension; (2) during recovery, the plastic layer first yields in-plane in compression and then buckles; (3) post-buckling, plastic hinges are formed at high-curvature regions. Homogeneous wrinkles are predicted only within a finite window of material properties: if the yield stress is too low, the plastic layers yield in-plane, without wrinkling, whereas if the yield stress is too high, non-homogeneous wrinkles are predicted. This approach to realizing highly wrinkled textures offers several advantages, most importantly the fact that high aspect ratio wrinkles (amplitude to wavelength ratios exceeding 0.4) can be realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Yang
- Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Sameer Damle
- Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Spandan Maiti
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sachin S Velankar
- Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lipomi DJ. Stretchable Figures of Merit in Deformable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4180-3. [PMID: 26601914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronic systems accommodate strain in various ways-from the intrinsic mechanical properties, through composite structures, by the formation of cracks, or with other mechanisms. This has produced some imprecision in the literature on what is meant by the term "stretchable."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Printz AD, Zaretski AV, Savagatrup S, Chiang ASC, Lipomi DJ. Yield Point of Semiconducting Polymer Films on Stretchable Substrates Determined by Onset of Buckling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23257-64. [PMID: 26437763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical buckling of thin films on elastomeric substrates is often used to determine the mechanical properties of polymers whose scarcity precludes obtaining a stress-strain curve. Although the modulus and crack-onset strain can readily be obtained by such film-on-elastomer systems, information critical to the development of flexible, stretchable, and mechanically robust electronics (i.e., the range of strains over which the material exhibits elastic behavior) cannot be measured easily. This paper describes a new technique called laser determination of yield point (LADYP), in which a polymer film on an elastic substrate is subjected to cycles of tensile strain that incrementally increase in steps of 1% (i.e., 0% → 1% → 0% → 2% → 0% → 3% → 0%, etc.). The formation of buckles manifests as a diffraction pattern obtained using a laser, and represents the onset of plastic deformation, or the yield point of the polymer. In the series of conjugated polymers poly(3-alkylthiophene), where the alkyl chain is pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and dodecyl, the yield point is found to increase with increasing length of the side chain (from approximately 5% to 15% over this range when holding the thickness between ∼200 and 300 nm). A skin-depth effect is observed in which films of <150 nm thickness exhibit substantially greater yield points, up to 40% for poly(3-dodecylthiophene). Along with the tensile modulus obtained by the conventional analysis of the buckling instability, knowledge of the yield point allows one to calculate the modulus of resilience. Combined with knowledge of the crack-onset strain, one can estimate the total energy absorbed by the film (i.e., the modulus of toughness).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Printz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Aliaksandr V Zaretski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Andrew S-C Chiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Chen YC, Hutchens S, Lawrence J, Emrick T, Crosby AJ. Directly Measuring the Complete Stress–Strain Response of Ultrathin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shelby Hutchens
- Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jimmy Lawrence
- Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gurmessa B, Croll AB. Influence of Thin Film Confinement on Surface Plasticity in Polystyrene and Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Homopolymer and Block Copolymer Films. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bekele Gurmessa
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Andrew B. Croll
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berkelaar RP, Bampoulis P, Dietrich E, Jansen HP, Zhang X, Kooij ES, Lohse D, Zandvliet HJW. Water-induced blister formation in a thin film polymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1017-1025. [PMID: 25547418 DOI: 10.1021/la504002w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A failure mechanism of thin film polymers immersed in water is presented: the formation of blisters. The growth of blisters is counterintuitive as the substrates were noncorroding and the polymer does not swell in water. We identify osmosis as the driving force behind the blister formation. The dynamics of the blister formation is studied experimentally as well as theoretically, and a quantitative model describing the blister growth is developed, which accurately describes the temporal evolution of the blisters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin P Berkelaar
- Materials Innovation Institute (M2i), 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sheng X, Wintzenrieth F, Thomas KR, Steiner U. Intrinsic viscoelasticity in thin high-molecular-weight polymer films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:062604. [PMID: 25019807 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.062604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The rheology of 44-75-nm-thick polystyrene films were probed by destabilization in an electric field. The non-cross-linked films showed the hallmark of viscoelasiticy; they exhibited elastic behavior at high shear rates and viscous rheology at low shear rates for stationary applied fields. These results are interpreted in terms of surface adhesion of chain segments in contact with the substrate surface, which substantially reduces reptative molecular motion of nearly all chains within the film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Sheng
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine R Thomas
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ogieglo W, Wessling M, Benes NE. Polymer Relaxations in Thin Films in the Vicinity of a Penetrant- or Temperature-Induced Glass Transition. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ogieglo
- Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process
Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Inorganic
Membranes, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Semler MR, Harris JM, Croll AB, Hobbie EK. Localization and length-scale doubling in disordered films on soft substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:032409. [PMID: 24125278 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Wrinkling and folding are examined experimentally for three distinct types of disordered films on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates; diblock copolymers, glassy polymers, and single-wall carbon nanotubes. All three of these systems exhibit localization and length-scale doubling at small strains, and we qualitatively account for these observations with a simple physical argument related to the width of the stress correlation function and the interaction of localization sites. Our results have relevance to wrinkling and folding in a diverse array of disordered films on soft substrates, and the insights offered here should help guide the development of theoretical models for the influence of structural disorder on thin-film wrinkling instabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Semler
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|