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Salagre E, Segovia P, González-Barrio MÁ, Jugovac M, Moras P, Pis I, Bondino F, Pearson J, Wang RS, Takeuchi I, Fuller EJ, Talin AA, Mascaraque A, Michel EG. Physical Delithiation of Epitaxial LiCoO 2 Battery Cathodes as a Platform for Surface Electronic Structure Investigation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37466037 PMCID: PMC10401565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel delithiation process for epitaxial thin films of LiCoO2(001) cathodes using only physical methods, based on ion sputtering and annealing cycles. Preferential Li sputtering followed by annealing produces a surface layer with a Li molar fraction in the range 0.5 < x < 1, characterized by good crystalline quality. This delithiation procedure allows the unambiguous identification of the effects of Li extraction without chemical byproducts and experimental complications caused by electrolyte interaction with the LiCoO2 surface. An analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) provides a detailed description of the delithiation process and the role of O and Co atoms in charge compensation. We observe the simultaneous formation of Co4+ ions and of holes localized near O atoms upon Li removal, while the surface shows a (2 × 1) reconstruction. The delithiation method described here can be applied to other crystalline battery elements and provide information on their properties that is otherwise difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salagre
- Dto. Física Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Segovia
- Dto. Física Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IFIMAC (Condensed Matter Physics Center), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Matteo Jugovac
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Paolo Moras
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Igor Pis
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, AREA Science Park, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Federica Bondino
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, AREA Science Park, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Justin Pearson
- Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Richmond Shiwei Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Elliot J Fuller
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alec A Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Arantzazu Mascaraque
- Dto. Física de Materiales, Fac. Ciencias Físicas, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique G Michel
- Dto. Física Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IFIMAC (Condensed Matter Physics Center), Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Boukhvalov DW, Paolucci V, D'Olimpio G, Cantalini C, Politano A. Chemical reactions on surfaces for applications in catalysis, gas sensing, adsorption-assisted desalination and Li-ion batteries: opportunities and challenges for surface science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7541-7552. [PMID: 32926041 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of chemical processes on solid surfaces is a powerful tool to discover novel physicochemical concepts with direct implications for processes based on chemical reactions at surfaces, largely exploited by industry. Recent upgrades of experimental tools and computational capabilities, as well as the advent of two-dimensional materials, have opened new opportunities and challenges for surface science. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in application fields strictly connected to novel concepts emerging in surface science. Specifically, we show for selected case-study examples that surface oxidation can be unexpectedly beneficial for improving the efficiency in electrocatalysis (the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction) and photocatalysis, as well as in gas sensing. Moreover, we discuss the adsorption-assisted mechanism in membrane distillation for seawater desalination, as well as the use of surface-science tools in the study of Li-ion batteries. In all these applications, surface-science methodologies (both experimental and theoretical) have unveiled new physicochemical processes, whose efficiency can be further tuned by controlling surface phenomena, thus paving the way for a new era for the investigation of surfaces and interfaces of nanomaterials. In addition, we discuss the role of surface scientists in contemporary condensed matter physics, taking as case-study examples specific controversial debates concerning unexpected phenomena emerging in nanosheets of layered materials, solved by adopting a surface-science approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil W Boukhvalov
- College of Science, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
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Li S, Li K, Zheng J, Zhang Q, Wei B, Lu X. Structural Distortion-Induced Charge Gradient Distribution of Co Ions in Delithiated LiCoO 2 Cathode. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7537-7546. [PMID: 31747279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Layered LiCoO2 has drawn tremendous attention as a modeling cathode for Li-ion batteries, while its structural instability, especially in the high delithiation region, remains unsolved. With the aim of revealing the structural fundamentals, LiCoO2 electrodes are investigated at a long delithiation range using both in situ and ex situ techniques. In the highly delithiated LiCoO2 electrode, the unique charge compensation process leads to a spatial charge gradient of Co2+/Co3+/Co4+ ions from surface to bulk, which can be further manipulated by structural distortion, Li extraction, and surface side reactions. The coordinated surface oxygen is shown to be electrochemically active and fully reversible in participating in the charge compensation during cycling. Moreover, the active lattice O can be significantly stabilized by introducing the undesired surface Li-Co antisites, which also play an effective role in accommodating the internal stress induced by volume changes. These findings effectively bridge the structural changes with the Li+/e- migration kinetics to elucidate the degradation of LiCoO2 cathode upon delithiation, demonstrating a rewarding avenue for improving the electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 itself and developing high energy density cathodes for the battery community as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Kaili Li
- School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jieyun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics , Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics , Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Bin Wei
- School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Xia Lu
- School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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Minato T, Araki Y, Umeda K, Yamanaka T, Okazaki KI, Onishi H, Abe T, Ogumi Z. Interface structure between tetraglyme and graphite. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:124701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4996226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Minato
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
| | - Yuki Araki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
| | - Kenichi Umeda
- Department of Advanced Material Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561,
Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamanaka
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Okazaki
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011,
Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Abe
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510,
Japan
| | - Zempachi Ogumi
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011,
Japan
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Leong CC, Pan H, Ho SK. Two-dimensional transition-metal oxide monolayers as cathode materials for Li and Na ion batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7527-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07357j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional monolayers are attractive for applications in metal-ion batteries because of their low ion-diffusion barrier and volume expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon Chio Leong
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Macau
- Macao SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Pan
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Macau
- Macao SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Sut Kam Ho
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Macau
- Macao SAR
- P. R. China
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Gu L, Xiao D, Hu YS, Li H, Ikuhara Y. Atomic-scale structure evolution in a quasi-equilibrated electrochemical process of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2134-2149. [PMID: 25677246 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries have proven to be extremely attractive candidates for applications in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and smart grid in terms of energy density, power density, and service life. Further performance optimization to satisfy ever-increasing demands on energy storage of such applications is highly desired. In most of cases, the kinetics and stability of electrode materials are strongly correlated to the transport and storage behaviors of lithium ions in the lattice of the host. Therefore, information about structural evolution of electrode materials at an atomic scale is always helpful to explain the electrochemical performances of batteries at a macroscale. The annular-bright-field (ABF) imaging in aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows simultaneous imaging of light and heavy elements, providing an unprecedented opportunity to probe the nearly equilibrated local structure of electrode materials after electrochemical cycling at atomic resolution. Recent progress toward unraveling the atomic-scale structure of selected electrode materials with different charge and/or discharge state to extend the current understanding of electrochemical reaction mechanism with the ABF and high angle annular dark field STEM imaging is presented here. Future research on the relationship between atomic-level structure evolution and microscopic reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed, Matter Physics, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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