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Coquet M, Winn M, Du X, Ollitrault JY, Schlichting S. Dilepton Polarization as a Signature of Plasma Anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:232301. [PMID: 38905676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.232301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
We propose the angular distribution of lepton pairs produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of thermalization of the quark-gluon plasma. We focus on dileptons with invariant masses large enough that they are produced through quark-antiquark annihilation in the early stages of the collision. The angular distribution of the lepton in the rest frame of the pair then reflects the angular distribution of quark momenta. At early times, the transverse pressure of the quark-gluon plasma is larger than its longitudinal pressure as a result of the fast longitudinal expansion, which results in an oblate lepton distribution. By contrast, direct (Drell-Yan) production by quarks and antiquarks from incoming nuclei, whose momenta are essentially longitudinal, results in a prolate distribution. As the invariant mass increases, Drell-Yan gradually becomes the dominant source of dilepton production, and the lepton distribution evolves from oblate to prolate. The invariant mass at which the transition occurs is highly sensitive to the equilibration time of the quark-gluon plasma or, equivalently, the shear viscosity over entropy ratio η/s in the early stages of the collision.
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Matsuda H, Huang XG. Effect of Longitudinal Fluctuations of 3D Weizsäcker-Williams Field on Pressure Isotropization of Glasma. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:167. [PMID: 38392422 PMCID: PMC10888254 DOI: 10.3390/e26020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of boost invariance breaking on the isotropization of pressure in the glasma, using a 3+1D glasma simulation. The breaking is attributed to spatial fluctuations in the classical color charge density along the collision axis. We present numerical results for pressure and energy density at mid-rapidity and across a wider rapidity region. It is found that, despite varying longitudinal correlation lengths, the behaviors of the pressure isotropizations are qualitatively similar. The numerical results suggest that, in the initial stage, longitudinal color electromagnetic fields develop, similar to those in the boost invariant glasma. Subsequently, these fields evolve into a dilute glasma, expanding longitudinally in a manner akin to a dilute gas. We also show that the energy density at mid-rapidity exhibits a 1/τ decay in the dilute glasma stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Matsuda
- Physics Department and Center for Particle Physics and Field Theory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xu-Guang Huang
- Physics Department and Center for Particle Physics and Field Theory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-Beam Application (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Natrual Science Foundation of China and Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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3
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Carrington ME, Kunstatter G, Phillips CD, Rubio ME. Isotropization of a Rotating and Longitudinally Expanding ϕ4 Scalar System. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1612. [PMID: 36359701 PMCID: PMC9689836 DOI: 10.3390/e24111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We study numerically the evolution of an expanding system of scalar fields. The initial configuration is non-isotropic and rotating. We calculate the energy-momentum tensor and angular momentum vector of the system. We compare the time scales associated with the isotropization of the transverse and longitudinal pressures, and the decay of the initial angular momentum. We show that even a fairly large initial angular momentum decays significantly faster than the pressure anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Carrington
- Department of Physics, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
- Winnipeg Institute for Theoretical Physics, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gabor Kunstatter
- Winnipeg Institute for Theoretical Physics, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3M 2E9, Canada
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Marcelo E. Rubio
- Department of Physics, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
- Winnipeg Institute for Theoretical Physics, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Gelis F. Some aspects of the theory of heavy ion collisions. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:056301. [PMID: 33662948 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abec2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We review the theoretical aspects relevant in the description of high-energy heavy ion collisions, with an emphasis on the learnings about the underlying quantum chromodynamics phenomena that have emerged from these collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gelis
- Institut de Physique Théorique CEA/Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
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6
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Liu JH, Das SK, Greco V, Ruggieri M. Ballistic diffusion of heavy quarks in the early stage of relativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.103.034029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Ipp A, Müller DI. Progress on 3+1D Glasma simulations. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. A, HADRONS AND NUCLEI 2020; 56:243. [PMID: 33071630 PMCID: PMC7527328 DOI: 10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We review our progress on 3+1D Glasma simulations to describe the earliest stages of heavy-ion collisions. In our simulations we include nuclei with finite longitudinal extent and describe the collision process as well as the evolution of the strongly interacting gluonic fields in the laboratory frame in 3+1 dimensions using the colored particle-in-cell method. This allows us to compute the 3+1 dimensional Glasma energy-momentum tensor, whose rapidity dependence can be compared to experimental pion multiplicity data from RHIC. An improved scheme cures the numerical Cherenkov instability and paves the way for simulations at higher energies used at LHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ipp
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - David I. Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Kurkela A, Mazeliauskas A, Paquet JF, Schlichting S, Teaney D. Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:122302. [PMID: 30978049 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-energy nuclear collisions produce a nonequilibrium plasma of quarks and gluons which thermalizes and exhibits hydrodynamic flow. There are currently no practical frameworks to connect the early particle production in classical field simulations to the subsequent hydrodynamic evolution. We build such a framework using nonequilibrium Green's functions, calculated in QCD kinetic theory, to propagate the initial energy-momentum tensor to the hydrodynamic phase. We demonstrate that this approach can be easily incorporated into existing hydrodynamic simulations, leading to stronger constraints on the energy density at early times and the transport properties of the QCD medium. Based on (conformal) scaling properties of the Green's functions, we further obtain pragmatic bounds for the applicability of hydrodynamics in nuclear collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Kurkela
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Aleksas Mazeliauskas
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Jean-François Paquet
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Sören Schlichting
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Derek Teaney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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9
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Florkowski W, Heller MP, Spaliński M. New theories of relativistic hydrodynamics in the LHC era. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:046001. [PMID: 29225204 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of relativistic hydrodynamics as an essential part of the phenomenological description of heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC has motivated a significant body of theoretical work concerning its fundamental aspects. Our review presents these developments from the perspective of the underlying microscopic physics, using the language of quantum field theory, relativistic kinetic theory, and holography. We discuss the gradient expansion, the phenomenon of hydrodynamization, as well as several models of hydrodynamic evolution equations, highlighting the interplay between collective long-lived and transient modes in relativistic matter. Our aim to provide a unified presentation of this vast subject-which is naturally expressed in diverse mathematical languages-has also led us to include several new results on the large-order behaviour of the hydrodynamic gradient expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Florkowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31-342 Krakow, Poland. Jan Kochanowski University, PL-25-406 Kielce, Poland. ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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McLerran L. The Fragmentation Region of High Energy Nucleus-Nucleus and Hadron-Nucleus Collisions. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201817203003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragmentation region of particles produced in high energy nuclear collisions provides a laboratory for studying high baryon number density systems. This talk outlines work in progress that attempts to compute properties of the matter produced in these collisions at the highest energies.
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11
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Kurkela A, Lappi T, Peuron J. Plasmon mass scale and quantum fluctuations of classical fields on a real time lattice. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201817511001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical real-time lattice simulations play an important role in understanding non-equilibrium phenomena in gauge theories and are used in particular to model the prethermal evolution of heavy-ion collisions. Above the Debye scale the classical Yang-Mills (CYM) theory can be matched smoothly to kinetic theory. First we study the limits of the quasiparticle picture of the CYM fields by determining the plasmon mass of the system using 3 different methods. Then we argue that one needs a numerical calculation of a system of classical gauge fields and small linearized fluctuations, which correspond to quantum fluctuations, in a way that keeps the separation between the two manifest. We demonstrate and test an implementation of an algorithm with the linearized fluctuation showing that the linearization indeed works and that the Gauss’s law is conserved.
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12
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Blaizot JP. High gluon densities in heavy ion collisions. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:032301. [PMID: 27981950 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The early stages of heavy ion collisions are dominated by high density systems of gluons that carry each a small fraction x of the momenta of the colliding nucleons. A distinguishing feature of such systems is the phenomenon of 'saturation' which tames the expected growth of the gluon density as the energy of the collision increases. The onset of saturation occurs at a particular transverse momentum scale, the 'saturation momentum', that emerges dynamically and that marks the onset of non-linear gluon interactions. At high energy, and for large nuclei, the saturation momentum is large compared to the typical hadronic scale, making high density gluons amenable to a description with weak coupling techniques. This paper reviews some of the challenges faced in the study of such dense systems of small x gluons, and of the progress made in addressing them. The focus is on conceptual issues, and the presentation is both pedagogical, and critical. Examples where high gluon density could play a visible role in heavy ion collisions are briefly discussed at the end, for illustration purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Blaizot
- Institut de Physique Théorique, CNRS/UMR 3681, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Fukushima K. Evolution to the quark-gluon plasma. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:022301. [PMID: 27992382 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/022301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical studies on the early-time dynamics in the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions are reviewed, including pedagogical introductions on the initial condition with small-[Formula: see text] gluons treated as a color glass condensate, the bottom-up thermalization scenario, plasma/glasma instabilities, basics of some formulations such as the kinetic equations and the classical statistical simulation. More detailed discussions follow to make an overview of recent developments on the fast isotropization, the onset of hydrodynamics, and the transient behavior of momentum spectral cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fukushima
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Zhu Y. Thermalization in the initial stage of heavy ion collisions. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201713707031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Tanji N, Mueller N, Berges J. Transient anomalous charge production in strong-field QCD. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.93.074507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Bazow D, Denicol GS, Heinz U, Martinez M, Noronha J. Analytic Solution of the Boltzmann Equation in an Expanding System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:022301. [PMID: 26824535 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.022301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For a massless gas with a constant cross section in a homogeneous, isotropically expanding spacetime we reformulate the relativistic Boltzmann equation as a set of nonlinear coupled moment equations. For a particular initial condition this set can be solved exactly, yielding the first analytical solution of the Boltzmann equation for an expanding system. The nonequilibrium behavior of this relativistic gas can be mapped onto that of a homogeneous, static nonrelativistic gas of Maxwell molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bazow
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - G S Denicol
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
- Physics Department, Brookhaven National Lab, Building 510A, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - U Heinz
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Martinez
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Noronha
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 66318, 05315-970 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA
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17
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Gelis F. Kinetic theory of a longitudinally expanding system. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611204003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Kurkela A, Zhu Y. Isotropization and Hydrodynamization in Weakly Coupled Heavy-Ion Collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:182301. [PMID: 26565462 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.182301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We numerically solve the (2+1)-dimensional effective kinetic theory of weak coupling QCD under longitudinal expansion, relevant for early stages of heavy-ion collisions. We find agreement with viscous hydrodynamics and classical Yang-Mills simulations in the regimes where they are applicable. By choosing initial conditions that are motivated by a color-glass-condensate framework, we find that for Q_{s}=2 GeV and α_{s}=0.3 the system is approximately described by viscous hydrodynamics well before τ≲1.0 fm/c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Kurkela
- Physics Department, Theory Unit, CERN, CH-1211 Genève 23, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Yan Zhu
- Departamento de Fisica de Particulas and IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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19
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Heller MP, Janik RA, Spaliński M, Witaszczyk P. Coupling hydrodynamics to nonequilibrium degrees of freedom in strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:261601. [PMID: 25615302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.261601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Relativistic hydrodynamics simulations of quark-gluon plasma play a pivotal role in our understanding of heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. They are based on a phenomenological description due to Müller, Israel, Stewart (MIS) and others, which incorporates viscous effects and ensures a well-posed initial value problem. Focusing on the case of conformal plasma we propose a generalization which includes, in addition, the dynamics of the least damped far-from-equilibrium degree of freedom found in strongly coupled plasmas through the AdS/CFT correspondence. We formulate new evolution equations for general flows and then test them in the case of N=4 super Yang-Mills plasma by comparing their solutions alongside solutions of MIS theory with numerical computations of isotropization and boost-invariant flow based on holography. In these tests the new equations reproduce the results of MIS theory when initialized close to the hydrodynamic stage of evolution, but give a more accurate description of the dynamics when initial conditions are set in the preequilibrium regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Heller
- Instituut voor Theoretische Fysica, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GL Amsterdam, Netherlands and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada and National Centre for Nuclear Research, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Romuald A Janik
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Spaliński
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland and Physics Department, University of Białystok, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Białystok, Poland
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20
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Brambilla N, Eidelman S, Foka P, Gardner S, Kronfeld AS, Alford MG, Alkofer R, Butenschoen M, Cohen TD, Erdmenger J, Fabbietti L, Faber M, Goity JL, Ketzer B, Lin HW, Llanes-Estrada FJ, Meyer HB, Pakhlov P, Pallante E, Polikarpov MI, Sazdjian H, Schmitt A, Snow WM, Vairo A, Vogt R, Vuorinen A, Wittig H, Arnold P, Christakoglou P, Di Nezza P, Fodor Z, Garcia i Tormo X, Höllwieser R, Janik MA, Kalweit A, Keane D, Kiritsis E, Mischke A, Mizuk R, Odyniec G, Papadodimas K, Pich A, Pittau R, Qiu JW, Ricciardi G, Salgado CA, Schwenzer K, Stefanis NG, von Hippel GM, Zakharov VI. QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories: challenges and perspectives. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. C, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 2014; 74:2981. [PMID: 25972760 PMCID: PMC4413533 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-2981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We highlight the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment. We discuss how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as to searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We also discuss how success in describing the strong interaction impacts other fields, and, in turn, how such subjects can impact studies of the strong interaction. In the course of the work we offer a perspective on the many research streams which flow into and out of QCD, as well as a vision for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Brambilla
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. Eidelman
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk , 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk , 630090 Russia
| | - P. Foka
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S. Gardner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - A. S. Kronfeld
- Theoretical Physics Department, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510-5011 USA
| | - M. G. Alford
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | | | - M. Butenschoen
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - T. D. Cohen
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111 USA
| | - J. Erdmenger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - L. Fabbietti
- Excellence Cluster “Origin and Structure of the Universe”, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M. Faber
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. L. Goity
- Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 USA
- Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA 23606 USA
| | - B. Ketzer
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Present Address: Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H. W. Lin
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1560 USA
| | - F. J. Llanes-Estrada
- Department Fisica Teorica I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H. B. Meyer
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, Institut für Kernphysik and Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P. Pakhlov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 117218 Russia
- Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Russia
| | - E. Pallante
- Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. I. Polikarpov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 117218 Russia
- Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Russia
| | - H. Sazdjian
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - A. Schmitt
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - W. M. Snow
- Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter and Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA
| | - A. Vairo
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R. Vogt
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551 USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - A. Vuorinen
- Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Finland
| | - H. Wittig
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, Institut für Kernphysik and Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P. Arnold
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd., P.O. Box 400714, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4714 USA
| | | | - P. Di Nezza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Z. Fodor
- Wuppertal University, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- Eötvös University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - X. Garcia i Tormo
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Bern, Sidlerstraße 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R. Höllwieser
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. A. Janik
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Kalweit
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D. Keane
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 USA
| | - E. Kiritsis
- Crete Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratoire APC, Université Paris Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, Sorbonne Paris-Cité , 75205 France
- Theory Group, Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - A. Mischke
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Mizuk
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 117218 Russia
- Moscow Physical Engineering Institute, Moscow, 115409 Russia
| | - G. Odyniec
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - K. Papadodimas
- Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Pich
- IFIC, Universitat de València, CSIC, Apt. Correus 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - R. Pittau
- Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Campus Fuentenueva s. n., Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J.-W. Qiu
- Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
- C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - G. Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - C. A. Salgado
- Departamento de Fisica de Particulas y IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - K. Schwenzer
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - N. G. Stefanis
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G. M. von Hippel
- PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, Institut für Kernphysik and Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - V. I. Zakharov
- Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 117218 Russia
- Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Russia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova str 8, Vladivostok, 690950 Russia
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Epelbaum T, Gelis F, Wu B. Nonrenormalizability of the classical statistical approximation. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.90.065029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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