1
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van Essen PJ, Nie Z, de Keijzer B, Kraus PM. Toward Complete All-Optical Intensity Modulation of High-Harmonic Generation from Solids. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1832-1843. [PMID: 38766500 PMCID: PMC11100285 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Optical modulation of high-harmonics generation in solids enables the detection of material properties, such as the band structure, and promising new applications, such as super-resolution imaging in semiconductors. Various recent studies have shown optical modulation of high-harmonics generation in solids, in particular, suppression of high-harmonics generation has been observed by synchronized or delayed multipulse sequences. Here we provide an overview of the underlying mechanisms attributed to this suppression and provide a perspective on the challenges and opportunities regarding these mechanisms. All-optical control of high-harmonic generation allows for femtosecond, and in the future possibly subfemtosecond, switching, which has numerous possible applications: These range from super-resolution microscopy to nanoscale controlled chemistry and highly tunable nonlinear light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J. van Essen
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhonghui Nie
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian de Keijzer
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Kraus
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Mi X, Zhang M, Li Z. Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction Probe of Coherent Spin-State Dynamics in Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:681-686. [PMID: 38206838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We propose an approach to probe coherent spin-state dynamics of molecules using circularly polarized hard X-ray pulses. For the dynamically aligned nitric oxide molecules in a coherent superposition spin-orbit coupled electronic state that can be prepared through stimulated Raman scattering, we demonstrate the capability of ultrafast X-ray diffraction to not only reveal the quantum beating of the coherent spin-state wave packet but also image the spatial spin density of the molecule. With a circularly polarized ultrafast X-ray diffraction signal, we show that the electronic density matrix can be retrieved. The spatiotemporal resolving power of ultrafast X-ray diffraction paves the way for tracking transient spatial wave function in molecular dynamics involving the spin degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
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3
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Tehlar A, Casanova JT, Dnestryan A, Jensen F, Madsen LB, Tolstikhin OI, Wörner HJ. High-harmonic spectroscopy of impulsively aligned 1,3-cyclohexadiene: Signatures of attosecond charge migration. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:014304. [PMID: 38444565 PMCID: PMC10913099 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
High-harmonic spectroscopy is an all-optical technique with inherent attosecond temporal resolution that has been successfully employed to reconstruct charge migration, electron-tunneling dynamics, and conical-intersection dynamics. Here, we demonstrate the extension of two key components of high-harmonic spectroscopy, i.e., impulsive alignment and measurements with multiple driving wavelengths to 1,3-cyclohexadiene and benzene. In the case of 1,3-cyclohexadiene, we find that the temporal sequence of maximal and minimal emitted high-harmonic intensities as a function of the delay between the alignment and probe pulses inverts between 25 and 30 eV and again between 35 and 40 eV when an 800-nm driver is used, but no inversions are observed with a 1420-nm driver. This observation is explained by the wavelength-dependent interference of emission from multiple molecular orbitals (HOMO to HOMO-3), as demonstrated by calculations based on the weak-field asymptotic theory and accurate photorecombination matrix elements. These results indicate that attosecond charge migration takes place in the 1,3-cyclohexadiene cation and can potentially be reconstructed with the help of additional measurements. Our experiments also demonstrate a pathway toward studying photochemical reactions in the molecular frame of 1,3-cyclohexadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Tehlar
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob T. Casanova
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars Bojer Madsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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van der Geest MLS, de Boer JJ, Murzyn K, Jürgens P, Ehrler B, Kraus PM. Transient High-Harmonic Spectroscopy in an Inorganic-Organic Lead Halide Perovskite. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10810-10818. [PMID: 38015825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
High-harmonic generation is the frequency upconversion of an intense femtosecond infrared laser in a material. In condensed-phase high-harmonic generation, laser-driven currents of coherently excited charge carriers map the electronic structure onto the emitted light. This promises a thus far scarcely explored potential of condensed-phase time-resolved high-harmonic spectroscopy for probing carrier dynamics. Here, we realize this potential and use time-resolved solid-state high-harmonic spectroscopy from a laser-excited methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) thin film, a key material in perovskite solar cells, for measuring carrier cooling and relaxation on femto- and picosecond time scales. Through comparison with transient absorption, we show the links between carrier dynamics and experimental observables of generated harmonics. By highlighting and understanding the interplay of these dynamics, we demonstrate transient optical control over the emission of solid-state high-harmonic generation in MAPbBr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L S van der Geest
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J de Boer
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 102, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Murzyn
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jürgens
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, D-12 489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 102, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Kraus
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Matselyukh DT, Despré V, Golubev NV, Kuleff AI, Wörner HJ. Decoherence and Revival in Attosecond Charge Migration Driven by Non-adiabatic Dynamics. NATURE PHYSICS 2022; 18:1206-1213. [PMID: 36524215 PMCID: PMC7613930 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond charge migration is a periodic evolution of the charge density at specific sites of a molecule on a time scale defined by the energy intervals between the electronic states involved. Here, we report the observation of charge migration in neutral silane (SiH4) in 690 as, its decoherence within 15 fs, and its revival after 40-50 fs, using X-ray attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. We observe the migration of charge as pairs of quantum beats with a characteristic spectral phase in the transient spectrum, in agreement with theory. The decay and revival of the degree of electronic coherence is found to be a result of both adiabatic and non-adiabatic dynamics in the populated Rydberg and valence states. The experimental results are supported by fully quantum-mechanical ab-initio calculations that include both electronic and nuclear dynamics, which additionally support the experimental evidence that conical intersections can mediate the transfer of electronic coherence from an initial superposition state to another one involving a different lower-lying state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Despré
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut (PCI), Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolay V. Golubev
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, EPF Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander I. Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut (PCI), Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Fukahori S, Iwasaki A, Yamanouchi K, Hasegawa H. Single and sequential double ionization of NO radical in intense laser fields. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:094307. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0077239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the dependences of the single and double ionization probabilities of NO radical on the angle between the NO axis and the laser polarization direction in an intense laser field (790 nm, 100 fs, 1–10 × 1014 W/cm2) and show that the double ionization is enhanced when the NO axis is parallel to the laser polarization direction. We reveal that the angular dependence of the sequential double ionization probability is determined by the shape of the 5σ orbital of NO+ from which the second photoelectron is emitted in the ionization from NO+ to NO2+. We also reveal that the fast oscillation in the probability of the tunnel ionization of NO originating from a coherent superposition of the two spin–orbit components in the electronic ground X2Π state is described well based on the molecular Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (MO-ADK) theory in which the time evolution of the electron density distribution of the 2π orbital is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Fukahori
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Komaba Institute for Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamanouchi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hasegawa
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Komaba Institute for Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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7
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Nakamura K, Fukahori S, Hasegawa H. Rotational dynamics and transitions between Λ-type doubling of NO induced by an intense two-color laser field. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:174308. [PMID: 34742217 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We numerically investigate the rotational dynamics of NO in the electronic ground X2Π state induced by an intense two-color laser field (10 TW/cm2) as a function of pulse duration (0.3-25 ps). In the short pulse duration of less than 12 ps, rotational Raman excitation is effectively induced and results in molecular orientation. On the contrary, when the pulse duration is longer than 15 ps, the rotational excitation is suppressed. In addition to the rotational excitation, we find that transitions between Λ-type doubling are induced. Significantly, the maximum coherent wave packet between Λ-type doubling in J = 0.5 is generated using the pulse duration of 19.8 ps. The wave packet changes to the eigenstates of Λ = +1 or -1 alternatively, where Λ is the projection of the electronic orbital angular momentum on the N-O axis, which is regarded as the unidirectional rotation of an unpaired 2π electron around the N-O axis in a space-fixed frame as well as in a molecule-fixed frame. The experimental method to observe the alternation of the rotational direction of the electron around the N-O axis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakamura
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukahori
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hasegawa
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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8
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Bag S, Chandra S, Ghosh J, Bera A, Bernstein ER, Bhattacharya A. The attochemistry of chemical bonding. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2021.1976499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampad Bag
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sankhabrata Chandra
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayanta Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anupam Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Atanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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9
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Liu YR, Kimberg V, Wu Y, Wang JG, Vendrell O, Zhang SB. Ultraviolet Pump-Probe Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Electron-Rotation Coupling in Diatomics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5534-5539. [PMID: 34100612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electronic angular momentum projected onto the diatomic axis couples with the angular momentum of the nuclei, significantly affecting the rotational motion of the system under electronic excitations by intense lasers. In this letter, we propose a pump-probe photodissociation scheme for an accurate determination of electron-rotation coupling effects induced by the strong fields. As a showcase we study the CH+ molecule excited by a short intense ultraviolet pump pulse to the A1Π state, which triggers coupled rovibrational dynamics. The dynamics is observed by measuring the kinetic energy release and angular resolved photofragmentation upon photodissociation induced by the time-delayed probe pulse populating the C1Σ+ state. Simulations of the rovibrational dynamics unravel clear fingerprints of the electron-rotation coupling effects that can be observed experimentally. The proposed pump-probe scheme opens new possibilities for the study of ultrafast dynamics following valence electronic transitions with current laser technology, and possible applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong Liu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Victor Kimberg
- Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- International Research Center of Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Siberian Federal University - IRC SQC, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yong Wu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Guo Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Song Bin Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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10
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Schnappinger T, de Vivie-Riedle R. Coupled nuclear and electron dynamics in the vicinity of a conical intersection. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134306. [PMID: 33832271 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast optical techniques allow us to study ultrafast molecular dynamics involving both nuclear and electronic motion. To support interpretation, theoretical approaches are needed that can describe both the nuclear and electron dynamics. Hence, we revisit and expand our ansatz for the coupled description of the nuclear and electron dynamics in molecular systems (NEMol). In this purely quantum mechanical ansatz, the quantum-dynamical description of the nuclear motion is combined with the calculation of the electron dynamics in the eigenfunction basis. The NEMol ansatz is applied to simulate the coupled dynamics of the molecule NO2 in the vicinity of a conical intersection (CoIn) with a special focus on the coherent electron dynamics induced by the non-adiabatic coupling. Furthermore, we aim to control the dynamics of the system when passing the CoIn. The control scheme relies on the carrier envelope phase of a few-cycle IR pulse. The laser pulse influences both the movement of the nuclei and the electrons during the population transfer through the CoIn.
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11
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Jiang S, Kowalewski M, Dorfman KE. Multi-wave mixing in the high harmonic regime: monitoring electronic dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:4746-4754. [PMID: 33726024 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that electronic coherences across many eV can be detected in pump-probe experiments involving high harmonic sources. An additional degree of control over the phase matching can be employed by investigating a more general class of multi-wave mixing. Non-collinear multi-wave mixing of high harmonics with energy (q1ω1 + q2ω2) can be selectively detected along the direction of (q1k1 + q2k2). Simulations based on a recently developed semi-perturbative approach show that only the specific harmonic signals with q1ω1 close to the energy difference between ground state and excited states are observable when the two input pulses are well separated in time. The coherent dynamics between different states can be selectively tracked by detecting the time-delay dependent signals with different q1k1, which can overcome the potential spectral congestion in real experiments. Additionally, such non-collinear geometry can be used to separate the dephasing induced decay and collision induced recovery behaviors of pump-probe high harmonic signal typically observed in the time-resolved high harmonic pump-probe signals.
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12
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Jiang S, Dorfman K. Detecting electronic coherences by time-domain high-harmonic spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9776-9781. [PMID: 32300011 PMCID: PMC7211971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919360117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast spectroscopy is capable of monitoring electronic and vibrational states. For electronic states a few eV apart, an X-ray laser source is required. We propose an alternative method based on the time-domain high-order harmonic spectroscopy where a coherent superposition of the electronic states is first prepared by the strong optical laser pulse. The coherent dynamics can then be probed by the higher-order harmonics generated by the delayed probe pulse. The high nonlinearity typically modeled by the three-step mechanism introduced by Lewenstein and Corkum can serve as a recipe for generation of the coherent excitation with broad bandwidth. The main advantage of the method is that only optical (non-X-ray) lasers are needed. A semiperturbative model based on the Liouville space superoperator approach is developed for the bookkeeping of the different orders of the nonlinear response for the high-order harmonic generation using multiple pulses. Coherence between bound electronic states is monitored in the harmonic spectra from both first- and second-order responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Konstantin Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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13
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Dorfman KE, Wei P, Liu J, Li R. Quantum interference and collisional dynamics in excited bounds states revealed by time-resolved pump-high-harmonic-generation-probe spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:7147-7159. [PMID: 30876286 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.007147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast pump-high-harmonic-generation-probe spectroscopy aims to provide a unique observation window into electronic dynamics while using the infrared or visible light sources. While it is widely accepted that the role of excited bound states in high-harmonic generation is negligible, its dynamics play a significant role in time-resolved pump-probe measurements. Here we show that the time-resolved pump-high-harmonic-generation-probe measurement may reveal a significant (up to 20%) contribution of the quantum interference in electron ionization and recombination with atomic system, with the initial or the final state being an excited bound state. Interplay of two dephasing mechanisms of electron-ion and electron-atom collisions yields decay and recovery of the time-resolved signal, respectively, signifying the role of the quantum interference involving excited bound states in recovery mode. Our theory, based on the density matrix Liouville space formalism, is supported by experimental measurements in argon gas.
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14
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Kraus PM, Wörner HJ. Perspektiven für das Verständnis fundamentaler Elektronenkorrelationen durch Attosekundenspektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Kraus
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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15
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Kraus PM, Wörner HJ. Perspectives of Attosecond Spectroscopy for the Understanding of Fundamental Electron Correlations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5228-5247. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Kraus
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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16
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Baykusheva D, Brennecke S, Lein M, Wörner HJ. Signatures of Electronic Structure in Bicircular High-Harmonic Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:203201. [PMID: 29219334 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.203201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-harmonic spectroscopy driven by circularly polarized laser pulses and their counterrotating second harmonic is a new branch of attosecond science which currently lacks quantitative interpretations. We extend this technique to the midinfrared regime and record detailed high-harmonic spectra of several rare-gas atoms. These results are compared with the solution of the Schrödinger equation in three dimensions and calculations based on the strong-field approximation that incorporate accurate scattering-wave recombination matrix elements. A quantum-orbit analysis of these results provides a transparent interpretation of the measured intensity ratios of symmetry-allowed neighboring harmonics in terms of (i) a set of propensity rules related to the angular momentum of the atomic orbitals, (ii) atom-specific matrix elements related to their electronic structure, and (iii) the interference of the emissions associated with electrons in orbitals corotating or counterrotating with the laser fields. These results provide the foundation for a quantitative understanding of bicircular high-harmonic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Baykusheva
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Brennecke
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Lein
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Wörner HJ, Arrell CA, Banerji N, Cannizzo A, Chergui M, Das AK, Hamm P, Keller U, Kraus PM, Liberatore E, Lopez-Tarifa P, Lucchini M, Meuwly M, Milne C, Moser JE, Rothlisberger U, Smolentsev G, Teuscher J, van Bokhoven JA, Wenger O. Charge migration and charge transfer in molecular systems. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061508. [PMID: 29333473 PMCID: PMC5745195 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of charge at the molecular level plays a fundamental role in many areas of chemistry, physics, biology and materials science. Today, more than 60 years after the seminal work of R. A. Marcus, charge transfer is still a very active field of research. An important recent impetus comes from the ability to resolve ever faster temporal events, down to the attosecond time scale. Such a high temporal resolution now offers the possibility to unravel the most elementary quantum dynamics of both electrons and nuclei that participate in the complex process of charge transfer. This review covers recent research that addresses the following questions. Can we reconstruct the migration of charge across a molecule on the atomic length and electronic time scales? Can we use strong laser fields to control charge migration? Can we temporally resolve and understand intramolecular charge transfer in dissociative ionization of small molecules, in transition-metal complexes and in conjugated polymers? Can we tailor molecular systems towards specific charge-transfer processes? What are the time scales of the elementary steps of charge transfer in liquids and nanoparticles? Important new insights into each of these topics, obtained from state-of-the-art ultrafast spectroscopy and/or theoretical methods, are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cannizzo
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Akshaya K Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Keller
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Elisa Liberatore
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Lopez-Tarifa
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chris Milne
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jacques-E Moser
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Joël Teuscher
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Zhang CP, Xia CL, Jia XF, Miao XY. Monitoring the electron dynamics of the excited state via higher-order spectral minimum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10359. [PMID: 28871111 PMCID: PMC5583248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A pump-probe scheme for monitoring the electron dynamics of the excited state has been investigated by numerically solving the two-state time-dependent Schrödinger equation based on the non-Born-Oppenheimer approximation. By adjusting the delay time between a mid-infrared probe pulse and an ultra violet pump pulse, an obvious minimum can be seen in the higher-order harmonic region. With electron probability density distribution, ionization rate and classical simulation, the minimum can be ascribed to the electron localization around one nucleus at larger delay time and represents the electron dynamics of the excited state at the time of ionization. Moreover, the position of the minimum is much more sensitive to the nuclear motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Zhang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China
| | - Chang-Long Xia
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China
| | - Xiang-Fu Jia
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Miao
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.
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19
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Walt SG, Bhargava Ram N, Atala M, Shvetsov-Shilovski NI, von Conta A, Baykusheva D, Lein M, Wörner HJ. Dynamics of valence-shell electrons and nuclei probed by strong-field holography and rescattering. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643771 PMCID: PMC5481729 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong-field photoelectron holography and laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) are two powerful emerging methods for probing the ultrafast dynamics of molecules. However, both of them have remained restricted to static systems and to nuclear dynamics induced by strong-field ionization. Here we extend these promising methods to image purely electronic valence-shell dynamics in molecules using photoelectron holography. In the same experiment, we use LIED and photoelectron holography simultaneously, to observe coupled electronic-rotational dynamics taking place on similar timescales. These results offer perspectives for imaging ultrafast dynamics of molecules on femtosecond to attosecond timescales. Capturing ultrafast molecular dynamics is difficult as the process involves coupled and very fast motions of electrons and nuclei. Here the authors study non-adiabatic dynamics in the NO molecule using strong-field photoelectron holography to shed light on the valence-shell electron dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Walt
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niraghatam Bhargava Ram
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Atala
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Aaron von Conta
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Denitsa Baykusheva
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Lein
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Rudenko A, Makhija V, Vajdi A, Ergler T, Schürholz M, Kushawaha RK, Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Kumarappan V. Strong-field-induced wave packet dynamics in carbon dioxide molecule. Faraday Discuss 2016; 194:463-478. [PMID: 27711853 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal evolution of electronic and nuclear wave packets created in strong-field excitation of the carbon dioxide molecule is studied employing momentum-resolved ion spectroscopy and channel-selective Fourier analysis. Combining the data obtained with two different pump-probe set-ups, we observed signatures of vibrational dynamics in both, ionic and neutral states of the molecule. We consider far-off-resonance two-photon Raman scattering to be the most likely mechanism of vibrational excitation in the electronic ground state of the neutral CO2. Using the measured phase relation between the time-dependent yields of different fragmentation channels, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism, we suggest an intuitive picture of the underlying vibrational dynamics. For ionic states, we found signatures of both, electronic and vibrational excitations, which involve the ground and the first excited electronic states, depending on the particular final state of the fragmentation. While our results for ionic states are consistent with the recent observations by Erattupuzha et al. [J. Chem. Phys.144, 024306 (2016)], the neutral state contribution was not observed there, which we attribute to a larger bandwidth of the 8 fs pulses we used for this experiment. In a complementary measurement employing longer, 35 fs pulses in a 30 ps delay range, we study the influence of rotational excitation on our observables, and demonstrate how the coherent electronic wave packet created in the ground electronic state of the ion completely decays within 10 ps due to the coupling to rotational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Rudenko
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. and Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Varun Makhija
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. and Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aram Vajdi
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Thorsten Ergler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Rajesh K Kushawaha
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Vinod Kumarappan
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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21
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Okino T, Furukawa Y, Nabekawa Y, Miyabe S, Amani Eilanlou A, Takahashi EJ, Yamanouchi K, Midorikawa K. Direct observation of an attosecond electron wave packet in a nitrogen molecule. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500356. [PMID: 26601262 PMCID: PMC4643781 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Capturing electron motion in a molecule is the basis of understanding or steering chemical reactions. Nonlinear Fourier transform spectroscopy using an attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe technique is used to observe an attosecond electron wave packet in a nitrogen molecule in real time. The 500-as electronic motion between two bound electronic states in a nitrogen molecule is captured by measuring the fragment ions with the same kinetic energy generated in sequential two-photon dissociative ionization processes. The temporal evolution of electronic coherence originating from various electronic states is visualized via the fragment ions appearing after irradiation of the probe pulse. This observation of an attosecond molecular electron wave packet is a critical step in understanding coupled nuclear and electron motion in polyatomic and biological molecules to explore attochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Okino
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (T.O.); (K.M.)
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nabekawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shungo Miyabe
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A. Amani Eilanlou
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eiji J. Takahashi
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamanouchi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Katsumi Midorikawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (T.O.); (K.M.)
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22
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Hoang VH, Le CT, Nguyen NT, Le VH. Possibility of distinguishing DNA bases and of tracking the keto–enol tautomerism by using high-order harmonic generation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Baykusheva D, Kraus PM, Zhang SB, Rohringer N, Wörner HJ. The sensitivities of high-harmonic generation and strong-field ionization to coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. Faraday Discuss 2014; 171:113-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivities of high-harmonic generation (HHG) and strong-field ionization (SFI) to coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics are studied, using the nitric oxide (NO) molecule as an example. A coherent superposition of electronic and rotational states of NO is prepared by impulsive stimulated Raman scattering and probed by simultaneous detection of HHG and SFI yields. We observe a fourfold higher sensitivity of high-harmonic generation to electronic dynamics and attribute it to the presence of inelastic quantum paths connecting coherently related electronic states [Kraus et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.111, 243005 (2013)]. Whereas different harmonic orders display very different sensitivities to rotational or electronic dynamics, strong-field ionization is found to be most sensitive to electronic motion. We introduce a general theoretical formalism for high-harmonic generation from coupled nuclear-electronic wave packets. We show that the unequal sensitivities of different harmonic orders to electronic or rotational dynamics result from the angle dependence of the photorecombination matrix elements which encode several autoionizing and shape resonances in the photoionization continuum of NO. We further study the dependence of rotational and electronic coherences on the intensity of the excitation pulse and support the observations with calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M. Kraus
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Song Bin Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems
- 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
- 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Rohringer
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems
- 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
- 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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