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Liang Y, Liu M, Tang F, Guo Y, Zhang H, Liu S, Yang Y, Zhao G, Tan T, Yao B. Harnessing sub-comb dynamics in a graphene-sensitized microresonator for gas detection. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2024; 17:12. [PMID: 38689035 PMCID: PMC11061063 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Since their inception, frequency combs generated in microresonators, known as microcombs, have sparked significant scientific interests. Among the various applications leveraging microcombs, soliton microcombs are often preferred due to their inherent mode-locking capability. However, this choice introduces additional system complexity because an initialization process is required. Meanwhile, despite the theoretical understanding of the dynamics of other comb states, their practical potential, particularly in applications like sensing where simplicity is valued, remains largely untapped. Here, we demonstrate controllable generation of sub-combs that bypasses the need for accessing bistable regime. And in a graphene-sensitized microresonator, the sub-comb heterodynes produce stable, accurate microwave signals for high-precision gas detection. By exploring the formation dynamics of sub-combs, we achieved 2 MHz harmonic comb-to-comb beat notes with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than 50 dB and phase noise as low as - 82 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The graphene sensitization on the intracavity probes results in exceptional frequency responsiveness to the adsorption of gas molecules on the graphene of microcavity surface, enabling detect limits down to the parts per billion (ppb) level. This synergy between graphene and sub-comb formation dynamics in a microcavity structure showcases the feasibility of utilizing microcombs in an incoherent state prior to soliton locking. It may mark a significant step toward the development of easy-to-operate, systemically simple, compact, and high-performance photonic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Shihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Teng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Baicheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Engineering Center of Integrated Optoelectronic & Radio Meta-Chips, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 611731, China.
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2
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Efficient Kerr soliton comb generation in micro-resonator with interferometric back-coupling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1292. [PMID: 35277485 PMCID: PMC8917225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear Kerr micro-resonators have enabled fundamental breakthroughs in the understanding of dissipative solitons, as well as in their application to optical frequency comb generation. However, the conversion efficiency of the pump power into a soliton frequency comb typically remains below a few percent. We fabricate and characterize a hybrid Mach-Zehnder ring resonator geometry, consisting of a micro-ring resonator embedded in an additional cavity with twice the optical path length of the ring. The resulting interferometric back coupling enables to achieve an unprecedented control of the pump depletion: pump-to-frequency comb conversion efficiencies of up to 55% of the input pump power is experimentally demonstrated with a soliton crystal comb. We assess the robustness of the proposed on-chip geometry by generating a large variety of dissipative Kerr soliton combs, which require a lower amount of pump power to be accessed, when compared with an isolated micro-ring resonator with identical parameters. Micro-resonators with feedback enable accessing new regimes of coherent soliton comb generation, and are well suited for comb applications in astronomy, spectroscopy and telecommunications. Increasing the conversion efficiency of soliton crystals will enable further application of optical frequency comb. Here the authors engineer an hybrid Mach-Zehnder micro-ring resonator to achieve 80% pump-to-comb conversion efficiency based on dissipative Kerr solitons.
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3
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Tsao E, Xie Y, Nie M, Huang SW. Monostable dissipative Kerr solitons. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:122-125. [PMID: 34951897 DOI: 10.1364/ol.441165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Kerr microcombs hold the promise of bringing frequency combs onto the chip and into a variety of applications requiring low size, weight, power, and cost. However, reliable Kerr microcomb generation is hindered by the thermal effect and multistability of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs). Past approaches toward Kerr microcomb reliability include either deterministic single-soliton generation or self-starting soliton behavior but not both. Here we describe a regime of DKSs that is both deterministic and self-starting, in which only a single soliton can stably exist. We term this new DKS regime "monostable DKSs" (MS-DKSs) as all other optical behaviors, such as continuous-wave-only and multiple solitons, are fundamentally forbidden by the design. We establish a graphical model to describe MS-DKSs and discuss the design principles of MS-DKSs. We numerically demonstrate the MS-DKS behavior in an example periodically poled lithium niobate microring resonator.
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Cutrona A, Hanzard PH, Rowley M, Totero-Gongora JS, Peccianti M, Malomed BA, Oppo GL, Pasquazi A. Temporal cavity solitons in a laser-based microcomb: a path to a self-starting pulsed laser without saturable absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:6629-6646. [PMID: 33726180 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically present a design of self-starting operation of microcombs based on laser-cavity solitons in a system composed of a micro-resonator nested in and coupled to an amplifying laser cavity. We demonstrate that it is possible to engineer the modulational-instability gain of the system's zero state to allow the start-up with a well-defined number of robust solitons. The approach can be implemented by using the system parameters, such as the cavity length mismatch and the gain shape, to control the number and repetition rate of the generated solitons. Because the setting does not require saturation of the gain, the results offer an alternative to standard techniques that provide laser mode-locking.
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5
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Jia K, Wang X, Kwon D, Wang J, Tsao E, Liu H, Ni X, Guo J, Yang M, Jiang X, Kim J, Zhu SN, Xie Z, Huang SW. Photonic Flywheel in a Monolithic Fiber Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:143902. [PMID: 33064523 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.143902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first compact photonic flywheel with sub-fs time jitter (averaging times up to 10 μs) at the quantum-noise limit of a monolithic fiber resonator. Such quantum-limited performance is accessed through novel two-step pumping scheme for dissipative Kerr soliton generation. Controllable interaction between stimulated Brillouin lasing and Kerr nonlinearity enhances the DKS coherence and mitigates the thermal instability challenge, achieving a remarkable 22-Hz intrinsic comb linewidth and an unprecedented phase noise of -180 dBc/Hz at 945-MHz carrier at free running. The scheme can be generalized to various device platforms for field-deployable precision metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Jia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dohyeon Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiarong Wang
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Eugene Tsao
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Huaying Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xin Ni
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jian Guo
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mufan Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoshun Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Ning Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shu-Wei Huang
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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6
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Hillbrand J, Auth D, Piccardo M, Opačak N, Gornik E, Strasser G, Capasso F, Breuer S, Schwarz B. In-Phase and Anti-Phase Synchronization in a Laser Frequency Comb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:023901. [PMID: 32004013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coupled clocks are a classic example of a synchronization system leading to periodic collective oscillations. Already in 1665, Christiaan Huygens described this phenomenon as a kind of "sympathy" among oscillators. In this work, we describe the formation of two types of laser frequency combs as a system of oscillators coupled through the beating of the lasing modes. We experimentally show two completely different types of synchronization in a quantum dot laser-in-phase and splay-phase states. Both states can be generated in the same device, just by varying the damping losses of the system. This modifies the coupling among the oscillators. The temporal laser output is characterized using both linear and quadratic autocorrelation techniques. Our results show that both pulses and frequency-modulated states can be generated on demand within the same device. These findings allow us to connect laser frequency combs produced by amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated lasers and link these to pattern formation in coupled systems such as Josephson-junction arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hillbrand
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Dominik Auth
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Piccardo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nikola Opačak
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Gornik
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Capasso
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Stefan Breuer
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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7
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Coillet A, Qi Z, Balakireva IV, Lin G, Menyuk CR, Chembo YK. On the transition to secondary Kerr combs in whispering-gallery mode resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3078-3081. [PMID: 31199385 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that extended dissipative structures in Kerr-nonlinear whispering-gallery mode resonators undergo a spatiotemporal instability, as the pumping parameters are varied. We show that the dynamics of the patterns beyond this bifurcation yield specific Kerr comb and sub-comb spectra that can be subjected to a phase of frequency-locking when optimal conditions are met. Our numerical results are found to be in agreement with experimental measurements.
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8
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Skryabin DV, Kartashov YV. Self-locking of the frequency comb repetition rate in microring resonators with higher order dispersions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:27442-27451. [PMID: 29092217 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.027442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We predict that the free spectral range (FSR) of the soliton combs in microring resonators can self-lock through the back-action of the Cherenkov dispersive radiation on its parent soliton under the conditions typical for recent experiments on the generation of the octave wide combs. The comb FSR in the self-locked state remains quasi-constant over sufficiently broad intervals of the pump frequencies, implying that this effect can be potentially used as the comb self-stabilisation technique. The intervals of self-locking form a sequence of the discrete plateaus reminiscent to other staircase-like structures known in the oscillator synchronisation research. We derive a version of the Adler equation for the self-locking regime and confirm that it is favoured by the strong overlap between the soliton and the dispersive radiation parts of the comb signal.
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9
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Seitner MJ, Abdi M, Ridolfo A, Hartmann MJ, Weig EM. Parametric Oscillation, Frequency Mixing, and Injection Locking of Strongly Coupled Nanomechanical Resonator Modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:254301. [PMID: 28696761 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.254301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study locking phenomena of two strongly coupled, high quality factor nanomechanical resonator modes to a common parametric drive at a single drive frequency in different parametric driving regimes. By controlled dielectric gradient forces we tune the resonance frequencies of the flexural in-plane and out-of-plane oscillation of the high stress silicon nitride string through their mutual avoided crossing. For the case of the strong common parametric drive signal-idler generation via nondegenerate parametric two-mode oscillation is observed. Broadband frequency tuning of the very narrow linewidth signal and idler resonances is demonstrated. When the resonance frequencies of the signal and idler get closer to each other, partial injection locking, injection pulling, and complete injection locking to half of the drive frequency occurs depending on the pump strength. Furthermore, satellite resonances, symmetrically offset from the signal and idler by their beat note, are observed, which can be attributed to degenerate four-wave mixing in the highly nonlinear mechanical oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Abdi
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ridolfo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra (MIFT), Universita di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Michael J Hartmann
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Weig
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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10
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Maksymov IS, Greentree AD. Synthesis of discrete phase-coherent optical spectra from nonlinear ultrasound. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7496-7506. [PMID: 28380871 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear acoustic interactions in liquids are effectively stronger than nonlinear optical interactions in solids. Thus, harnessing these interactions will offer new possibilities in the design of ultra-compact nonlinear photonic devices. We theoretically demonstrate a new scheme for synthesis of optical spectra from nonlinear ultrasound harmonics using a hybrid liquid-state and nanoplasmonic device compatible with fibre-optic technology. The synthesised spectra consist of a set of equally spaced optical Brillouin light scattering modes having a well-defined phase relationship between each other. We suggest that these spectra may be employed as optical frequency combs whose spectral composition may be tuned by controlling the nonlinear acoustic interactions.
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11
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Xue X, Leo F, Xuan Y, Jaramillo-Villegas JA, Wang PH, Leaird DE, Erkintalo M, Qi M, Weiner AM. Second-harmonic-assisted four-wave mixing in chip-based microresonator frequency comb generation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16253. [PMID: 30167244 PMCID: PMC6062166 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous Kerr comb formation and second-harmonic generation with on-chip microresonators can greatly facilitate comb self-referencing for optical clocks and frequency metrology. Moreover, the presence of both second- and third-order nonlinearities results in complex cavity dynamics that is of high scientific interest but is still far from being well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that the interaction between the fundamental and the second-harmonic waves can provide an entirely new way of phase matching for four-wave mixing in optical microresonators, enabling the generation of optical frequency combs in the normal dispersion regime under conditions where comb creation is ordinarily prohibited. We derive new coupled time-domain mean-field equations and obtain simulation results showing good qualitative agreement with our experimental observations. Our findings provide a novel way of overcoming the dispersion limit for simultaneous Kerr comb formation and second-harmonic generation, which might prove to be especially important in the near-visible to visible range where several atomic transitions commonly used for the stabilization of optical clocks are located and where the large normal material dispersion is likely to dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xue
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
| | - François Leo
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- OPERA-photonics, Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yi Xuan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jose A Jaramillo-Villegas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira RIS 660003, Colombia
| | - Pei-Hsun Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
| | - Daniel E Leaird
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
| | - Miro Erkintalo
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Minghao Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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12
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Li Q, Briles TC, Westly DA, Drake TE, Stone JR, Ilic BR, Diddams SA, Papp SB, Srinivasan K. Stably accessing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs in the soliton regime. OPTICA 2017; 4:193-203. [PMID: 28603754 PMCID: PMC5460676 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator frequency combs can be an enabling technology for optical frequency synthesis and timekeeping in low size, weight, and power architectures. Such systems require comb operation in low-noise, phase-coherent states such as solitons, with broad spectral bandwidths (e.g., octave-spanning) for self-referencing to detect the carrier-envelope offset frequency. However, accessing such states is complicated by thermo-optic dispersion. For example, in the Si3N4 platform, precisely dispersion-engineered structures can support broadband operation, but microsecond thermal time constants often require fast pump power or frequency control to stabilize the solitons. In contrast, here we consider how broadband soliton states can be accessed with simple pump laser frequency tuning, at a rate much slower than the thermal dynamics. We demonstrate octave-spanning soliton frequency combs in Si3N4 microresonators, including the generation of a multi-soliton state with a pump power near 40 mW and a single-soliton state with a pump power near 120 mW. We also develop a simplified two-step analysis to explain how these states are accessed without fast control of the pump laser, and outline the required thermal properties for such operation. Our model agrees with experimental results as well as numerical simulations based on a Lugiato-Lefever equation that incorporates thermo-optic dispersion. Moreover, it also explains an experimental observation that a member of an adjacent mode family on the red-detuned side of the pump mode can mitigate the thermal requirements for accessing soliton states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Travis C. Briles
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daron A. Westly
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Tara E. Drake
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jordan R. Stone
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - B. Robert Ilic
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Scott A. Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Scott B. Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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13
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Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Finneran IA, Blake GA, Ye J, Newbury NR. Gas-phase broadband spectroscopy using active sources: progress, status, and applications. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. B, OPTICAL PHYSICS 2017; 34:104-129. [PMID: 28630530 PMCID: PMC5473295 DOI: 10.1364/josab.34.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Broadband spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for measuring multiple gas-phase species simultaneously. In this work we review basic techniques, implementations, and current applications for broadband spectroscopy. We discuss components of broad-band spectroscopy including light sources, absorption cells, and detection methods and then discuss specific combinations of these components in commonly-used techniques. We finish this review by discussing potential future advances in techniques and applications of broad-band spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M. Waxman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ian A. Finneran
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Geoffrey A. Blake
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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14
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Lobanov VE, Lihachev GV, Pavlov NG, Cherenkov AV, Kippenberg TJ, Gorodetsky ML. Harmonization of chaos into a soliton in Kerr frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:27382-27394. [PMID: 27906310 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.027382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr solitons have paved the way to broadband and fully coherent optical frequency combs in microresonators. Here, we demonstrate numerically that slow frequency tuning of the pump laser in conjunction with phase or amplitude modulation corresponding to the free spectral range of the microresonator, provides reliable convergence of an initially excited chaotic comb state to a single dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) state. The efficiency of this approach depends on both frequency tuning speed and modulation depth. The relevance of the proposed method is confirmed experimentally in a MgF2 microresonator.
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15
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Lim J, Huang SW, Vinod AK, Mortazavian P, Yu M, Kwong DL, Savchenkov AA, Matsko AB, Maleki L, Wong CW. Stabilized chip-scale Kerr frequency comb via a high-Q reference photonic microresonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3706-9. [PMID: 27519068 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We stabilize a chip-scale Si3N4 phase-locked Kerr frequency comb via locking the pump laser to an independent stable high-Q reference microresonator and locking the comb spacing to an external microwave oscillator. In this comb, the pump laser shift induces negligible impact on the comb spacing change. This scheme is a step toward miniaturization of the stabilized Kerr comb system as the microresonator reference can potentially be integrated on-chip. Fractional instability of the optical harmonics of the stabilized comb is limited by the microwave oscillator used for a comb spacing lock below 1 s averaging time and coincides with the pump laser drift in the long term.
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16
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Huang SW, Yang J, Yu M, McGuyer BH, Kwong DL, Zelevinsky T, Wong CW. A broadband chip-scale optical frequency synthesizer at 2.7 × 10(-16) relative uncertainty. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501489. [PMID: 27152341 PMCID: PMC4846450 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs-coherent light sources that connect optical frequencies with microwave oscillations-have become the enabling tool for precision spectroscopy, optical clockwork, and attosecond physics over the past decades. Current benchmark systems are self-referenced femtosecond mode-locked lasers, but Kerr nonlinear dynamics in high-Q solid-state microresonators has recently demonstrated promising features as alternative platforms. The advance not only fosters studies of chip-scale frequency metrology but also extends the realm of optical frequency combs. We report the full stabilization of chip-scale optical frequency combs. The microcomb's two degrees of freedom, one of the comb lines and the native 18-GHz comb spacing, are simultaneously phase-locked to known optical and microwave references. Active comb spacing stabilization improves long-term stability by six orders of magnitude, reaching a record instrument-limited residual instability of [Formula: see text]. Comparing 46 nitride frequency comb lines with a fiber laser frequency comb, we demonstrate the unprecedented microcomb tooth-to-tooth relative frequency uncertainty down to 50 mHz and 2.7 × 10(-16), heralding novel solid-state applications in precision spectroscopy, coherent communications, and astronomical spectrography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Huang
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (S.-W.H.); (C.W.W.)
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mingbin Yu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117865, Singapore
| | - Bart H. McGuyer
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Dim-Lee Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117865, Singapore
| | - Tanya Zelevinsky
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chee Wei Wong
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (S.-W.H.); (C.W.W.)
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17
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Xue X, Xuan Y, Wang C, Wang PH, Liu Y, Niu B, Leaird DE, Qi M, Weiner AM. Thermal tuning of Kerr frequency combs in silicon nitride microring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:687-698. [PMID: 26832298 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator based Kerr frequency comb generation has many attractive features, including ultrabroad spectra, chip-level integration, and low power consumption. Achieving precise tuning control over the comb frequencies will be important for a number of practical applications, but has been little explored for microresonator combs. In this paper, we characterize the thermal tuning of a coherent Kerr frequency comb generated from an on-chip silicon nitride microring. When the microring temperature is changed by ~70 °C with an integrated microheater, the line spacing and center frequency of the comb are tuned respectively by -253 MHz (-3.57 MHz/°C) and by -175 GHz (-2.63 GHz/°C); the latter constitutes 75% of the comb line spacing. From these results we obtain a shift of 25 GHz (362.07 MHz/°C) in the comb carrier-envelope offset frequency. Numerical simulations are performed by taking into account the thermo-optic effects in the waveguide core and cladding. The temperature variation of the comb line spacing predicted from simulations is close to that observed in experiments. The time-dependent thermal response of the microheater based tuning scheme is characterized; time constants of 30.9 μs and 0.71 ms are observed.
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18
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Zhang X, He J, Wang Y, Liu F. Terahertz beat oscillation of plasmonic electrons interacting with femtosecond light pulses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18902. [PMID: 26732478 PMCID: PMC4702068 DOI: 10.1038/srep18902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmon resonance in nanostructured metals is in essence collective oscillation of free electrons, which is driven by optical electric fields and oscillates at nearly the same frequency as the excitation photons. This is the basic physics for the currently extensively interested topics in optical metamaterials, optical switching, and logic optical “circuits” with potential applications in optical communication and optical computation. We present here an interference effect between photons and plasmon electrons, which is observed as multi-cycle beat-oscillation. The beat frequency is in the range of 3~4 THz, which is equal to the difference between optical frequency of the photons and oscillation frequency of the plasmon electrons. Such beat oscillation evolves in a time scale of more than 1 ps, which is much longer than the optical pulse length, implying interaction between photons and pure damping plasmon-electrons. The discovered mechanisms might be important for exploring new approaches for THz generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Zhang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jianfang He
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
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19
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Brasch V, Geiselmann M, Herr T, Lihachev G, Pfeiffer MHP, Gorodetsky ML, Kippenberg TJ. Photonic chip-based optical frequency comb using soliton Cherenkov radiation. Science 2015; 351:357-60. [PMID: 26721682 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Optical solitons are propagating pulses of light that retain their shape because nonlinearity and dispersion balance each other. In the presence of higher-order dispersion, optical solitons can emit dispersive waves via the process of soliton Cherenkov radiation. This process underlies supercontinuum generation and is of critical importance in frequency metrology. Using a continuous wave-pumped, dispersion-engineered, integrated silicon nitride microresonator, we generated continuously circulating temporal dissipative Kerr solitons. The presence of higher-order dispersion led to the emission of red-shifted soliton Cherenkov radiation. The output corresponds to a fully coherent optical frequency comb that spans two-thirds of an octave and whose phase we were able to stabilize to the sub-Hertz level. By preserving coherence over a broad spectral bandwidth, our device offers the opportunity to develop compact on-chip frequency combs for frequency metrology or spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brasch
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Geiselmann
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Herr
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Lihachev
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo 143025, Russia. Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - M H P Pfeiffer
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M L Gorodetsky
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo 143025, Russia. Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - T J Kippenberg
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Liu YY, Stehlik J, Gullans MJ, Taylor JM, Petta JR. Injection Locking of a Semiconductor Double Quantum Dot Micromaser. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 2015; 92:053802. [PMID: 28127226 PMCID: PMC5259738 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.92.053802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Emission linewidth is an important figure of merit for masers and lasers. We recently demonstrated a semiconductor double quantum dot (DQD) micromaser where photons are generated through single electron tunneling events. Charge noise directly couples to the DQD energy levels, resulting in a maser linewidth that is more than 100 times larger than the Schawlow-Townes prediction. Here we demonstrate a linewidth narrowing of more than a factor 10 by locking the DQD emission to a coherent tone that is injected to the input port of the cavity. We measure the injection locking range as a function of cavity input power and show that it is in agreement with the Adler equation. The position and amplitude of distortion sidebands that appear outside of the injection locking range are quantitatively examined. Our results show that this unconventional maser, which is impacted by strong charge noise and electron-phonon coupling, is well described by standard laser models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Liu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J Stehlik
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M J Gullans
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J M Taylor
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J R Petta
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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21
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Zhang M, Shah S, Cardenas J, Lipson M. Synchronization and Phase Noise Reduction in Micromechanical Oscillator Arrays Coupled through Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:163902. [PMID: 26550878 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.163902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Synchronization of many coupled oscillators is widely found in nature and has the potential to revolutionize timing technologies. Here, we demonstrate synchronization in arrays of silicon nitride micromechanical oscillators coupled in an all-to-all configuration purely through an optical radiation field. We show that the phase noise of the synchronized oscillators can be improved by almost 10 dB below the phase noise limit for each individual oscillator. These results open a practical route towards synchronized oscillator networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Shreyas Shah
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jaime Cardenas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Michal Lipson
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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22
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Huang SW, Yang J, Lim J, Zhou H, Yu M, Kwong DL, Wong CW. A low-phase-noise 18 GHz Kerr frequency microcomb phase-locked over 65 THz. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13355. [PMID: 26311406 PMCID: PMC4550847 DOI: 10.1038/srep13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser frequency combs are coherent light sources that simultaneously provide pristine frequency spacings for precision metrology and the fundamental basis for ultrafast and attosecond sciences. Recently, nonlinear parametric conversion in high-Q microresonators has been suggested as an alternative platform for optical frequency combs, though almost all in 100 GHz frequencies or more. Here we report a low-phase-noise on-chip Kerr frequency comb with mode spacing compatible with high-speed silicon optoelectronics. The waveguide cross-section of the silicon nitride spiral resonator is designed to possess small and flattened group velocity dispersion, so that the Kerr frequency comb contains a record-high number of 3,600 phase-locked comb lines. We study the single-sideband phase noise as well as the long-term frequency stability and report the lowest phase noise floor achieved to date with -130 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset for the 18 GHz Kerr comb oscillator, along with feedback stabilization to achieve frequency Allan deviations of 7 × 10(-11) in 1 s. The reported system is a promising compact platform for achieving self-referenced Kerr frequency combs and also for high-capacity coherent communication architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-W. Huang
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Yang
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Lim
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H. Zhou
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M. Yu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore, Singapore
| | - D.-L. Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C. W. Wong
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Lin G, Martinenghi R, Diallo S, Saleh K, Coillet A, Chembo YK. Spectro-temporal dynamics of Kerr combs with parametric seeding. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:2407-2412. [PMID: 25968529 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a joint theoretical and experimental investigation of the parametric seeding of a primary Kerr optical frequency comb. Electro-optic modulation sidebands matching multiple free-spectral ranges of an ultrahigh-Q millimeter-size magnesium fluoride disk resonator are used as seed signals. These seed signals interact through four-wave mixing with the spectral components of a stable primary comb and give rise to complex spectro-temporal patterns. We show that the new frequency combs feature multiscale frequency spacing, with major frequency gaps in the order of a few hundred gigahertz, and minor frequency spacing in the order of a few tens of gigahertz. The experimental results are in agreement with numerical simulations using the Lugiato-Lefever equation. We expect such versatile and coherent optical frequency combs to have potential applications in optical communications systems where frequency management assigns predefined spectral windows at the emitter stage.
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24
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Vered RZ, Shaked Y, Ben-Or Y, Rosenbluh M, Pe'er A. Classical-to-quantum transition with broadband four-wave mixing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:063902. [PMID: 25723221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.063902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A key question of quantum optics is how nonclassical biphoton correlations at low power evolve into classical coherence at high power. Direct observation of the crossover from quantum to classical behavior is desirable, but difficult due to the lack of adequate experimental techniques that cover the ultrawide dynamic range in photon flux from the single photon regime to the classical level. We investigate biphoton correlations within the spectrum of light generated by broadband four-wave mixing over a large dynamic range of ∼80 dB in photon flux across the classical-to-quantum transition using a two-photon interference effect that distinguishes between classical and quantum behavior. We explore the quantum-classical nature of the light by observing the interference contrast dependence on internal loss and demonstrate quantum collapse and revival of the interference when the four-wave mixing gain in the fiber becomes imaginary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Z Vered
- Physics Department and BINA Center for Nano-technology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yaakov Shaked
- Physics Department and BINA Center for Nano-technology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yelena Ben-Or
- Physics Department and BINA Center for Nano-technology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Michael Rosenbluh
- Physics Department and BINA Center for Nano-technology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Avi Pe'er
- Physics Department and BINA Center for Nano-technology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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25
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Huang SW, Zhou H, Yang J, McMillan JF, Matsko A, Yu M, Kwong DL, Maleki L, Wong CW. Mode-locked ultrashort pulse generation from on-chip normal dispersion microresonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:053901. [PMID: 25699441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.053901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe generation of stable mode-locked pulse trains from on-chip normal dispersion microresonators. The excitation of hyperparametric oscillation is facilitated by the local dispersion disruptions induced by mode interactions. The system is then driven from hyperparametric oscillation to the mode-locked state with over 200 nm spectral width by controlled pump power and detuning. With the continuous-wave-driven nonlinearity, the pulses sit on a pedestal, akin to a cavity soliton. We identify the importance of pump detuning and wavelength-dependent quality factors in stabilizing and shaping the pulse structure, to achieve a single pulse inside the cavity. We examine the mode-locking dynamics by numerically solving the master equation and provide analytic solutions under appropriate approximations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Huang
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - H Zhou
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - J Yang
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - J F McMillan
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - A Matsko
- OEwaves Inc., Pasadena, California 91107, USA
| | - M Yu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore 117685, Singapore
| | - D-L Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore 117685, Singapore
| | - L Maleki
- OEwaves Inc., Pasadena, California 91107, USA
| | - C W Wong
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Center for Integrated Science and Engineering, Solid-State Science and Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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26
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Phase steps and resonator detuning measurements in microresonator frequency combs. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5668. [PMID: 25565467 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments and theoretical modelling yielded significant progress toward understanding of Kerr-effect induced optical frequency comb generation in microresonators. However, the simultaneous Kerr-mediated interaction of hundreds or thousands of optical comb frequencies with the same number of resonator modes leads to complicated nonlinear dynamics that are far from fully understood. An important prerequisite for modelling the comb formation process is the knowledge of phase and amplitude of the comb modes as well as the detuning from their respective microresonator modes. Here, we present comprehensive measurements that fully characterize optical microcomb states. We introduce a way of measuring resonator dispersion and detuning of comb modes in a hot resonator while generating an optical frequency comb. The presented phase measurements show unpredicted comb states with discrete π and π/2 steps in the comb phases that are not observed in conventional optical frequency combs.
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27
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Wu S, Wang C, Fourcade-Dutin C, Washburn BR, Benabid F, Corwin KL. Direct fiber comb stabilization to a gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:23704-23715. [PMID: 25321837 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.023704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a single tooth from a fiber laser-based optical frequency comb for nonlinear spectroscopy and thereby directly referenced the comb. An 89 MHz erbium fiber laser frequency comb is directly stabilized to the P(23) (1539.43 nm) overtone transition of (12)C(2)H(2) inside a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. To do this, a single comb tooth is isolated and amplified from 20 nW to 40 mW with sufficient fidelity to perform saturated absorption spectroscopy. The fractional stability of the comb, ~7 nm away from the stabilized tooth, is shown to be 6 × 10(-12) at 100 ms gate time, which is over an order of magnitude better than that of a comb referenced to a GPS-disciplined Rb oscillator.
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28
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Herr T, Brasch V, Jost JD, Mirgorodskiy I, Lihachev G, Gorodetsky ML, Kippenberg TJ. Mode spectrum and temporal soliton formation in optical microresonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:123901. [PMID: 25279630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.123901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The formation of temporal dissipative solitons in optical microresonators enables compact, high-repetition rate sources of ultrashort pulses as well as low noise, broadband optical frequency combs with smooth spectral envelopes. Here we study the influence of the microresonator mode spectrum on temporal soliton formation in a crystalline MgF2 microresonator. While an overall anomalous group velocity dispersion is required, it is found that higher order dispersion can be tolerated as long as it does not dominate the resonator's mode structure. Avoided mode crossings induced by linear mode coupling in the resonator mode spectrum are found to prevent soliton formation when affecting resonator modes close to the pump laser frequency. The experimental observations are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations based on the nonlinear coupled mode equations. The presented results provide for the first time design criteria for the generation of temporal solitons in optical microresonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herr
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Brasch
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J D Jost
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I Mirgorodskiy
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - G Lihachev
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - M L Gorodetsky
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia and Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo 143025, Russia
| | - T J Kippenberg
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Liang W, Savchenkov AA, Ilchenko VS, Eliyahu D, Seidel D, Matsko AB, Maleki L. Generation of a coherent near-infrared Kerr frequency comb in a monolithic microresonator with normal GVD. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:2920-2923. [PMID: 24978237 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.002920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally, and describe theoretically, generation of a wide, fundamentally phase-locked Kerr frequency comb in a nonlinear resonator with a normal group velocity dispersion (GVD). A magnesium fluoride whispering-gallery mode resonator characterized with 10 GHz free spectral range and pumped either at 780 or 795 nm is used in the experiment. The envelope of the observed frequency comb differs significantly from the Kerr frequency comb spectra reported previously. We show via numerical simulation that, while the frequency comb does not correspond to generation of short optical pulses, the relative phase of the generated harmonics are fixed.
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30
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Torres-Company V, Castelló-Lurbe D, Silvestre E. Comparative analysis of spectral coherence in microresonator frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:4678-4691. [PMID: 24663786 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.004678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator combs exploit parametric oscillation and nonlinear mixing in an ultrahigh-Q cavity. This new comb generator offers unique potential for chip integration and access to high repetition rates. However, time-domain studies reveal an intricate spectral coherence behavior in this type of platform. In particular, coherent, partially coherent or incoherent combs have been observed using the same microresonator under different pumping conditions. In this work, we provide a numerical analysis of the coherence dynamics that supports the above experimental findings and verify particular design rules to achieve spectrally coherent microresonator combs. A particular emphasis is placed in understanding the differences between so-called Type I and Type II combs.
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