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Alnatah H, Comaron P, Mukherjee S, Beaumariage J, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Baldwin K, Szymańska M, Snoke DW. Critical fluctuations in a confined driven-dissipative quantum condensate. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi6762. [PMID: 38517958 PMCID: PMC10959404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Phase fluctuations determine the low-energy properties of quantum condensates. However, at the condensation threshold, both density and phase fluctuations are relevant. While strong emphasis has been given to the investigation of phase fluctuations, which dominate the physics of the quantum system away from the critical point, number fluctuations have been much less explored even in thermal equilibrium. In this work, we report experimental observation and theoretical description of fluctuations in a circularly confined nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons near the condensation threshold. We observe critical fluctuations, which combine the number fluctuations of a single-mode condensate state and competition between different states. The latter is analogous to mode hopping in photon lasers. Our theoretical analysis indicates that this phenomenon is of a quantum character, while classical noise of the pump is not sufficient to explain the experiments. The manifestation of a critical quantum state competition unlocks possibilities for the study of condensate formation while linking to practical realizations in photonic lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alnatah
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Paolo Comaron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jonathan Beaumariage
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kirk Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Marzena Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David W. Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
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2
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Tian C, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Hu W, Pan Y, Wang Z, Zhang F, Zhang L, Dong H, Zhou W. Relaxation Oscillations of an Exciton-Polariton Condensate Driven by Parametric Scattering. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3026-3032. [PMID: 35343702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of coherent oscillations in the relaxation dynamics of an exciton-polariton condensate that were driven by parametric scattering processes. As a result of the interbranch scattering scheme and the nonlinear polariton-polariton interactions, such parametric scatterings exhibit a high scattering efficiency that leads to the fast depletion of the polariton condensate and the periodic shut-off of the bosonic stimulation processes, eventually causing relaxation oscillations. Employing polariton-reservoir interactions, the oscillation dynamics in the time domain can be projected onto the energy space. In theory, our simulations using the open-dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation are in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Surprisingly, the oscillation patterns, including many excitation pulses, are clearly visible in our time-integrated images, implying the high stability of the relaxation oscillations driven by polariton parametric scatterings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tian
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yichun Pan
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Fangxin Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Weihang Zhou
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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Chen F, Zhou H, Li H, Cao J, Luo S, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Shao Z, Sun F, Zhou B, Dong H, Xu H, Xu H, Kavokin A, Chen Z, Wu J. Femtosecond Dynamics of a Polariton Bosonic Cascade at Room Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2023-2029. [PMID: 35200029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery modes in a microwire are characterized by a nearly equidistant energy spectrum. In the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, this system represents a bosonic cascade: a ladder of discrete energy levels that sustains stimulated transitions between neighboring steps. Here, by using a femtosecond angle-resolved spectroscopic imaging technique, the ultrafast dynamics of polaritons in a bosonic cascade based on a one-dimensional ZnO whispering gallery microcavity are explicitly visualized. Clear ladder-form build-up processes from higher to lower energy branches of the polariton condensates are observed, which are well reproduced by modeling using rate equations. Remarkably, a pronounced superbunching feature, which could serve as solid evidence for bosonic cascades, is demonstrated by the measured second-order time correlation factor. In addition, the nonlinear polariton parametric scattering dynamics on a time scale of hundreds of femtoseconds are revealed. Our understandings pave the way toward ultrafast coherent control of polaritons at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Junhui Cao
- School of Science, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Song Luo
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Ziqiu Shao
- School of Science, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Fenghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Beier Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- School of Science, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Zhanghai Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
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Trifonov AV, Khramtsov ES, Kavokin KV, Ignatiev IV, Kavokin AV, Efimov YP, Eliseev SA, Shapochkin PY, Bayer M. Nanosecond Spin Coherence Time of Nonradiative Excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:147401. [PMID: 31050466 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental evidence for a nanosecond timescale spin memory based on nonradiative excitons with large in-plane wave vector. The effect manifests itself in magnetic-field-induced oscillations of the energy of the optically active (radiative) excitons. The oscillations detected by a spectrally resolved pump-probe technique applied to a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well structure in a transverse magnetic field persist over a timescale, which is orders of magnitude longer than the characteristic decoherence time in the system. The effect is attributed to the spin-dependent electron-electron exchange interaction of the optically active and inactive excitons. The spin relaxation time of the electrons belonging to nonradiative excitons appears to be much longer than the hole spin relaxation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Trifonov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - E S Khramtsov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - K V Kavokin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - I V Ignatiev
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - A V Kavokin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China and Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Y P Efimov
- Resource Center "Nanophotonics," St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - S A Eliseev
- Resource Center "Nanophotonics," St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - P Yu Shapochkin
- Resource Center "Nanophotonics," St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - M Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universittat Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
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5
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Relaxation Oscillations and Ultrafast Emission Pulses in a Disordered Expanding Polariton Condensate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7094. [PMID: 28769102 PMCID: PMC5540918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor microcavities are often influenced by structural imperfections, which can disturb the flow and dynamics of exciton-polariton condensates. Additionally, in exciton-polariton condensates there is a variety of dynamical scenarios and instabilities, owing to the properties of the incoherent excitonic reservoir. We investigate the dynamics of an exciton-polariton condensate which emerges in semiconductor microcavity subject to disorder, which determines its spatial and temporal behaviour. Our experimental data revealed complex burst-like time evolution under non-resonant optical pulsed excitation. The temporal patterns of the condensate emission result from the intrinsic disorder and are driven by properties of the excitonic reservoir, which decay in time much slower with respect to the polariton condensate lifetime. This feature entails a relaxation oscillation in polariton condensate formation, resulting in ultrafast emission pulses of coherent polariton field. The experimental data can be well reproduced by numerical simulations, where the condensate is coupled to the excitonic reservoir described by a set of rate equations. Theory suggests the existence of slow reservoir temporarily emptied by stimulated scattering to the condensate, generating ultrashort pulses of the condensate emission.
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6
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Sanvitto D, Kéna-Cohen S. The road towards polaritonic devices. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1061-73. [PMID: 27429208 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are quasiparticles that form in semiconductors when an elementary excitation such as an exciton or a phonon interacts sufficiently strongly with light. In particular, exciton-polaritons have attracted tremendous attention for their unique properties, spanning from an ability to undergo ultra-efficient four-wave mixing to superfluidity in the condensed state. These quasiparticles possess strong intrinsic nonlinearities, while keeping most characteristics of the underlying photons. Here we review the most important features of exciton-polaritons in microcavities, with a particular emphasis on the emerging technological applications, the use of new materials for room-temperature operation, and the possibility of exploiting polaritons for quantum computation and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR - NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stéphane Kéna-Cohen
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, PO Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
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Iorsh I, Alodjants A, Shelykh IA. Microcavity with saturable nonlinearity under simultaneous resonant and nonresonant pumping: multistability, Hopf bifurcations and chaotic behaviour. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:11505-11514. [PMID: 27410078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.011505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied optical response of microcavity non-equilibrium exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensate with saturable nonlinearity under simultaneous resonant and non-resonant pumping. We demonstrated the emergence of multistabile behavior due to the saturation of the excitonic absorption. Stable periodic Rabi-type oscillations of the excitonic and photonic condensate components in the regime of the stationary pump and their transition to the chaotic dynamics through the cascade of Hopf bifurcations by tuning of the electrical pump are revealed.
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8
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Chestnov IY, Demirchyan SS, Alodjants AP, Rubo YG, Kavokin AV. Permanent Rabi oscillations in coupled exciton-photon systems with PT-symmetry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19551. [PMID: 26790534 PMCID: PMC4726245 DOI: 10.1038/srep19551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a physical mechanism which enables permanent Rabi oscillations in driven-dissipative condensates of exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities subjected to external magnetic fields. The method is based on stimulated scattering of excitons from the incoherent reservoir. We demonstrate that permanent non-decaying oscillations may appear due to the parity-time symmetry of the coupled exciton-photon system realized in a specific regime of pumping to the exciton state and depletion of the reservoir. At non-zero exciton-photon detuning, robust permanent Rabi oscillations occur with unequal amplitudes of exciton and photon components. Our predictions pave way to realization of integrated circuits based on exciton-polariton Rabi oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yu. Chestnov
- Vladimir State University named after A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Vladimir, 600000, Russia
| | - Sevak S. Demirchyan
- Vladimir State University named after A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Vladimir, 600000, Russia
| | - Alexander P. Alodjants
- Vladimir State University named after A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Vladimir, 600000, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yuri G. Rubo
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos, 62580, Mexico
| | - Alexey V. Kavokin
- Russian Quantum Center, Moscow Region, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia
- University of Southampton, Physics and Astronomy School, Highfield, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK
- CNR-SPIN, Viale del Politecnico 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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Voronova NS, Elistratov AA, Lozovik YE. Detuning-Controlled Internal Oscillations in an Exciton-Polariton Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:186402. [PMID: 26565479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.186402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically analyze exciton-photon oscillatory dynamics within a homogenous polariton gas in the presence of energy detuning between the cavity and quantum well modes. Whereas pure Rabi oscillations consist of the particle exchange between the photon and exciton states in the polariton system without any oscillations of the phases of the two subcondensates, we demonstrate that any nonzero detuning results in oscillations of the relative phase of the photon and exciton macroscopic wave functions. Different initial conditions reveal a variety of behaviors of the relative phase between the two condensates, and a crossover from Rabi-like to Josephson-like oscillations is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Voronova
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Elistratov
- Institute for Nanotechnology in Microelectronics RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu E Lozovik
- Institute for Spectroscopy RAS, 142190 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, HSE, 101000 Moscow, Russia
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Transient dual-energy lasing in a semiconductor microcavity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15347. [PMID: 26477277 PMCID: PMC4609995 DOI: 10.1038/srep15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate sequential lasing at two well-separated energies in a highly photoexcited planar microcavity at room temperature. Two spatially overlapped lasing states with distinct polarization properties appear at energies more than 5 meV apart. Under a circularly polarized nonresonant 2 ps pulse excitation, a sub-10-ps transient circularly polarized high-energy (HE) state emerges within 10 ps after the pulse excitation. This HE state is followed by a pulsed state that lasts for 20–50 ps at a low energy (LE) state. The HE state is highly circularly polarized as a result of a spin-preserving stimulated process, while the LE state shows a significantly reduced circular polarization because of a diminishing spin imbalance.
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