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Zhou Y, Leng J, Wang K, Gao F, Xu G, Liu H, Ma RL, Cao G, Zhang J, Guo GC, Hu X, Li HO, Guo GP. Quantum Interference and Coherent Population Trapping in a Double Quantum Dot. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10040-10046. [PMID: 39133069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Quantum interference is a natural consequence of wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics, and is widely observed at the atomic scale. One interesting manifestation of quantum interference is coherent population trapping (CPT), first proposed in three-level driven atomic systems and observed in quantum optical experiments. Here, we demonstrate CPT in a gate-defined semiconductor double quantum dot (DQD), with some unique twists as compared to the atomic systems. Specifically, we observe CPT in both driven and nondriven situations. We further show that CPT in a driven DQD could be used to generate adiabatic state transfer. Moreover, our experiment reveals a nontrivial modulation to the CPT caused by the longitudinal driving field, yielding an odd-even effect and a tunable CPT. Our results broaden the field of CPT, and open up the possibility of quantum simulation and quantum computation based on adiabatic passage in quantum dot systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Leng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ke Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - He Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rong-Long Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gang Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Institute of Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xuedong Hu
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Hai-Ou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Origin Quantum Computing Company Limited, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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2
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Stefanatos D, Paspalakis E. Optimal shortcuts of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in the presence of dissipation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210283. [PMID: 36335940 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We use optimal control theory to obtain shortcuts to adiabaticity which maximize population transfer in a three-level stimulated Raman adiabatic passage system, for a given finite duration of the process and a specified dissipation rate at the intermediate state. We fix the sum of the intensities of the pump and Stokes pulses and use the mixing angle of the fields as the sole control variable. We determine the optimal variation of this angle and reveal the role of the singular arc in the optimal trajectory, in order to minimize the effect of dissipation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Shortcuts to adiabaticity: theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary perspectives'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stefanatos
- Materials Science Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - E Paspalakis
- Materials Science Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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3
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Zhang CL, Chen X, Shen SJ, Lin XM. Robust quantum state transfer by optimal invariant-based reverse engineering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:41741-41756. [PMID: 36366643 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shortening the operation time of implementing scheme and reducing the influence of harmful factors have always been the research objectives pursued by people. Based on invariant-based reverse engineering, we present a general scheme for implementing robust population transfer in a three-level system via optimal shortcut to adiabatic passage. The systematic error sensitivity is introduced to measure the robustness of the process. The smooth Rabi frequencies are expressed with some coefficients, which are also related to the systematic error sensitivity and the population of intermediate state. When the amplitude of control field is given, the transfer can be optimized within as small systematic error sensitivity as possible, i.e., the robustness against systematic errors is further improved by choosing suitable correlation coefficient. Additionally, we apply the technique to achieve robust excitation fluctuation transfer between two membranes in an optomechanical system. The relation between the fidelity of excitation fluctuation transfer and variation of effective optomechanical coupling strengths is analysed. Numerical result shows that the fidelity keeps over 0.95 even if the coupling strengths deviates from 20% of the theoretical value. Moreover, comparison with existing literature [Opt. Express29, 7998 (2021)10.1364/OE.417343], the proposed scheme possesses stronger robustness against variations of effective optomechanical coupling strengths and lower population of unwanted states. The idea may provide a promising approach for quantum information processing.
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Fedoseev V, Luna F, Hedgepeth I, Löffler W, Bouwmeester D. Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage in Optomechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:113601. [PMID: 33798387 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In multimode optomechanical systems, the mechanical modes can be coupled via the radiation pressure of the common optical mode, but the fidelity of the state transfer is limited by the optical cavity decay. Here we demonstrate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in optomechanics, where the optical mode is not populated during the coherent state transfer between the mechanical modes avoiding this decay channel. We show a state transfer of a coherent mechanical excitation between vibrational modes of a membrane in a high-finesse optical cavity with a transfer efficiency of 86%. Combined with exceptionally high mechanical quality factors, STIRAP between mechanical modes can enable generation, storage, and manipulation of long-lived mechanical quantum states, which is important for quantum information science and for the investigation of macroscopic quantum superpositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Fedoseev
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fernando Luna
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ian Hedgepeth
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Wolfgang Löffler
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bouwmeester
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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5
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Li PB, Zhou Y, Gao WB, Nori F. Enhancing Spin-Phonon and Spin-Spin Interactions Using Linear Resources in a Hybrid Quantum System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:153602. [PMID: 33095609 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.153602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid spin-mechanical setups offer a versatile platform for quantum science and technology, but improving the spin-phonon as well as the spin-spin couplings of such systems remains a crucial challenge. Here, we propose and analyze an experimentally feasible and simple method for exponentially enhancing the spin-phonon and the phonon-mediated spin-spin interactions in a hybrid spin-mechanical setup, using only linear resources. Through modulating the spring constant of the mechanical cantilever with a time-dependent pump, we can acquire a tunable and nonlinear (two-phonon) drive to the mechanical mode, thus amplifying the mechanical zero-point fluctuations and directly enhancing the spin-phonon coupling. This method allows the spin-mechanical system to be driven from the weak-coupling regime to the strong-coupling regime, and even the ultrastrong coupling regime. In the dispersive regime, this method gives rise to a large enhancement of the phonon-mediated spin-spin interactions between distant solid-state spins, typically two orders of magnitude larger than that without modulation. As an example, we show that the proposed scheme can apply to generating entangled states of multiple spins with high fidelities even in the presence of large dissipations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Bo Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- School of Science, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Wei-Bo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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6
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Goldman ML, Patti TL, Levonian D, Yelin SF, Lukin MD. Optical Control of a Single Nuclear Spin in the Solid State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:153203. [PMID: 32357057 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.153203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method for coherent optical manipulation of individual nuclear spins in the solid state, mediated by the electronic states of a proximal quantum emitter. Specifically, using the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond, we demonstrate control of a proximal ^{14}N nuclear spin via an all-optical Raman technique. We evaluate the extent to which the intrinsic physical properties of the NV center limit the performance of coherent control, and we find that it is ultimately constrained by the relative rates of transverse hyperfine coupling and radiative decay in the NV center's excited state. Possible extensions and applications to other color centers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Goldman
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - T L Patti
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - D Levonian
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S F Yelin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - M D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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7
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Robustness of STIRAP Shortcuts under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Noise in the Energy Levels. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we evaluate the efficiency of two shortcuts to adiabaticity for the STIRAP system, in the presence of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck noise in the energy levels. The shortcuts under consideration preserve the interactions of the original Hamiltonian, without adding extra counterdiabatic terms, which directly connect the initial and target states. The first shortcut is such that the mixing angle is a polynomial function of time, while the second shortcut is derived from Gaussian pulses. Extensive numerical simulations indicate that both shortcuts perform quite well and robustly even in the presence of relatively large noise amplitudes, while their performance is decreased with increasing noise correlation time. For similar pulse amplitudes and durations, the efficiency of classical STIRAP is highly degraded even in the absence of noise. When using pulses with similar areas for the two STIRAP shortcuts, the shortcut derived from Gaussian pulses appears to be more efficient. Since STIRAP is an essential tool for the implementation of emerging quantum technologies, the present work is expected to find application in this broad research field.
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Chen HY, MacQuarrie ER, Fuchs GD. Orbital State Manipulation of a Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Using a Mechanical Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:167401. [PMID: 29756908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.167401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the resonant optical transitions of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center that is coherently dressed by a strong mechanical drive. Using a gigahertz-frequency diamond mechanical resonator that is strain coupled to a NV center's orbital states, we demonstrate coherent Raman sidebands out to the ninth order and orbital-phonon interactions that mix the two excited-state orbital branches. These interactions are spectroscopically revealed through a multiphonon Rabi splitting of the orbital branches which scales as a function of resonator driving amplitude and is successfully reproduced in a quantum model. Finally, we discuss the application of mechanical driving to engineering NV-center orbital states.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chen
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - G D Fuchs
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Zhou BB, Jerger PC, Shkolnikov VO, Heremans FJ, Burkard G, Awschalom DD. Holonomic Quantum Control by Coherent Optical Excitation in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:140503. [PMID: 29053319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although geometric phases in quantum evolution are historically overlooked, their active control now stimulates strategies for constructing robust quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate arbitrary single-qubit holonomic gates from a single cycle of nonadiabatic evolution, eliminating the need to concatenate two separate cycles. Our method varies the amplitude, phase, and detuning of a two-tone optical field to control the non-Abelian geometric phase acquired by a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond over a coherent excitation cycle. We demonstrate the enhanced robustness of detuned gates to excited-state decoherence and provide insights for optimizing fast holonomic control in dissipative quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Zhou
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Paul C Jerger
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - V O Shkolnikov
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - F Joseph Heremans
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Guido Burkard
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - David D Awschalom
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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10
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Lekavicius I, Golter DA, Oo T, Wang H. Transfer of Phase Information between Microwave and Optical Fields via an Electron Spin. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:063601. [PMID: 28949593 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.063601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the coherent coupling and the resulting transfer of phase information between microwave and optical fields in a single nitrogen vacancy center in diamond. The relative phase of two microwave fields is encoded in a coherent superposition spin state. This phase information is then retrieved with a pair of optical fields. A related process is also used for the transfer of phase information from optical to microwave fields. These studies show the essential role of dark states, including optical pumping into the dark states, in the coherent microwave-optical coupling and open the door to the full quantum state transfer between microwave and optical fields in a solid-state spin ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignas Lekavicius
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - D Andrew Golter
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Thein Oo
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Hailin Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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11
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Golter DA, Oo T, Amezcua M, Stewart KA, Wang H. Optomechanical Quantum Control of a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:143602. [PMID: 27104709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.143602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate optomechanical quantum control of the internal electronic states of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in the resolved-sideband regime by coupling the NV to both optical fields and surface acoustic waves via a phonon-assisted optical transition and by taking advantage of the strong excited-state electron-phonon coupling of a NV center. Optomechanically driven Rabi oscillations as well as quantum interferences between the optomechanical sideband and the direct dipole-optical transitions are realized. These studies open the door to using resolved-sideband optomechanical coupling for quantum control of both the atomlike internal states and the motional states of a coupled NV-nanomechanical system, leading to the development of a solid-state analog of trapped ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Andrew Golter
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Thein Oo
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Mayra Amezcua
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Kevin A Stewart
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Hailin Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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Lee HG, Kim H, Ahn J. Ultrafast laser-driven Rabi oscillations of a trapped atomic vapor. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:510-513. [PMID: 25680137 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider the Rabi oscillation of an atom ensemble of Gaussian spatial distribution interacting with ultrafast laser pulses. Based on an analytical model calculation, we show that its dephasing dynamics is solely governed by the size ratio between the atom ensemble and the laser beam, and that every oscillation peak of the inhomogeneously broadened Rabi flopping falls on the homogeneous Rabi oscillation curve. The results are verified experimentally with a cold rubidium vapor in a magneto-optical trap. As a robust means to achieve higher-fidelity population inversion of the atom ensemble, we demonstrate a spin-echo type R(x)(π/2)R(y)(π)R(x)(π/2) composite interaction as well.
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13
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Golter DA, Baldwin TK, Wang H. Protecting a solid-state spin from decoherence using dressed spin states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:237601. [PMID: 25526157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.237601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental studies of dressing an electron spin in diamond with resonant and continuous microwave fields to protect the electron spin from magnetic fluctuations induced by the nuclear spin bath. We use optical coherent population trapping (CPT) to probe the energy level structure, optically induced spin transitions, and spin decoherence rates of the dressed spin states. Dressing an electron spin with resonant microwaves at a coupling rate near 1 MHz leads to a 50 times reduction in the linewidth of the spin transition underlying the CPT process, limited by transit-time broadening. Compared with dynamical decoupling, where effects of the bath are averaged out at specific times, the dressed spin state provides a continuous protection from decoherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Andrew Golter
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Thomas K Baldwin
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Hailin Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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