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Akamatsu K, Endo T, Akagi H, Kono H, Itakura R. Specificity of DNA damage formation induced by femtosecond near-infrared laser filamentation in water. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 258:112994. [PMID: 39059070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage induced by laser filamentation, which was generated by focusing femtosecond near-infrared Ti:Sapphire laser light in water at several repetition rates ranging from 1000 Hz to 10 Hz. Using plasmid DNA (pUC19), the single-strand break, double-strand break, nucleobase lesions, and the fragmented DNA were analyzed and quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis. Additionally, the H2O2 concentration after irradiation was determined. We observed that (1) the DNA damage per laser shot and (2) the enzyme-sensitive base lesions per total DNA damage decreased as the laser repetition rate increased. Furthermore, (3) extraordinarily short DNA fragments were likely to be produced, compared with those produced using X-rays, and (4) most OH radicals could be eliminated by recombination to generate H2O2, preventing them from damaging the DNA. The Monte-Carlo simulation of the strand break formation implies that the observed dependency of strand break efficiency on the laser repetition rate is mainly due to diffusion of DNA molecules. These findings quantitatively and qualitatively revealed that an intense laser pulse induces a specific DNA damage profile that is not induced by X-rays, a sparsely ionizing radiation source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Akamatsu
- Kansai Institute for Photon Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa 619-0215, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Endo
- Kansai Institute for Photon Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa 619-0215, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akagi
- Kansai Institute for Photon Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa 619-0215, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryuji Itakura
- Kansai Institute for Photon Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa 619-0215, Japan
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Wasowicz TJ, Jurkowski MK, Harris AL, Ljubić I. Unveiling the electron-induced ionization cross sections and fragmentation mechanisms of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:064304. [PMID: 39120036 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions of electrons with molecular systems under various conditions are essential to interdisciplinary research fields extending over the fundamental and applied sciences. In particular, investigating electron-induced ionization and dissociation of molecules may shed light on the radiation damage to living cells, the physicochemical processes in interstellar environments, and reaction mechanisms occurring in combustion or plasma. We have, therefore, studied electron-induced ionization and dissociation of the gas phase 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP), a cyclic ether appearing to be a viable moiety for developing efficient clinical pharmacokinetics and revealing the mechanisms of biofuel combustion. The mass spectra in the m/z = 10-90 mass range were measured at several different energies of the ionizing electron beam using mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of DHP at the same energies were simulated using on-the-fly semi-classical molecular dynamics (MD) within the framework of the QCxMS formalism. The MD settings were suitably adjusted until a good agreement with the experimental mass spectra intensities was achieved, thus enabling a reliable assignment of cations and unraveling the plausible fragmentation channels. Based on the measurement of the absolute total ionization cross section of DHP (18.1 ± 0.9) × 10-16 cm2 at 100 eV energy, the absolute total and partial ionization cross sections of DHP were determined in the 5-140 eV electron energy. Moreover, a machine learning algorithm that was trained with measured cross sections from 25 different molecules was used to predict the total ionization cross section for DHP. Comparison of the machine learning simulation with the measured data showed acceptable agreement, similar to that achieved in past predictions of the algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Wasowicz
- BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Division of Complex Systems Spectroscopy, Institute of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/122, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michal K Jurkowski
- Division of Complex Systems Spectroscopy, Institute of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/122, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Allison L Harris
- Physics Department, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA
| | - Ivan Ljubić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Sitnikov DS, Ilina IV, Revkova VA, Rodionov SA, Gurova SA, Shatalova RO, Kovalev AV, Ovchinnikov AV, Chefonov OV, Konoplyannikov MA, Kalsin VA, Baklaushev VP. Effects of high intensity non-ionizing terahertz radiation on human skin fibroblasts. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7122-7138. [PMID: 34858704 PMCID: PMC8606137 DOI: 10.1364/boe.440460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the data have been obtained on the effects of high-intensity terahertz (THz) radiation (with the intensity of 30 GW/cm2, electric field strength of 3.5 MV/cm) on human skin fibroblasts. A quantitative estimation of the number of histone Н2АХ foci of phosphorylation was performed. The number of foci per cell was studied depending on the irradiation time, as well as on the THz pulse energy. The performed studies have shown that the appearance of the foci is not related to either the oxidative stress (the cells preserve their morphology, cytoskeleton structure, and the reactive oxygen species content does not exceed the control values), or the thermal effect of THz radiation. The prolonged irradiation of fibroblasts also did not result in a decrease of their proliferative index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Sitnikov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna V. Ilina
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika A. Revkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Rodionov
- N. N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Gurova
- National Research nuclear University MEPhI Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, Obninsk, Russia
| | - Rimma O. Shatalova
- National Research nuclear University MEPhI Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, Obninsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Kovalev
- N. N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Ovchinnikov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Chefonov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Konoplyannikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Kalsin
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Baklaushev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Tekutskaya EE, Baryshev MG, Gusaruk LR, Ilchenko GP. Oxidative Damage to DNA under the Action of an Alternating Magnetic Field. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Nayek U, Unnikrishnan VK, Abdul Salam AA, Chidangil S, Mathur D. Thermal Energy Electrons and OH-Radicals Induce Strand Breaks in DNA in an Aqueous Environment: Some Salts Offer Protection Against Strand Breaks. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1508-1514. [PMID: 32040313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrons and •OH-radicals have been generated by using low-energy laser pulses of 6 ns duration (1064 nm wavelength) to create plasma in a suspension of plasmid DNA (pUC19) in water. Upon thermalization, these particles induce single and double strand breakages in DNA along with possible base oxidation/base degradation. The time-evolution of the ensuing structural modifications has been measured; damage to DNA is seen to occur within 30 s of laser irradiation. The time-evolution is also measured upon addition of physiologically relevant concentrations of salts containing monovalent, divalent, or trivalent alkali ions. It is shown that some alkali ions can significantly inhibit strand breakages while some do not. The inhibition is due to electrostatic shielding of DNA, but significantly, the extent of such shielding is seen to depend on how each alkali ion binds to DNA. Results of experiments on strand breakages induced by thermalized particles produced upon plasma-induced photolysis of water, and their inhibition, suggest implications beyond studies of DNA; they open new vistas for utilizing simple nanosecond lasers to explore the effect of ultralow energy radiation on living matter under physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Nayek
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India.,Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India
| | - V K Unnikrishnan
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India.,Centre for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India
| | - Abdul Ajees Abdul Salam
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India.,Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India.,Centre for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India
| | - Deepak Mathur
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576 104 , India
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Belmouaddine H, Madugundu GS, Wagner JR, Couairon A, Houde D, Sanche L. DNA Base Modifications Mediated by Femtosecond Laser-Induced Cold Low-Density Plasma in Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2753-2760. [PMID: 31039309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Applications based on near-infrared femtosecond laser-induced plasma in biological materials involve numerous ionization events that inevitably mediate physicochemical effects. Here, the physical chemistry underlying the action of such plasma is characterized in a system of biological interest. We have implemented wavefront shaping techniques to control the generation of laser-induced low electron density plasma channels in DNA aqueous solutions, which minimize the unwanted thermo-mechanical effects associated with plasma of higher density. The number of DNA base modifications per unit of absolute energy deposited by such cold plasma is compared to those induced by either ultraviolet or standard ionizing radiation (γ-rays). Analyses of various photoinduced, oxidative, and reductive DNA base products show that the effects of laser-induced cold plasma are mainly mediated by reactive radical species produced upon the ionization of water, rather than by the direct interaction of the strong laser field with DNA. In the plasma environment, reactions among densely produced primary radicals result in a dramatic decrease in the yields of DNA damages relative to sparse ionizing radiation. This intense radical production also drives the local depletion of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Belmouaddine
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - Guru S Madugundu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - Arnaud Couairon
- CPHT, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, IP Paris , F-91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Daniel Houde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
| | - Léon Sanche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Quebec J1H 5N4 , Canada
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Nayek U, Unnikrishnan VK, Abdul Salam AA, Vasa P, Chidangil S, Mathur D. Strong Strand Breaks in DNA Induced by Thermal Energy Particles and Their Electrostatic Inhibition by Na + Nanostructures. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3241-3247. [PMID: 30920832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-power laser pulses of 6 ns duration (1064 nm wavelength) have been used to create plasma in an aqueous solution of plasmid DNA (pUC19). Thermal energy electrons and •OH radicals in the plasma induce strand breakages in DNA, including double strand breaks and possible base oxidation/base degradation. The time evolution of these modifications shows that it takes barely 30 s for damage to DNA to occur. Addition of physiologically relevant concentrations of a salt (NaCl) significantly inhibits such damage. We rationalize such inhibition using simple electrostatic considerations. The observation that DNA damage is induced by plasma-induced photolysis of water suggests implications beyond studies of DNA and opens new vistas for using simple nanosecond lasers to probe how ultralow energy radiation may affect living matter under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Parinda Vasa
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400 076 , India
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Lebedeva NS, Yurina ES, Gubarev YA, Syrbu SA. Interactions of tetracationic porphyrins with DNA and their effects on DNA cleavage. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 199:235-241. [PMID: 29625380 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of tetracationic porphyrins with DNA was studied using UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and viscometry, and the particle sizes were determined. Аs cationic porphyrins, two isomer porphyrins, 3,3',3″,3‴-(5,10,15,20-Porphyrintetrayl)tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium) (TMPyP3) and 4,4',4″,4‴-(5,10,15,20-Porphyrintetrayl)tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium) (TMPyP4), were studied. They differ in the position of NCH3+ group in phenyl ring of the porphyrins and hence, in degree of freedom of rotation of the phenyl rings about the central macrocycle. It was found that intercalated complexes are formed at DNA/porphyrin molar ratios (R) of 2.2 and 3.9 for TMPyP3 и TMPyP4, respectively. Decreasing R up to 0.4 and 0.8 for TMPyP3 и TMPyP4, respectively, leads mainly to formation of outside complexes due to π-π stacking between the porphyrin chromophores interacting electrostatically with phosphate framework of DNA. Each type of the obtained complexes was characterized using Scatchard approach. It was ascertained that the affinity of TMPyP4 to DNA is stronger than TMPyP3, meanwhile the wedge effect of the latter is higher. The differences between the porphyrin isomers become more evident at irradiation of their complexes with DNA. It was established that irradiation of the intercalated complexes results in DNA fragmentation. In the case of TMPyP4, DNA fragments of different size are formed. The irradiation of the outside DNA/porphyrin complexes leads to cleavage of DNA (TMPyP3 and TMPyP4) and partial destruction of the complex due to photolysis of the porphyrin (TMPyP3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Sh Lebedeva
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya, 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Elena S Yurina
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya, 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Yury A Gubarev
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya, 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Syrbu
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya, 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
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Tsuru S, Fujikawa T, Stener M, Decleva P, Yagishita A. Theoretical study of ultrafast x-ray photoelectron diffraction from molecules undergoing photodissociation. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5019878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tsuru
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mauro Stener
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Akira Yagishita
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Oho1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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Jin F, Wei M, Liu C, Ma Y. The mechanism for the formation of OH radicals in condensed-phase water under ultraviolet irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21453-21460. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01798g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OH radicals can be produced via direct water photolysis through concerted proton and electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
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Dharmadhikari JA, Dharmadhikari AK, Kasuba KC, Bharambe H, D'Souza JS, Rathod KD, Mathur D. Optical control of filamentation-induced damage to DNA by intense, ultrashort, near-infrared laser pulses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27515. [PMID: 27279565 PMCID: PMC4899723 DOI: 10.1038/srep27515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on damage to DNA in an aqueous medium induced by ultrashort pulses of intense laser light of 800 nm wavelength. Focusing of such pulses, using lenses of various focal lengths, induces plasma formation within the aqueous medium. Such plasma can have a spatial extent that is far in excess of the Rayleigh range. In the case of water, the resulting ionization and dissociation gives rise to in situ generation of low-energy electrons and OH-radicals. Interactions of these with plasmid DNA produce nicks in the DNA backbone: single strand breaks (SSBs) are induced as are, at higher laser intensities, double strand breaks (DSBs). Under physiological conditions, the latter are not readily amenable to repair. Systematic quantification of SSBs and DSBs at different values of incident laser energy and under different external focusing conditions reveals that damage occurs in two distinct regimes. Numerical aperture is the experimental handle that delineates the two regimes, permitting simple optical control over the extent of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Dharmadhikari
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - A K Dharmadhikari
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - K C Kasuba
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - H Bharambe
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - J S D'Souza
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - K D Rathod
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - D Mathur
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
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13
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Li M, Diao L, Liao X, Kou L, Lu W. DFT study on addition reaction mechanism of guanine-cytosine base pair with OH radical. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, College of Sciences; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Ling Diao
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, College of Sciences; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xiaofei Liao
- School of Information Science and Technology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Li Kou
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, College of Sciences; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Wencong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, College of Sciences; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
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