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Dornheim T, Döppner T, Baczewski AD, Tolias P, Böhme MP, Moldabekov ZA, Gawne T, Ranjan D, Chapman DA, MacDonald MJ, Preston TR, Kraus D, Vorberger J. X-ray Thomson scattering absolute intensity from the f-sum rule in the imaginary-time domain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14377. [PMID: 38909077 PMCID: PMC11193768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a formally exact and simulation-free approach for the normalization of X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) spectra based on the f-sum rule of the imaginary-time correlation function (ITCF). Our method works for any degree of collectivity, over a broad range of temperatures, and is applicable even in nonequilibrium situations. In addition to giving us model-free access to electronic correlations, this new approach opens up the intriguing possibility to extract a plethora of physical properties from the ITCF based on XRTS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dornheim
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), 02826, Görlitz, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), California, 94550, Livermore, USA
| | - A D Baczewski
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - P Tolias
- Space and Plasma Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - M P Böhme
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), 02826, Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zh A Moldabekov
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), 02826, Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Th Gawne
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), 02826, Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Ranjan
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - D A Chapman
- First Light Fusion, Yarnton, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), California, 94550, Livermore, USA
| | | | - D Kraus
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - J Vorberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Moldabekov Z, Gawne TD, Schwalbe S, Preston TR, Vorberger J, Dornheim T. Ultrafast Heating-Induced Suppression of d-Band Dominance in the Electronic Excitation Spectrum of Cuprum. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25239-25250. [PMID: 38882083 PMCID: PMC11170750 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The combination of isochoric heating of solids by free-electron lasers (FELs) and in situ diagnostics by X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) allows for measurements of material properties at warm dense matter (WDM) conditions relevant for astrophysics, inertial confinement fusion, and materials science. In the case of metals, the FEL beam pumps energy directly into electrons with the lattice structure of ions being nearly unaffected. This leads to a unique transient state that gives rise to a set of interesting physical effects, which can serve as a reliable testing platform for WDM theories. In this work, we present extensive linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) results for the electronic dynamic structure factor of isochorically heated copper with a face-centered cubic lattice. At ambient conditions, the plasmon is heavily damped due to the presence of d-band excitations, and its position is independent of the wavenumber. In contrast, the plasmon feature starts to dominate the excitation spectrum and has a Bohm-Gross-type plasmon dispersion for temperatures T ≥ 4 eV, where the quasi-free electrons in the interstitial region are in the WDM regime. In addition, we analyze the thermal changes in the d-band excitations and outline the possibility to use future XRTS measurements of isochorically heated copper as a controlled testbed for WDM theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandos Moldabekov
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), D-02826 Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas D Gawne
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), D-02826 Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwalbe
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), D-02826 Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jan Vorberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Dornheim
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), D-02826 Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), D-01328 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Garcia-Rubio F, Tranchant V, Hansen EC, Reyes A, Tabassum R, Rahman HU, Ney P, Ruskov E, Tzeferacos P. Shock wave formation in radiative plasmas. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:065206. [PMID: 39020916 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.065206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The temporal evolution of weak shocks in radiative media is theoretically investigated in this work. The structure of radiative shocks has traditionally been studied in a stationary framework. Their systematic classification is complex because layers of optically thick and thin regions alternate to form a radiatively driven precursor and a temperature-relaxation layer, between which the hydrodynamic shock is embedded. In this work we analyze the formation of weak shocks when two radiative plasmas with different pressures are put in contact. Applying a reductive perturbative method yields a Burgers-type equation that governs the temporal evolution of the perturbed variables including the radiation field. The conditions upon which optically thick and thin solutions exist have been derived and expressed as a function of the shock strength and Boltzmann number. Below a certain Boltzmann number threshold, weak shocks always become optically thick asymptotically in time, while thin solutions appear as transitory structures. The existence of an optically thin regime is related to the presence of an overdense layer in the compressed material. Scaling laws for the characteristic formation time and shock width are provided for each regime. The theoretical analysis is supported by FLASH simulations, and a comprehensive test case has been designed to benchmark radiative hydrodynamic codes.
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4
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Temperature evolution of dense gold and diamond heated by energetic laser-driven aluminum ions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15173. [PMID: 36071154 PMCID: PMC9452511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that energetic laser-driven ions with some energy spread can heat small solid-density samples uniformly. The balance among the energy losses of the ions with different kinetic energies results in uniform heating. Although heating with an energetic laser-driven ion beam is completed within a nanosecond and is often considered sufficiently fast, it is not instantaneous. Here we present a theoretical study of the temporal evolution of the temperature of solid-density gold and diamond samples heated by a quasimonoenergetic aluminum ion beam. We calculate the temporal evolution of the predicted temperatures of the samples using the available stopping power data and the SESAME equation-of-state tables. We find that the temperature distribution is initially very uniform, which becomes less uniform during the heating process. Then, the temperature uniformity gradually improves, and a good temperature uniformity is obtained toward the end of the heating process.
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5
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Meinecke J, Tzeferacos P, Ross JS, Bott AFA, Feister S, Park HS, Bell AR, Blandford R, Berger RL, Bingham R, Casner A, Chen LE, Foster J, Froula DH, Goyon C, Kalantar D, Koenig M, Lahmann B, Li C, Lu Y, Palmer CAJ, Petrasso RD, Poole H, Remington B, Reville B, Reyes A, Rigby A, Ryu D, Swadling G, Zylstra A, Miniati F, Sarkar S, Schekochihin AA, Lamb DQ, Gregori G. Strong suppression of heat conduction in a laboratory replica of galaxy-cluster turbulent plasmas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj6799. [PMID: 35263132 PMCID: PMC8906738 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In conventional gases and plasmas, it is known that heat fluxes are proportional to temperature gradients, with collisions between particles mediating energy flow from hotter to colder regions and the coefficient of thermal conduction given by Spitzer's theory. However, this theory breaks down in magnetized, turbulent, weakly collisional plasmas, although modifications are difficult to predict from first principles due to the complex, multiscale nature of the problem. Understanding heat transport is important in astrophysical plasmas such as those in galaxy clusters, where observed temperature profiles are explicable only in the presence of a strong suppression of heat conduction compared to Spitzer's theory. To address this problem, we have created a replica of such a system in a laser laboratory experiment. Our data show a reduction of heat transport by two orders of magnitude or more, leading to large temperature variations on small spatial scales (as is seen in cluster plasmas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena Meinecke
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Petros Tzeferacos
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Flash Center for Computational Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch & Lomb Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd., Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - James S. Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Archie F. A. Bott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Ln, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Scott Feister
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Computer Science, California State University Channel Islands, 1 University Dr, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Hye-Sook Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Anthony R. Bell
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Roger Blandford
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA
| | | | - Robert Bingham
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
| | | | - Laura E. Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - John Foster
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire RG7 4PR, UK
| | - Dustin H. Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd., Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Clement Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Daniel Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation de Lasers Intenses, UMR7605, CNRS CEA, Universitè Paris VI Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Brandon Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chikang Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yingchao Lu
- Flash Center for Computational Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch & Lomb Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Charlotte A. J. Palmer
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, University Rd, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | | | - Hannah Poole
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Bruce Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Brian Reville
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Postfach 10 39 80, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Reyes
- Flash Center for Computational Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch & Lomb Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Alexandra Rigby
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Dongsu Ryu
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - George Swadling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Alex Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Francesco Miniati
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Subir Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Alexander A. Schekochihin
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4JD, UK
| | - Donald Q. Lamb
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gianluca Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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Ping Y, Whitley HD, McKelvey A, Kemp GE, Sterne PA, Shepherd R, Marinak M, Hua R, Beg FN, Eggert JH. Heat-release equation of state and thermal conductivity of warm dense carbon by proton differential heating. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043204. [PMID: 31771018 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Warm dense carbon is generated at 0.3-2.0 g/cc and 1-7 eV by proton heating. The release equation of state (EOS) after heating and thermal conductivity of warm dense carbon are studied experimentally in this regime using a Au/C dual-layer target to initiate a temperature gradient and two picosecond time-resolved diagnostics to probe the surface expansion and heat flow. Comparison between the data and simulations using various EOSs and thermal conductivity models is quantified with a statistical χ^{2} analysis. Out of seven EOS tables and five thermal conductivity models, only L9061 with the Lee-More model provides a probability above 50% to match all data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Heather D Whitley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Andrew McKelvey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gregory E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Phillp A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Ronnie Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marty Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Rui Hua
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Farhat N Beg
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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7
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Mo C, Fu Z, Kang W, Zhang P, He XT. First-Principles Estimation of Electronic Temperature from X-Ray Thomson Scattering Spectrum of Isochorically Heated Warm Dense Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:205002. [PMID: 29864337 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Through the perturbation formula of time-dependent density functional theory broadly employed in the calculation of solids, we provide a first-principles calculation of x-ray Thomson scattering spectrum of isochorically heated aluminum foil, as considered in the experiments of Sperling et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 115001 (2015)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.115.115001], where ions were constrained near their lattice positions. From the calculated spectra, we find that the electronic temperature cannot exceed 2 eV, much smaller than the previous estimation of 6 eV via the detailed balance relation. Our results may well be an indication of unique electronic properties of warm dense matter, which can be further illustrated by future experiments. The lower electronic temperature predicted partially relieves the concern on the heating of x-ray free electron laser to the sample when used in structure measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjie Mo
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenguo Fu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Wei Kang
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - X T He
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Falk K, Holec M, Fontes CJ, Fryer CL, Greeff CW, Johns HM, Montgomery DS, Schmidt DW, Šmíd M. Measurement of Preheat Due to Nonlocal Electron Transport in Warm Dense Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:025002. [PMID: 29376698 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents a novel approach to study electron transport in warm dense matter. It also includes the first x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) measurement from low-density CH foams compressed by a strong laser-driven shock at the OMEGA laser facility. The XRTS measurement is combined with velocity interferometry (VISAR) and optical pyrometry (SOP) providing a robust measurement of thermodynamic conditions in the shock. Evidence of significant preheat contributing to elevated temperatures reaching 17.5-35 eV in shocked CH foam is measured by XRTS. These measurements are complemented by abnormally high shock velocities observed by VISAR and early emission seen by SOP. These results are compared to radiation hydrodynamics simulations that include first-principles treatment of nonlocal electron transport in warm dense matter with excellent agreement. Additional simulations confirm that the x-ray contribution to this preheat is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Holec
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, Universite de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, UMR 5107, F-33405 Talence, France
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 120 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C L Fryer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C W Greeff
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H M Johns
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D W Schmidt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Šmíd
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Belancourt PX, Theobald W, Keiter PA, Collins TJB, Bonino MJ, Kozlowski PM, Regan SP, Drake RP. Demonstration of imaging X-ray Thomson scattering on OMEGA EP. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E550. [PMID: 27910348 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Foams are a common material for high-energy-density physics experiments because of low, tunable densities, and being machinable. Simulating these experiments can be difficult because the equation of state is largely unknown for shocked foams. The focus of this experiment was to develop an x-ray scattering platform for measuring the equation of state of shocked foams on OMEGA EP. The foam used in this experiment is resorcinol formaldehyde with an initial density of 0.34 g/cm3. One long-pulse (10 ns) beam drives a shock into the foam, while the remaining three UV beams with a 2 ns square pulse irradiate a nickel foil to create the x-ray backlighter. The primary diagnostic for this platform, the imaging x-ray Thomson spectrometer, spectrally resolves the scattered x-ray beam while imaging in one spatial dimension. Ray tracing analysis of the density profile gives a compression of 3 ± 1 with a shock speed of 39 ± 6 km/s. Analysis of the scattered x-ray spectra gives an upper bound temperature of 20 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick X Belancourt
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Wolfgang Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Paul A Keiter
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tim J B Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Mark J Bonino
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Pawel M Kozlowski
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Paul Drake
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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10
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Bang W, Albright BJ, Bradley PA, Vold EL, Boettger JC, Fernández JC. Linear dependence of surface expansion speed on initial plasma temperature in warm dense matter. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29441. [PMID: 27405664 PMCID: PMC4942619 DOI: 10.1038/srep29441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in laser-driven quasi-monoenergetic ion beams enabled the production of uniformly heated warm dense matter. Matter heated rapidly with this technique is under extreme temperatures and pressures, and promptly expands outward. While the expansion speed of an ideal plasma is known to have a square-root dependence on temperature, computer simulations presented here show a linear dependence of expansion speed on initial plasma temperature in the warm dense matter regime. The expansion of uniformly heated 1–100 eV solid density gold foils was modeled with the RAGE radiation-hydrodynamics code, and the average surface expansion speed was found to increase linearly with temperature. The origin of this linear dependence is explained by comparing predictions from the SESAME equation-of-state tables with those from the ideal gas equation-of-state. These simulations offer useful insight into the expansion of warm dense matter and motivate the application of optical shadowgraphy for temperature measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B J Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E L Vold
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Boettger
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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11
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Bang W, Albright BJ, Bradley PA, Vold EL, Boettger JC, Fernández JC. Uniform heating of materials into the warm dense matter regime with laser-driven quasimonoenergetic ion beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:063101. [PMID: 26764832 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a recent experiment at the Trident laser facility, a laser-driven beam of quasimonoenergetic aluminum ions was used to heat solid gold and diamond foils isochorically to 5.5 and 1.7 eV, respectively. Here theoretical calculations are presented that suggest the gold and diamond were heated uniformly by these laser-driven ion beams. According to calculations and SESAME equation-of-state tables, laser-driven aluminum ion beams achievable at Trident, with a finite energy spread of ΔE/E∼20%, are expected to heat the targets more uniformly than a beam of 140-MeV aluminum ions with zero energy spread. The robustness of the expected heating uniformity relative to the changes in the incident ion energy spectra is evaluated, and expected plasma temperatures of various target materials achievable with the current experimental platform are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B J Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E L Vold
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Boettger
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Poujade O, Bonnefille M, Vandenboomgaerde M. Radiative ablation with two ionizing fronts when opacity displays a sharp absorption edge. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:053105. [PMID: 26651800 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.053105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a strong flux of photons with matter through an ionizing front (I-front) is an ubiquitous phenomenon in the context of astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) where intense sources of radiation put matter into motion. When the opacity of the irradiated material varies continuously in the radiation spectral domain, only one single I-front is formed. In contrast, as numerical simulations tend to show, when the opacity of the irradiated material presents a sharp edge in the radiation spectral domain, a second I-front (an edge front) can form. A full description of the mechanism behind the formation of this edge front is presented in this article. It allows us to understand extra shocks (edge-shocks), displayed by ICF simulations, that might affect the robustness of the design of fusion capsules in actual experiments. Moreover, it may have consequences in various domains of astrophysics where ablative flows occur.
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Bang W, Albright BJ, Bradley PA, Gautier DC, Palaniyappan S, Vold EL, Cordoba MAS, Hamilton CE, Fernández JC. Visualization of expanding warm dense gold and diamond heated rapidly by laser-generated ion beams. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14318. [PMID: 26392208 PMCID: PMC4585717 DOI: 10.1038/srep14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of several novel heating sources, scientists can now heat a small sample isochorically above 10,000 K. Although matter at such an extreme state, known as warm dense matter, is commonly found in astrophysics (e.g., in planetary cores) as well as in high energy density physics experiments, its properties are not well understood and are difficult to predict theoretically. This is because the approximations made to describe condensed matter or high-temperature plasmas are invalid in this intermediate regime. A sufficiently large warm dense matter sample that is uniformly heated would be ideal for these studies, but has been unavailable to date. Here we have used a beam of quasi-monoenergetic aluminum ions to heat gold and diamond foils uniformly and isochorically. For the first time, we visualized directly the expanding warm dense gold and diamond with an optical streak camera. Furthermore, we present a new technique to determine the initial temperature of these heated samples from the measured expansion speeds of gold and diamond into vacuum. We anticipate the uniformly heated solid density target will allow for direct quantitative measurements of equation-of-state, conductivity, opacity, and stopping power of warm dense matter, benefiting plasma physics, astrophysics, and nuclear physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B. J. Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P. A. Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D. C. Gautier
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S. Palaniyappan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E. L. Vold
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - C. E. Hamilton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J. C. Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Starrett CE, Saumon D. Models of the elastic x-ray scattering feature for warm dense aluminum. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:033101. [PMID: 26465569 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.033101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The elastic feature of x-ray scattering from warm dense aluminum has recently been measured by Fletcher et al. [Nature Photonics 9, 274 (2015)]10.1038/nphoton.2015.41 with much higher accuracy than had hitherto been possible. This measurement is a direct test of the ionic structure predicted by models of warm dense matter. We use the method of pseudoatom molecular dynamics to predict this elastic feature for warm dense aluminum with temperatures of 1-100 eV and densities of 2.7-8.1g/cm^{3}. We compare these predictions to experiments, finding good agreement with Fletcher et al. and corroborating the discrepancy found in analyses of an earlier experiment of Ma et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 065001 (2013)]PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.110.065001. We also evaluate the validity of the Thomas-Fermi model of the electrons and of the hypernetted chain approximation in computing the elastic feature and find them both wanting in the regime currently probed by experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Starrett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Saumon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Starrett CE, Daligault J, Saumon D. Pseudoatom molecular dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:013104. [PMID: 25679720 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.013104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An approach to simulating warm and hot dense matter that combines density-functional-theory-based calculations of the electronic structure to classical molecular dynamics simulations with pair interaction potentials is presented. The method, which we call pseudoatom molecular dynamics, can be applied to single-component or multicomponent plasmas. It gives equation of state and self-diffusion coefficients with an accuracy comparable to orbital-free molecular dynamics simulations but is computationally much more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Starrett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Daligault
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Saumon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Falk K, McCoy CA, Fryer CL, Greeff CW, Hungerford AL, Montgomery DS, Schmidt DW, Sheppard DG, Williams JR, Boehly TR, Benage JF. Temperature measurements of shocked silica aerogel foam. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:033107. [PMID: 25314547 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.033107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present recent results of equation-of-state (EOS) measurements of shocked silica (SiO_{2}) aerogel foam at the OMEGA laser facility. Silica aerogel is an important low-density pressure standard used in many high energy density experiments, including the novel technique of shock and release. Due to its many applications, it has been a heavily studied material and has a well-known Hugoniot curve. This work then complements the velocity and pressure measurements with additional temperature data providing the full EOS information within the warm dense matter regime for the temperature interval of 1-15 eV and shock velocities between 10 and 40 km/s corresponding to shock pressures of 0.3-2 Mbar. The experimental results were compared with hydrodynamic simulations and EOS models. We found that the measured temperature was systematically lower than suggested by theoretical calculations. Simulations provide a possible explanation that the emission measured by optical pyrometry comes from a radiative precursor rather than from the shock front, which could have important implications for such measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C A McCoy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C L Fryer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C W Greeff
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A L Hungerford
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D W Schmidt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D G Sheppard
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J R Williams
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T R Boehly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J F Benage
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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