1
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Liu Y, Chen H, Zhao G, Sun F. On-chip omnidirectional electromagnetic-thermal cloak. iScience 2024; 27:110105. [PMID: 38993667 PMCID: PMC11237858 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously guiding electromagnetic waves and heat flow at any incidence angle to smoothly bypass some electromagnetic/thermal sensitive elements is a key factor to ensure efficient communication and thermal protection for an on-chip system. In this study, an omnidirectional on-chip electromagnetic-thermal cloak is proposed. Firstly, a holey metallic plate with periodic array of subwavelength apertures is designed by optical surface transformation to realize an omnidirectional electromagnetic cloaking module for on-chip electromagnetic signal. Secondly, a two-layer ring-shaped engineered thermal structure is designed by solving Laplace equation to realize an omnidirectional thermal cloaking module for in-chip heat flow. Finally, these two cloaking modules are combined to achieve cloaking effect for both the electromagnetic waves and thermal fields simultaneously, thus protecting the build-in electromagnetic/thermal sensitive elements without disturbing the external fields. The proposed electromagnetic-thermal cloak may have potential advantage in dealing with omnidirectional electromagnetic compatibility/shielding and multi-directional thermal management/dissipation of an on-chip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hanchuan Chen
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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2
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Wang Y, Sha W, Xiao M, Qiu CW, Gao L. Deep-Learning-Enabled Intelligent Design of Thermal Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302387. [PMID: 37394737 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials are mixture-based materials that are engineered to manipulate, control, and process the flow of heat, enabling numerous advanced thermal metadevices. Conventional thermal metamaterials are predominantly designed with tractable regular geometries owing to the delicate analytical solution and easy-to-implement effective structures. Nevertheless, it is challenging to achieve the design of thermal metamaterials with arbitrary geometry, letting alone intelligent (automatic, real-time, and customizable) design of thermal metamaterials. Here, an intelligent design framework of thermal metamaterials is presented via a pre-trained deep learning model, which gracefully achieves the desired functional structures of thermal metamaterials with exceptional speed and efficiency, regardless of arbitrary geometry. It possesses incomparable versatility and is of great flexibility to achieve the corresponding design of thermal metamaterials with different background materials, anisotropic geometries, and thermal functionalities. The transformation thermotics-induced, freeform, background-independent, and omnidirectional thermal cloaks, whose structural configurations are automatically designed in real-time according to shape and background, are numerically and experimentally demonstrated. This study sets up a novel paradigm for an automatic and real-time design of thermal metamaterials in a new design scenario. More generally, it may open a door to the realization of an intelligent design of metamaterials in also other physical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Ridge, Kent, 117583, Singapore
| | - Liang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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3
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Fujii G. Biphysical undetectable concentrators manipulating both heat flux and direct current via topology optimization. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:065304. [PMID: 36671199 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.065304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent remarkable developments in metamaterials and metadevices manipulating diffusive processes, such as thermal and electrical conduction, have enabled the control of multiple phenomena and the development of multifunctional devices. However, only either multiphysics operations or multiple functionalities are usually implemented on single metadevices. In this paper, we describe a method for the optimal design of metadevices that achieves both cloaking and focusing in the control of both heat flux and direct current by a single device, i.e., biphysical-bifunctional metadevices having four capabilities. Our design scheme performs well in terms of providing cloaking and focusing bifunctionality. Additionally, it assumes bulk natural materials without the use of metamaterials, which improves the manufacturability of the designed metadevices. Moreover, multidirectional metad evices are optimally designed for thermal-electrical conductions transmitted from multiple directions or from heat and voltage sources at various locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garuda Fujii
- Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan and Energy Landscape Architectonics Brain Bank (ELab2), and Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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4
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Wang Z, Chen J, Ren J. Geometric heat pump and no-go restrictions of nonreciprocity in modulated thermal diffusion. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:L032102. [PMID: 36266907 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.l032102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamics strongly restricts the direction of heat flow in static macroscopic thermal diffusive systems. To overcome this constraint, spatiotemporal modulated systems are used instead. Here, we unveil the underlying geometric heat pump effect in macroscopic driven thermal diffusion, which is crucial for achieving thermal nonreciprocity. We obtain a geometric expression to formulate the nontrivial current in a driven system, manifesting as an extra pumped heat ably diffusing from cold to hot that has no analogy in static setups. Moreover, we analyze the underlying geometric curvature of driven diffusive systems and derive no-pumping restriction theorems that constrain the thermal action under modulations and guide the optimization of driving protocols. Following the restrictions from geometry, we finally implement a minimum experiment and observe the predicted pumped heat in the absence of thermal bias at every instant, which is independent of the driving speed in the adiabatic limit, clearly validating the geometric theory. An extension of the geometric pump effect and no-pumping restrictions to macroscopic mass diffusion governed by Fick's law is also discussed. These results pave the way for designing and implementing nonreciprocal and topological diffusive systems under spatiotemporal modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Lab on Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiangzhi Chen
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Lab on Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Lab on Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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5
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Feng H, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ni Y. Design of an omnidirectional camouflage device with anisotropic confocal elliptic geometry in thermal-electric field. iScience 2022; 25:104183. [PMID: 35479400 PMCID: PMC9036122 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The designed confocal elliptical core-shell structure can realize the omnidirectional camouflage effect without disturbing temperature and electric potential profiles as the directions of heat flux and electric current change. Based on the anisotropy of the confocal ellipse, the anisotropic effective parameters of the confocal elliptical core-shell structure are derived under different heat flux and electric current launching. Then, the matrix material should be anisotropic as the effective parameters to satisfy the omnidirectional camouflage effect, which is demonstrated numerically. In addition, we present a composite structure to realize the anisotropic matrix. The experimental results show that the camouflage device embedded in the composite structure can eliminate the scattering caused by the elliptical core under different directions of heat flux and electric current, thus achieving the omnidirectional thermal-electric camouflage effect experimentally. The omnidirectional camouflage effect in thermal and electric fields can greatly widen the application fields of this device with anisotropic geometry. Omnidirectional camouflage device with anisotropic geometry is constructed Anisotropic matrix dominates the thermal-electric camouflage effect omnidirectionally A multilayered composite structure contributes to the experimental implementation
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Affiliation(s)
- Huolei Feng
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Materials and Mechanics, College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuekai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Materials and Mechanics, College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yushan Ni
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding author
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6
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Molina-Valdovinos S, Lamas-Martínez KJ, Briones-Torres JA, Rodríguez-Vargas I. Electronic cloaking of confined states in phosphorene junctions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:195301. [PMID: 35158346 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac54e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the electronic transport of armchair (AC) and zigzag (ZZ) gated phosphorene junctions. We find confined states for both direction-dependent phosphorene junctions. In the case of AC junctions confined states are reflected in the transmission properties as Fabry-Pérot resonances at normal and oblique incidence. In the case of ZZ junctions confined states are invisible at normal incidence, resulting in a null transmission. At oblique incidence Fabry-Pérot resonances are presented in the transmission as in the case of AC junctions. This invisibility or electronic cloaking is related to the highly direction-dependent pseudospin texture of the charge carriers in phosphorene. Electronic cloaking is also manifested as a series of singular peaks in the conductance and as inverted peaks in the Seebeck coefficient. The characteristics of electronic cloaking are also susceptible to the modulation of the phosphorene bandgap and an external magnetic field. So, electronic cloaking in phosphorene junctions in principle could be tested through transport, thermoelectric or magnetotransport measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Molina-Valdovinos
- Unidad Académica de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Luz y la Materia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km. 6, Ejido La Escondida, 98160 Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - K J Lamas-Martínez
- Unidad Académica de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Luz y la Materia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km. 6, Ejido La Escondida, 98160 Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - J A Briones-Torres
- Unidad Académica de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Luz y la Materia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km. 6, Ejido La Escondida, 98160 Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - I Rodríguez-Vargas
- Unidad Académica de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Luz y la Materia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km. 6, Ejido La Escondida, 98160 Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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7
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Fujii G, Akimoto Y. Electromagnetic-acoustic biphysical cloak designed through topology optimization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:6090-6106. [PMID: 35209554 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Various strategies have been proposed to achieve invisibility cloaking, but usually only one phenomenon is controlled by each device. Cloaking an object from two different waves, such as electromagnetic and acoustic waves, is a challenging problem, if not impossible, to be achieved using transformation theory and metamaterials, which are the major approaches in physics. Here, by developing topology optimization for controlling both electromagnetic and acoustic waves, we present a multidisciplinary attempt for designing biphysical cloaks with triple-wave cloaking capabilities, specifically for Ez- and Hz-polarized waves and acoustic wave. The topology-optimized biphysical cloak cancels the scattering of the three waves and reproduces the original propagating waves as if nothing is present, thus instilling the desired cloaking capability. In addition, we describe cloaking structures for multiple incident directions of the three waves and structures that work for both electromagnetic waves and sound waves of different wavelengths.
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8
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Thermal Cloak: Theory, Experiment and Application. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247835. [PMID: 34947428 PMCID: PMC8708112 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, owing to the development of metamaterials and the theoretical tools of transformation optics and the scattering cancellation method, a plethora of unprecedented functional devices, especially invisibility cloaks, have been experimentally demonstrated in various fields, e.g., electromagnetics, acoustics, and thermodynamics. Since the first thermal cloak was theoretically reported in 2008 and experimentally demonstrated in 2012, great progress has been made in both theory and experiment. In this review, we report the recent advances in thermal cloaks, including the theoretical designs, experimental realizations, and potential applications. The three areas are classified according to the different mechanisms of heat transfer, namely, thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation. We also provide an outlook toward the challenges and future directions in this fascinating area.
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9
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Xu L, Chen H. Transformation Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005489. [PMID: 34622508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on the form-invariance of Maxwell's equations under coordinate transformations, mathematically smooth deformation of space can be physically equivalent to inhomogeneous and anisotropic electromagnetic (EM) medium (called a transformation medium). It provides a geometric recipe to control EM waves at will. A series of examples of achieving transformation media by artificially structured units from conventional materials is summarized here. Such concepts are firstly implemented for EM waves, and then extended to other wave dynamics, such as elastic waves, acoustic waves, surface water waves, and even stationary fields. These shall be cataloged as transformation metamaterials. In addition, it might be conceptually attractive and practically useful to control diverse waves for multi-physics designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province & Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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10
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Zhan J, Li K, Zhou Y, Liu X, Ma Y. Ultrathin Conformal Magnetic Invisible Cloak for Irregular Objects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17104-17109. [PMID: 33820418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic invisible cloaking has been previously demonstrated but only limited to objects with rotational geometries either in spherical or cylindrical shapes, for which the classic analytical bilayer scheme could be strictly applied to design the hiding coat. In this work, we show that a quasi-static cloaking effect could be achieved for irregular objects, e.g., metals with sharp edges, using a numerical optimization scheme. In the quasi-static limit, it is unambiguously proved that the disturbance of the irregular geometries could be well compensated by the inhomogeneous distribution of the soft ferromagnetic (FM) layer either in permeability values or in shapes under the framework of a bilayer cloak. An FM mesh coat with a constant thickness of 0.5 mm was successfully engineered to meet the specific requirements. Experimentally, good cloaking performance with a field disturbance of less than 0.5% has been achieved for a 2 × 2 × 5 cm3 brass bar in a wide frequency range from ∼10 to 250 kHz. A commercial metal scanner was also applied to verify the practical potential. The general strategy to hide almost arbitrary objects was discussed in the end. In principle, the numerical conformal coat engineered by the composite material proposed here could be broadly extended for objects with various geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhan
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Spin Device Technology Center, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Yungui Ma
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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11
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Su Y, Li Y, Yang T, Han T, Sun Y, Xiong J, Wu L, Qiu CW. Path-Dependent Thermal Metadevice beyond Janus Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003084. [PMID: 33306245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Janus metamaterials, metasurfaces, and monolayers have received intensive attention in nanophotonics and 2D materials. Their core concept is to introduce asymmetry along the wave propagation direction, by stacking different materials or layers of meta-atoms, or breaking out-of-plane mirror asymmetry with external biases. Nevertheless, it has been hitherto elusive to realize a diffusive Janus metadevice, since scalar diffusion systems such as heat conduction normally operate in the absence of polarization control, spin manipulation, or electric-field stimuli, which all are widely used in achieving optical Janus devices. It is even more challenging, if not impossible, for a single diffusive metadevice to exhibit more than two thermal functions. Here a path-dependent thermal metadevice beyond Janus characteristics is proposed, which can exhibit three distinct thermal behaviors (cloaking, concentrating, and transparency) under different directions of heat flow. The rotation transformation mechanism of thermal conductivity provides a robust platform to assign a specific thermal behavior in any direction. The proof-of-concept experiment of anisotropic in-plane conduction successfully validates such a path-dependent trifunction thermal metamaterial device. It is anticipated that this path-dependent strategy can provide a new dimension for multifunctional metamaterial devices in the thermal field, as well as for a more general diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Su
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tiancheng Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yuguo Sun
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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Abstract
Thermal metamaterials have amazing properties in heat transfer beyond naturally occurring materials owing to their well-designed artificial structures. The idea of thermal metamaterial has completely subverted the design of thermal functional devices and makes it possible to manipulate heat flow at will. In this perspective, we review the up-to-date progress of thermal metamaterials starting from 2008. We focus on both the key theoretical fundamentals and techniques for applications and give a perspective of scale-based classification on thermal metamaterials' theories and applications. We also discuss the junction between macroscale and microscale design methods and propose some prospects for the future trend of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Xu L, Dai G, Wang G, Huang J. Geometric phase and bilayer cloak in macroscopic particle-diffusion systems. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032140. [PMID: 33075894 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle diffusion is a fundamental process in various systems, so its effective manipulation is crucially important. For this purpose, here we design a basic structure composed of two moving rings with equal-but-opposite velocities and a stationary intermediate layer, which can realize multiple functions to control particle diffusion. On the one hand, the intermediate layer allows particle exchange between the two moving rings, which gives birth to an exceptional point of velocity. As a result, a geometric phase appears for a loop evolution of velocity containing the exceptional point. On the other hand, the two moving rings also enhance the effective diffusivity of the intermediate layer, which helps design a bilayer particle-diffusion cloak. The present cloak only requires homogeneous parameters and simple structures, and meanwhile, its on and off can be flexibly controlled by velocity. These results broaden the scope of geometric phase and provide hints for designing particle-diffusion metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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14
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Fujii G, Akimoto Y. dc electric cloak concentrator via topology optimization. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033308. [PMID: 33075914 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We succeeded in simultaneously cloaking and concentrating direct current in a conducting material through topology optimization based on a level-set method. To design structures that perform these functions simultaneously, optimal topology is explored for improving two objective functions that govern separately the cloaking and concentration of current. Our design scheme, i.e., the topology optimization of a direct-current electric cloak concentrator, provides this bifunctionality well despite simple, common bulk materials being used to make up the structures. The materials also rigorously obey the electric conduction equation in contrast to the approximated artificial materials, so-called metamaterials, of other design schemes. The structural features needed for this simultaneous bifunctionality are found by adopting level-set method to generate material domains and clear structural interfaces. Furthermore, robust performances of the bifunctional structures against fluctuations in electrical conductivity was achieved by improving the fitness incorporating multiple objective functions. Additionally, the influence of the size of the current-concentrating domain on the performances of the optimal configuration is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garuda Fujii
- Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Youhei Akimoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba & RIKEN AIP, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
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15
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Wang J, Dai G, Yang F, Huang J. Designing bistability or multistability in macroscopic diffusive systems. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:022119. [PMID: 32168594 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.022119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically design a kind of diffusion bistability (and even multistability) in the macroscopic scale, which has a similar phenomenon but different underlying mechanism from its microscopic counterpart [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 267203 (2008)10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.267203]; the latter has been extensively investigated in literature, e.g., for building nanometer-scale memory components. By introducing second- and third-order nonlinear terms (that opposite in sign) into diffusion coefficient matrices, a bistable energy or mass diffusion occurs with two different steady states identified as "0" and "1." In particular, we study heat conduction in a two-terminal three-body system and show that this bistable system exhibits a macroscale thermal memory effect with tailored nonlinear thermal conductivities. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by finite-element simulations. Also, we suggest experiments with metamaterials based on shape memory alloys. This theoretical framework blazes a trail on constructing intrinsic bistability or multistability in diffusive systems for macroscopic energy or mass management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fubao Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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16
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Xu L, Yang S, Huang J. Dipole-assisted thermotics: Experimental demonstration of dipole-driven thermal invisibility. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:062108. [PMID: 31962417 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thermal management has made considerable progress in the past decade for the emerging field of thermal metamaterials. However, two severe problems still handicap the development of thermal metamaterials. That is, thermal conductivities should be singular and uncommon as required by corresponding theories. To solve these problems, here we establish the theory of dipole-assisted thermotics. By tailoring the thermal dipole moment, thermal invisibility can be achieved without the requirements of singular and uncommon thermal conductivities. Furthermore, finite-element simulations and laboratory experiments both validate the theoretical analyses. The performance of the dipole-driven scheme is excellent in both two and three dimensions, and in both steady and transient states. Dipole-assisted thermotics not only offers a distinct mechanism to achieve thermal invisibility, but also has potential applications in thermal management such as infrared signature reduction, thermal protection, and infrared camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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17
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Sun F, Liu Y, He S. Surface transformation multi-physics for controlling electromagnetic and acoustic waves simultaneously. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:94-106. [PMID: 32118943 DOI: 10.1364/oe.379817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A multi-physics null medium that performs as a perfect endoscope for both electromagnetic and acoustic waves is designed by transformation optics, which opens a new way to control electromagnetic and acoustic waves simultaneously. Surface transformation multi-physics, which is a novel graphical method to design multi-physics devices, is proposed based on the directional projecting feature of a multi-physics null medium. Many multi-physics devices, including beam shifters, scattering reduction, imaging devices and beam steering devices, for both electromagnetic and acoustic waves can be simply designed in a surface-corresponding manner. All devices designed by surface transformation multi-physics only need one homogeneous anisotropic medium (null medium) to realize, which can be approximately implemented by a brass plate array without any artificial sub-wavelength structures. Numerical simulations are given to verify the performances of the designed multi-physics devices made of brass plate array.
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18
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Xu G, Zhou X. Manipulating cell: flexibly manipulating thermal and DC fields in arbitrary domain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:30819-30829. [PMID: 31684325 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To extend the metamaterial applications on simultaneously regulating multiple fields with transformation optics, we propose a class of manipulative cell here to manipulate thermal and DC fields simultaneously in non-conformal angular schemes. Significant behaviors of thermal cloaking, electrical concentration, and related switched functions are numerically demonstrated with appropriate media. The findings not only present an efficient method for simultaneously manipulating various energy, but also break the limitation of structural profiles in the designs of bi-functional meta-device. Moreover, it may also provide references for efficient energy manipulation and management in conventional energy techniques.
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19
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Chen W, Chen R, Zhou Y, Chen R, Ma Y. Spin-dependent switchable metasurfaces using phase change materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:25678-25687. [PMID: 31510436 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.025678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been widely investigated for various applications enabled by their strong light manipulation capabilities. Their monolithic designs offer the convenience to incorporate novel natural materials in order to realize advanced electromagnetic (EM) functionalities. Here, based on the usage of the phase change material vanadium dioxide (VO2), a switchable metasurface that could work at two different working states is proposed. With insulating VO2, we show that helicity-dependent metasurface could be rigorously designed by adopting two phase variables, i.e., initial phase and Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase, which is verified by showing an asymmetric photonic spin Hall effect (APSHE). When VO2 goes into the metallic phase (e.g., by raising the operating temperature above ~341K), the loss factor of the unit cell will be enhanced, and in this case with the assistance of multi-mode resonances, the metasurface will turn into a perfect broadband circular-polarization-insensitive EM absorber. Based on these, switchable beam splitters and focus-lenses have been designed and discussed in the paper. The method proposed here may pave a new way to pursue active and multifunctional optical devices.
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20
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Multi-Physics Bi-Functional Intelligent Meta-Device Based on the Shape Memory Alloys. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9090438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transformation theory, succeeding in multiple transportation systems, has enlightened researchers to manipulate the field distribution by tailoring the medium’s dominant parameters in certain situations. Therefore, the science community has witnessed a boom in designing metamaterials, whose abnormal properties are induced by artificial structures rather than the components’ characteristics. However, a majority of such meta-devices are restricted to the particular physical regimes and cannot sense the changes taking place in the surrounding environment and adjust its functions accordingly. In this article we propose a multi-physics bi-functional “intelligent” meta-device which can switch its functions between an invisible cloak and a concentrator in both thermal and DC electric conduction as the ambient temperature or voltage varies. The shape memory alloys are utilized in the design to form a moveable part, which plays the crucial role in the switching effect. This work paves the way for a practicable method for obtaining a controllable gradient of heat or electric potential, and also provides guidance for efficiently designing similar intelligent meta-devices by referring to the intriguing property of shape memory alloys.
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21
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Hu R, Huang S, Wang M, Luo X, Shiomi J, Qiu CW. Encrypted Thermal Printing with Regionalization Transformation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807849. [PMID: 31058371 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificially structured thermal metamaterials provide an unprecedented possibility of molding heat flow that is drastically distinct from the conventional heat diffusion in naturally conductive materials. The Laplacian nature of heat conduction makes the transformation thermotics, as a design principle for thermal metadevices, compatible with transformation optics. Various functional thermal devices, such as thermal cloaks, concentrators, and rotators, have been successfully demonstrated. How far can it possible go beyond just realizing a heat-distribution function in a thermal metadevice? Herein, the concept of encrypted thermal printing is proposed and experimentally validated, which could conceal encrypted information under natural light and present static or dynamic messages in an infrared image. Regionalization transformation is developed for structuring thermal metamaterial-strokes as infrared signatures, enabling letters of the alphabet to be written, paintings to be drawn, movies to be made, and information to be displayed. This strategy successfully demonstrates an extreme level of manipulation of heat flow for encryption, illusions, and messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shiyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Meng Wang
- China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaobing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
- China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo (UTOKYO), 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
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22
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Yang S, Xu L, Huang J. Metathermotics: Nonlinear thermal responses of core-shell metamaterials. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:042144. [PMID: 31108627 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.042144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials based on core-shell structures have aroused wide research interest, e.g., in thermal cloaks. However, almost all the relevant studies only discuss linear materials whose thermal conductivities are temperature-independent constants. Nonlinear materials (whose thermal conductivities depend on temperatures) have seldom been touched; however, they are important in practical applications. This situation largely results from the lack of a general theoretical framework for handling such nonlinear problems. Here we study the nonlinear responses of thermal metamaterials with a core-shell structure in two or three dimensions. By calculating the effective thermal conductivity, we derive the nonlinear modulation of a nonlinear core. Furthermore, we reveal two thermal coupling conditions, under which this nonlinear modulation can be efficiently manipulated. In particular, we reveal the phenomenon of nonlinearity enhancement. Then this theory helps us to design a kind of intelligent thermal transparency devices, which can respond to the direction of thermal fields. The theoretical results and finite-element simulations agree well with each other. This work not only offers a different mechanism to achieve nonlinearity modulation and enhancement in thermotics, but also suggests potential applications in thermal management, including illusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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23
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Fujii G, Akimoto Y. DC carpet cloak designed by topology optimization based on covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2057-2060. [PMID: 30985810 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimal designs of direct current (DC) carpet cloaks are obtained using topology optimization based on the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy. The cloaking structures are expressed using an immersed boundary-level set method visualized as gray-scale-free configurations and composed simply of homogeneous materials. These cloaks successfully hide bumps made electrically invisible through topology optimization by minimizing the difference in voltage distributions around the cloaked bump and over the flat surface in the absence of the bump. Moreover, reproducing the electric potential field without a bump for DC flowing over a wide angle is achieved by the optimal cloak despite the presence of the bump on the flat surface.
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24
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Xu L, Yang S, Huang J. Designing effective thermal conductivity of materials of core-shell structure: Theory and simulation. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:022107. [PMID: 30934366 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.022107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the phenomenon of golden touch from myth to thermotics. We define golden touch as extending the core property to a shell with an extremely small core fraction. We obtain the requirement of golden touch by making the effective thermal conductivity of the core-shell structure equal to the thermal conductivity of the core. We summarize three types (A, B, and C) of golden touch in two dimensions, and only two types (A and B) of golden touch in three dimensions. We theoretically analyze the distinct properties of different types of golden touch by delicately designing the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the shell. Golden touch is also validated by finite-element simulations which echo the theoretical analyses. Golden touch has potential applications in thermal camouflage, thermal management, etc. Our work not only lays the foundation for golden touch in thermotics, but also provides guidance for exploring golden touch in other diffusive fields like electrostatic and magnetostatic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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25
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Li Y, Zhu KJ, Peng YG, Li W, Yang T, Xu HX, Chen H, Zhu XF, Fan S, Qiu CW. Thermal meta-device in analogue of zero-index photonics. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:48-54. [PMID: 30510270 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the developments in photonic metamaterials, the concept of thermal metamaterials has promised new avenues for manipulating the flow of heat. In photonics, the existence of natural materials with both positive and negative permittivities has enabled the creation of metamaterials with a very wide range of effective parameters. In contrast, in conductive heat transfer, the available range of thermal conductivities in natural materials is far narrower, strongly restricting the effective parameters of thermal metamaterials and limiting possible applications in extreme environments. Here, we identify a rigorous correspondence between zero index in Maxwell's equations and infinite thermal conductivity in Fourier's law. We also propose a conductive system with an integrated convective element that creates an extreme effective thermal conductivity, and hence by correspondence a thermal analogue of photonic near-zero-index metamaterials, a class of metamaterials with crucial importance in controlling light. Synergizing the general properties of zero-index metamaterials and the specific diffusive nature of thermal conduction, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a thermal zero-index cloak. In contrast with conventional thermal cloaks, this meta-device can operate in a highly conductive background and the cloaked object preserves great sensitivity to external temperature changes. Our work demonstrates a thermal metamaterial which greatly enhances the capability for molding the flow of heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ke-Jia Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-structure Materials (MOE) and School of Physics Sciences and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Gui Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Dynamics and Control, Tianjin, China
| | - He-Xiu Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-structure Materials (MOE) and School of Physics Sciences and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhu
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - C-W Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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26
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Han T, Yang P, Li Y, Lei D, Li B, Hippalgaonkar K, Qiu CW. Full-Parameter Omnidirectional Thermal Metadevices of Anisotropic Geometry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804019. [PMID: 30311275 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of transformation optics and scattering cancelling technology, a plethora of unprecedented metamaterials, especially invisibility cloaks, have been successfully demonstrated in various communities, e.g., optics, acoustics, elastic mechanics, dc electric field, dc magnetic field, and thermotics. A long-held captivation is that transformation-optic metamaterials of anisotropic or noncentrosymmetric geometry (e.g., ellipsoids) commonly come along with parameter approximation/simplification or directional functions. Here, a synthetic paradigm with strictly full parameters and omnidirectionality is reported simultaneously to address this long-held issue for molding heat flow and experimentally demonstrate a series of noncentrosymmetric thermal metadevices. It changes the usual perception that transformation thermotic/dc/acoustic metamaterials are just a direct and simplified derivatives of the transformation-optic counterpart. Instead, the proposed methodology solves an intriguingly important and challenging problem that is not possibly achievable for transformation-optic metamaterials. The approach is rigorous, exact, robust, and yet elegantly facile, which may open a new avenue to manipulating the Laplacian and wave-dynamic fields in ways previously inconceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Baowen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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27
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Song G, Zhang C, Cheng Q, Jing Y, Qiu C, Cui T. Transparent coupled membrane metamaterials with simultaneous microwave absorption and sound reduction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:22916-22925. [PMID: 30184948 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.022916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials offer a novel strategy to control wave propagation in different physical fields ranging from acoustic, electromagnetic, and optical waves to static electric and thermal fields. However, fundamental and practical challenges still need to be overcome for multi-physical manipulation, especially for independent control of acoustic and electromagnetic waves simultaneously. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a transparent bifunctional metamaterial in which acoustic and electromagnetic waves could be engineered jointly and individually. Specifically, a transparent composite coupled membrane metamaterial is introduced with indium tin oxide (ITO) patterns coated on the top and bottom membranes, giving rise to simultaneous electromagnetic wave dissipation and sound reduction. Our results could help broaden the current research scope for multiple disciplines and pave the way for the development of multi-functional devices in new applications.
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28
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Han T, Liu Y, Liu L, Qin J, Li Y, Bao J, Ni D, Qiu CW. Light-programmable manipulation of DC field in Laplacian Meta-devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12208. [PMID: 30111878 PMCID: PMC6093913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impressive progresses have been achieved in the field of metamaterial to mimic the illusion or camouflage effects in nature. These include invisible cloaks and many other cloak-based illusion meta-devices. However, to date many experiments only present single, static or discretized functionalities. The dynamical control of multiple kinds of illusion signals can only be achieved by embedding complex active sources directly connected to external stimuli, leading to limited on/off switching effect in a contact fashion. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a distinct scheme to incorporate multi-functions into one passive Laplacian DC meta-device, assisted by light illumination. It is shown that light-programmable cloaking, full illusion, and partial illusion can be achieved on the same device without physical contact of the heating pads or electric bias, at the cost of only four kinds of natural bulk materials with homogeneous parameters throughout. A DC network is fabricated to demonstrate the proof of concept, with measurement results in good agreement with the numerical simulations. The proposed scheme may open a new avenue to the non-contact multiphysical control of multi-illusion functions for Laplacian fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yuexia Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jin Qin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 119620, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiayu Bao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dongyuan Ni
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 119620, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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29
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Dai G, Shang J, Huang J. Theory of transformation thermal convection for creeping flow in porous media: Cloaking, concentrating, and camouflage. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:022129. [PMID: 29548100 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.022129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat can transfer via thermal conduction, thermal radiation, and thermal convection. All the existing theories of transformation thermotics and optics can treat thermal conduction and thermal radiation, respectively. Unfortunately, thermal convection has seldom been touched in transformation theories due to the lack of a suitable theory, thus limiting applications associated with heat transfer through fluids (liquid or gas). Here, we develop a theory of transformation thermal convection by considering the convection-diffusion equation, the equation of continuity, and the Darcy law. By introducing porous media, we get a set of equations keeping their forms under coordinate transformation. As model applications, the theory helps to show the effects of cloaking, concentrating, and camouflage. Our finite-element simulations confirm the theoretical findings. This work offers a transformation theory for thermal convection, thus revealing novel behaviors associated with potential applications; it not only provides different hints on how to control heat transfer by combining thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation, but also benefits mass diffusion and other related fields that contain a set of equations and need to transform velocities at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaole Dai
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
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30
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Li Y, Bai X, Yang T, Luo H, Qiu CW. Structured thermal surface for radiative camouflage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:273. [PMID: 29348533 PMCID: PMC5773602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal camouflage has been successful in the conductive regime, where thermal metamaterials embedded in a conductive system can manipulate heat conduction inside the bulk. Most reported approaches are background-dependent and not applicable to radiative heat emitted from the surface of the system. A coating with engineered emissivity is one option for radiative camouflage, but only when the background has uniform temperature. Here, we propose a strategy for radiative camouflage of external objects on a given background using a structured thermal surface. The device is non-invasive and restores arbitrary background temperature distributions on its top. For many practical candidates of the background material with similar emissivity as the device, the object can thereby be radiatively concealed without a priori knowledge of the host conductivity and temperature. We expect this strategy to meet the demands of anti-detection and thermal radiation manipulation in complex unknown environments and to inspire developments in phononic and photonic thermotronics. Thermal camouflaging techniques typically use bulky structures and require a well-defined and unchanging background. Here, the authors propose a strategy for thermal camouflage using a structured thermal surface, independent of the background material for many practical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Republic of Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117456, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos Control, 300072, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailu Luo
- Laboratory for Micro-/Nano-Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Republic of Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117456, Republic of Singapore.
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31
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Investigating the Thermodynamic Performances of TO-Based Metamaterial Tunable Cells with an Entropy Generation Approach. ENTROPY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/e19100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Three-dimensional illusion thermal device for location camouflage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7541. [PMID: 28790424 PMCID: PMC5548873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials, proposed in recent years, provide a new method to manipulate the energy flux in heat transfer, and result in many novel thermal devices. In this paper, an illusion thermal device for location camouflage in 3-dimensional heat conduction regime is proposed based on the transformation thermodynamics. The heat source covered by the device produces a fake signal outside the device, which makes the source look like appearing at another position away from its real position. The parameters required by the device are deduced and the method is validated by simulations. The possible scheme to obtain the thermal conductivities required in the device by composing natural materials is supplied, and the influence of some problems in practical fabrication process of the device on the effect of the camouflage is also discussed.
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Self-healing of damage inside metals triggered by electropulsing stimuli. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7097. [PMID: 28769041 PMCID: PMC5540974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The microscopic defects that distributed randomly in metals are not only hard to detect, but also may inevitably cause catastrophic failure. Thus, autonomic probing and healing for damage inside metals continue to be a challenging. Here we show a novel approach for self-healing using electropulsing as a stimulus to trigger repairing of damaged metals. This is achieved via a process that through expelling absolutely currents, the microcrack causes them to be redistributed to form a concentrated and a diluted region around it, thereby inducing an extremely high temperature gradient and a large compressive stress, which drive material flow to close microcracks. Simultaneously, a large enough heat for bonding atoms was produced. That is, the microcrack as an empty cavity can be regarded as a special micro-device to shape a localized microscopic energy field, which in turn activates a healing process. The microstructure and mechanical property verified the extrinsic self-healing of a titanium alloy. The process is performed on a short timescale, is enable to detect automatically and act directly on the internal defects in metals, and to heal damage without any healing agent, long time heating as well as applied high pressure, offering unique advantages over conventional healing approaches.
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Abstract
The ability to control electromagnetic fields, heat currents, electric currents, and other physical phenomena by coordinate transformation methods has resulted in novel functionalities, such as cloaking, field rotations, and concentration effects. Transformation optics, as the underlying mathematical tool, has proven to be a versatile approach to achieve such unusual outcomes relying on materials with highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous properties. Most applications and designs thus far have been limited to functionalities within a single physical domain. Here we present transformation optics applied to thermoelectric phenomena, where thermal and electric flows are coupled via the Seebeck coefficient. Using laminates, we describe a thermoelectric cloak capable of hiding objects from thermoelectric flow. Our calculations show that such a cloak does not depend on the particular boundary conditions and can also operate in different single domain regimes. These proof-of-principle results constitute a significant step forward towards finding unexplored ways to control and manipulate coupled transport.
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35
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Gao Y, Tian GY, Wang P, Wang H, Gao B, Woo WL, Li K. Electromagnetic pulsed thermography for natural cracks inspection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42073. [PMID: 28169361 PMCID: PMC5294569 DOI: 10.1038/srep42073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging integrated sensing and monitoring of material degradation and cracks are increasingly required for characterizing the structural integrity and safety of infrastructure. However, most conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are based on single modality sensing which is not adequate to evaluate structural integrity and natural cracks. This paper proposed electromagnetic pulsed thermography for fast and comprehensive defect characterization. It hybrids multiple physical phenomena i.e. magnetic flux leakage, induced eddy current and induction heating linking to physics as well as signal processing algorithms to provide abundant information of material properties and defects. New features are proposed using 1st derivation that reflects multiphysics spatial and temporal behaviors to enhance the detection of cracks with different orientations. Promising results that robust to lift-off changes and invariant features for artificial and natural cracks detection have been demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improves defect detectability. It opens up multiphysics sensing and integrated NDE with potential impact for natural understanding and better quantitative evaluation of natural cracks including stress corrosion crack (SCC) and rolling contact fatigue (RCF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlai Gao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Gui Yun Tian
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Wai Lok Woo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Kongjing Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Tunable Multifunctional Thermal Metamaterials: Manipulation of Local Heat Flux via Assembly of Unit-Cell Thermal Shifters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41000. [PMID: 28106156 PMCID: PMC5247738 DOI: 10.1038/srep41000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials, designed by transformation thermodynamics are artificial structures that can actively control heat flux at a continuum scale. However, fabrication of them is very challenging because it requires a continuous change of thermal properties in materials, for one specific function. Herein, we introduce tunable thermal metamaterials that use the assembly of unit-cell thermal shifters for a remarkable enhancement in multifunctionality as well as manufacturability. Similar to the digitization of a two-dimensional image, designed thermal metamaterials by transformation thermodynamics are disassembled as unit-cells thermal shifters in tiny areas, representing discretized heat flux lines in local spots. The programmed-reassembly of thermal shifters inspired by LEGO enable the four significant functions of thermal metamaterials—shield, concentrator, diffuser, and rotator—in both simulation and experimental verification using finite element method and fabricated structures made from copper and PDMS. This work paves the way for overcoming the structural and functional limitations of thermal metamaterials.
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37
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Lan C, Lei M, Bi K, Li B, Zhou J. Highly efficient manipulation of Laplace fields in film system with structured bilayer composite. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29537-29546. [PMID: 28059340 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using metamaterials or transformation optics to manipulate Laplace fields, such as magnetic, electric and thermal fields, has become a research highlight. These studies, however, are usually limited to a bulk material system and to single field manipulation. In this paper, we focus on a film system and propose a general practical method applicable for such a system. In this method, the background film is covered with another one to construct a so-called "bilayer composite" to achieve required physical parameters. On the basis of the bilayer composite, a multi-physics cloak and a multi-physics concentrator for electric current and thermal flux are designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. This work provides an efficient way to control and manipulate single/ multi-physics Laplace fields like a dc electric field and a thermal field in a film system, which may find potential applications in IC technology, MEMS, and so on.
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38
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Lan C, Bi K, Fu X, Li B, Zhou J. Bifunctional metamaterials with simultaneous and independent manipulation of thermal and electric fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:23072-23080. [PMID: 27828373 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.023072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials offer a powerful way to manipulate a variety of physical fields ranging from wave fields (electromagnetic field, acoustic field, elastic wave, etc.), static fields (static magnetic field, static electric field) to diffusive fields (thermal field, diffusive mass). However, the relevant reports and studies are usually limited to a single physical field or functionality. In this study, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a bifunctional metamaterial which could manipulate thermal and electric fields simultaneously and independently. Specifically, a composite with independently controllable thermal and electric conductivity was introduced, on the basis of which a bifunctional device capable of shielding thermal flux and concentrating electric current simultaneously was designed, fabricated and characterized. This work provides an encouraging example of metamaterials transcending their natural limitations, which offers a promising future in building a broad platform for the manipulation of multi-physics fields.
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Shen X, Li Y, Jiang C, Huang J. Temperature Trapping: Energy-Free Maintenance of Constant Temperatures as Ambient Temperature Gradients Change. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:055501. [PMID: 27517778 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.055501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to maintain constant temperatures in an energy-efficient way. Here we establish a temperature-trapping theory for asymmetric phase-transition materials with thermally responsive thermal conductivities. Then we theoretically introduce and experimentally demonstrate a concept of an energy-free thermostat within ambient temperature gradients. The thermostat is capable of self-maintaining a desired constant temperature without the need of consuming energy even though the environmental temperature gradient varies in a large range. As a model application of the concept, we design and show a different type of thermal cloak that has a constant temperature inside its central region in spite of the changing ambient temperature gradient, which is in sharp contrast to all the existing thermal cloaks. This work has relevance to energy-saving heat preservation, and it provides guidance both for manipulating heat flow without energy consumption and for designing new metamaterials with temperature-responsive or field-responsive parameters in many disciplines such as thermotics, optics, electromagnetics, acoustics, mechanics, electrics, and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Shen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaoran Jiang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
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40
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Liu Y, Sun F, He S. Novel thermal lens for remote heating/cooling designed with transformation optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:5683-5692. [PMID: 27136765 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.005683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Remote thermal focusing/refrigeration by suppressing thermal diffusion can be achieved with the help of the novel thermal lens proposed in this paper. Our thermal lens is designed using transformation optics, and has several advantages. Firstly, it is a remote controlling device, i.e. the temperature is increased or decreased only in the heat/cold source and the target points, and the temperature in the area between the source and target points is not influenced. Secondly, the heat/cold sources can move freely inside the lens, and hence the focused points outside the lens can be adjusted dynamically. Numerical simulations are given to verify the novel properties (such as thermal focusing effect, remote refrigeration and remote thermal diffusion suppressing) of the proposed device, which cannot be achieved by any other traditional method.
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41
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Abstract
Being able to manipulate mass flow is critically important in a variety of physical processes in chemical and biomolecular science. For example, separation and catalytic systems, which requires precise control of mass diffusion, are crucial in the manufacturing of chemicals, crystal growth of semiconductors, waste recovery of biological solutes or chemicals, and production of artificial kidneys. Coordinate transformations and metamaterials are powerful methods to achieve precise manipulation of molecular diffusion. Here, we introduce a novel approach to obtain mass separation based on metamaterials that can sort chemical and biomolecular species by cloaking one compound while concentrating the other. A design strategy to realize such metamaterial using homogeneous isotropic materials is proposed. We present a practical case where a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is manipulated using a metamaterial that cloaks nitrogen and concentrates oxygen. This work lays the foundation for molecular mass separation in biophysical and chemical systems through metamaterial devices.
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Yang Y, Wang H, Yu F, Xu Z, Chen H. A metasurface carpet cloak for electromagnetic, acoustic and water waves. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20219. [PMID: 26822429 PMCID: PMC4731745 DOI: 10.1038/srep20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a single low-profile skin metasurface carpet cloak to hide objects with arbitrary shape and size under three different waves, i.e., electromagnetic (EM) waves, acoustic waves and water waves. We first present a metasurface which can control the local reflection phase of these three waves. By taking advantage of this metasurface, we then design a metasurface carpet cloak which provides an additional phase to compensate the phase distortion introduced by a bump, thus restoring the reflection waves as if the incident waves impinge onto a flat mirror. The finite element simulation results demonstrate that an object can be hidden under these three kinds of waves with a single metasurface cloak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huaping Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Faxin Yu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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43
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Vitiello A, Moccia M, Papari GP, D'Alterio G, Vitiello R, Galdi V, Andreone A. Waveguide Characterization of S-Band Microwave Mantle Cloaks for Dielectric and Conducting Objects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19716. [PMID: 26803985 PMCID: PMC4726170 DOI: 10.1038/srep19716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the experimental characterization of mantle cloaks designed so as to minimize the electromagnetic scattering of moderately-sized dielectric and conducting cylinders at S-band microwave frequencies. Our experimental setup is based on a parallel-plate waveguide system, which emulates a two-dimensional plane-wave scattering scenario, and allows the collection of near-field maps as well as more quantitative assessments in terms of global scattering observables (e.g., total scattering width). Our results, in fairly good agreement with full-wave numerical simulations, provide a further illustration of the mantle- cloak mechanism, including its frequency-sensitivity, and confirm its effectiveness both in restoring the near-field impinging wavefront around the scatterer, and in significantly reducing the overall scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Vitiello
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Moccia
- Waves Group, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Papari
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Galdi
- Waves Group, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonello Andreone
- CNR-SPIN and Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80125 Naples, Italy
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44
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Yang T, Bai X, Gao D, Wu L, Li B, Thong JTL, Qiu CW. Invisible Sensors: Simultaneous Sensing and Camouflaging in Multiphysical Fields. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7752-8. [PMID: 26501206 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The first multiphysical invisible sensor is theoretically and experimentally presented. An ultrathin, homogeneous, and isotropic shell is designed to simultaneously manipulate heat flux and DC current and eliminate the multiphysical perturbation, while maintaining the receiving and transmitting properties of the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Astronautics, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110136, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117456, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dongliang Gao
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Baowen Li
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117456, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117546, Republic of Singapore
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - John T L Thong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117456, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117456, Republic of Singapore
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45
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Three-dimensional magnetic cloak working from d.c. to 250 kHz. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8931. [PMID: 26596641 PMCID: PMC4696515 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invisible cloaking is one of the major outcomes of the metamaterial research, but the practical potential, in particular for high frequencies (for example, microwave to visible light), is fatally challenged by the complex material properties they usually demand. On the other hand, it will be advantageous and also technologically instrumental to design cloaking devices for applications at low frequencies where electromagnetic components are favourably uncoupled. In this work, we vastly develop the bilayer approach to create a three-dimensional magnetic cloak able to work in both static and dynamic fields. Under the quasi-static approximation, we demonstrate a perfect magnetic cloaking device with a large frequency band from 0 to 250 kHz. The practical potential of our device is experimentally verified by using a commercial metal detector, which may lead us to having a real cloaking application where the dynamic magnetic field can be manipulated in desired ways. The development of invisibility cloaks which function at low frequencies are of practical importance, especially for magnetic fields involved in modern technologies. Here, Zhu et al. develop the bilayer approach to create a three-dimensional magnetic cloak able to work in both static and dynamic fields.
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46
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Li Y, Shen X, Wu Z, Huang J, Chen Y, Ni Y, Huang J. Temperature-Dependent Transformation Thermotics: From Switchable Thermal Cloaks to Macroscopic Thermal Diodes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:195503. [PMID: 26588397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.195503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The macroscopic control of ubiquitous heat flow remains poorly explored due to the lack of a fundamental theoretical method. Here, by establishing temperature-dependent transformation thermotics for treating materials whose conductivity depends on temperature, we show analytical and simulation evidence for switchable thermal cloaking and a macroscopic thermal diode based on the cloaking. The latter allows heat flow in one direction but prohibits the flow in the opposite direction, which is also confirmed by our experiments. Our results suggest that the temperature-dependent transformation thermotics could be a fundamental theoretical method for achieving macroscopic heat rectification, and it could provide guidance both for the macroscopic control of heat flow and for the design of the counterparts of switchable thermal cloaks or macroscopic thermal diodes in other fields like seismology, acoustics, electromagnetics, and matter waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangying Shen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zuhui Wu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junying Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yushan Ni
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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47
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Lan C, Li B, Zhou J. Simultaneously concentrated electric and thermal fields using fan-shaped structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:24475-24483. [PMID: 26406652 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.024475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on transformation optics and metamaterial due to their fascinating properties and wide range of promising applications. Concentrator, one of the most well-known applications of transformation optics and metamaterial, is now limited only to a single physical domain. Here we propose and give the experimental demonstration of a bifunctional concentrator that can concentrate both electric and thermal fields to a given region simultaneously while keeping the external fields undistorted. Fan-shaped structure composed of alternating wedges made of two kinds of natural materials is proposed to achieve this goal. Numerical simulation and experimental results show good agreement, indicating the soundness and feasibility of our scheme.
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