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Pitters J, Croshaw J, Achal R, Livadaru L, Ng S, Lupoiu R, Chutora T, Huff T, Walus K, Wolkow RA. Atomically Precise Manufacturing of Silicon Electronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6766-6816. [PMID: 38376086 PMCID: PMC10919096 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is a key technique that involves the direct control of atoms in order to manufacture products or components of products. It has been developed most successfully using scanning probe methods and has received particular attention for developing atom scale electronics with a focus on silicon-based systems. This review captures the development of silicon atom-based electronics and is divided into several sections that will cover characterization and atom manipulation of silicon surfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, development of silicon dangling bonds as atomic quantum dots, creation of atom scale devices, and the wiring and packaging of those circuits. The review will also cover the advance of silicon dangling bond logic design and the progress of silicon quantum atomic designer (SiQAD) simulators. Finally, an outlook of APM and silicon atom electronics will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pitters
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre, National Research Council
of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeremiah Croshaw
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Roshan Achal
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lucian Livadaru
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Samuel Ng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert Lupoiu
- School
of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Taras Chutora
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Taleana Huff
- Canadian
Bank Note Company, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 1A1, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert A. Wolkow
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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2
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Adachi Y, Brndiar J, Konôpka M, Turanský R, Zhu Q, Wen HF, Sugawara Y, Kantorovich L, Štich I, Li YJ. Tip-activated single-atom catalysis: CO oxidation on Au adatom on oxidized rutile TiO 2 surface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi4799. [PMID: 37756403 PMCID: PMC10530063 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysis of carbon monoxide oxidation on metal-oxide surfaces is crucial for greenhouse recycling, automotive catalysis, and beyond, but reports of the atomic-scale mechanism are still scarce. Here, using scanning probe microscopy, we show that charging single gold atoms on oxidized rutile titanium dioxide surface, both positively and negatively, considerably promotes adsorption of carbon monoxide. No carbon monoxide adsorption is observed on neutral gold atoms. Two different carbon monoxide adsorption geometries on gold atoms are identified. We demonstrate full control over the redox state of adsorbed gold single atoms, carbon monoxide adsorption geometry, and carbon monoxide adsorption/desorption by the atomic force microscopy tip. On charged gold atoms, we activate Eley-Rideal oxidation reaction between carbon monoxide and a neighboring oxygen adatom by the tip. Our results provide unprecedented insights into carbon monoxide adsorption and suggest that the gold dual activity for carbon monoxide oxidation after electron or hole attachment is also the key ingredient in photocatalysis under realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Adachi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ján Brndiar
- Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Konôpka
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Robert Turanský
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Huan Fei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China
| | - Yasuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lev Kantorovich
- Department of Physics, School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College London, The Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ivan Štich
- Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Yan Jun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Pan J, Li XE, Zhu Y, Zhou J, Zhu Z, Li C, Liu X, Liang X, Yang Z, Chen Q, Ren P, Wen XD, Zhou X, Wu K. Clustering-Evolved Frontier Orbital for Low-Temperature CO 2 Dissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18748-18752. [PMID: 37606281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, single Ni2 clusters (two Ni atoms bridged by a lattice oxygen) are successfully synthesized on monolayered CuO. They exhibit a remarkable activity toward low-temperature CO2 thermal dissociation, in contrast to cationic Ni atoms that nondissociatively adsorb CO2 and metallic Ni ones that are chemically inert for CO2 adsorption. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the Ni2 clusters can significantly alter the spatial symmetry of their unoccupied frontier orbitals to match the occupied counterpart of the CO2 molecule and enable its low-temperature dissociation. This study may help advance single-cluster catalysis and exploit the unexcavated mechanism for low-temperature CO2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Pan
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiu-E Li
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyi Zhou
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changlin Li
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianzheng Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zengxu Yang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengju Ren
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wen
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Lim S, Pan S, Wang K, Ushakov AV, Sukhanova EV, Popov ZI, Kvashnin DG, Streltsov SV, Cheong SW. Tunable Single-Atomic Charges on a Cleaved Intercalated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1812-1817. [PMID: 34890208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of a single ionic charge state by altering the number of bound electrons has been considered as an ultimate testbed for atomic charge-induced interactions and manipulations, and such subject has been studied in artificially deposited objects on thin insulating layers. We demonstrate that an entire layer of controllable atomic charges on a periodic lattice can be obtained by cleaving metallic Co1/3NbS2, an intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide. We identified a metastable charge state of Co with a different valence and manipulated atomic charges to form a linear chain of the metastable charge state. Density functional theory investigation reveals that the charge state is stable due to a modified crystal field at the surface despite the coupling between NbS2 and Co via a1g orbitals. The idea can be generalized to other combinations of intercalants and base matrices, suggesting that they can be a new platform to explore single-atom-operational 2D electronics/spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoon Lim
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shangke Pan
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Function Materials and Preparation Science, School of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Kefeng Wang
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Alexey V Ushakov
- Institute of Metal Physics, S. Kovalevskaya Street 18, Yekaterinburg 620108, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sukhanova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zakhar I Popov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny per., 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G Kvashnin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutskiy per., 141701, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey V Streltsov
- Institute of Metal Physics, S. Kovalevskaya Street 18, Yekaterinburg 620108, Russia
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Sang-Wook Cheong
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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5
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Croshaw J, Huff T, Rashidi M, Wood J, Lloyd E, Pitters J, Wolkow RA. Ionic charge distributions in silicon atomic surface wires. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3237-3245. [PMID: 33533379 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a non-contact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM), we examine continuous dangling bond (DB) wire structures patterned on the hydrogen terminated silicon (100)-2 × 1 surface. By probing the DB structures at varying energies, we identify the formation of previously unobserved ionic charge distributions which are correlated to the net charge of DB wires and their predicted degrees of freedom in lattice distortions. Performing spectroscopic analysis, we identify higher energy configurations corresponding to alternative lattice distortions as well as tip-induced charging effects. By varying the length and orientation of these DB structures, we further highlight key features in the formation of these ionic surface phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Croshaw
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada. and Quantum Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Taleana Huff
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mohammad Rashidi
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada.
| | - John Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada.
| | - Erika Lloyd
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada.
| | - Jason Pitters
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Robert A Wolkow
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada. and Quantum Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada and Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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6
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Liebig A, Hapala P, Weymouth AJ, Giessibl FJ. Quantifying the evolution of atomic interaction of a complex surface with a functionalized atomic force microscopy tip. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14104. [PMID: 32839507 PMCID: PMC7445177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminating the tip of an atomic force microscope with a CO molecule allows data to be acquired with a well-known and inert apex. Previous studies have shown conflicting results regarding the electrostatic interaction, indicating in some cases that the negative charge at the apex of the CO dominates, whereas in other cases the positive charge at the end of the metal tip dominates. To clarify this, we investigated [Formula: see text](111). [Formula: see text] is an ionic crystal and the (111) surface does not possess charge inversion symmetry. Far from the surface, the interaction is dominated by electrostatics via the negative charge at the apex. Closer to the surface, Pauli repulsion and CO bending dominate, which leads to an unexpected appearance of the complex 3-atom unit cell. We compare simulated data in which the electrostatics are modeled by point particles versus a charge density calculated by DFT. We also compare modeling Pauli repulsion via individual Lennard-Jones potentials versus a total charge density overlap. In doing so, we determine forcefield parameters useful for future investigations of biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Liebig
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred J Weymouth
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz J Giessibl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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7
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Scheuerer P, Patera LL, Repp J. Manipulating and Probing the Distribution of Excess Electrons in an Electrically Isolated Self-Assembled Molecular Structure. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1839-1845. [PMID: 32069421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting single electrical charges and their mutual interactions for computation has been proposed as a concept for future nanoelectronics. Controlling and probing charge transfer in electrically isolated atomic-scale structures are fundamental to push its experimental realization. Here, we controllably inject individual excess electrons and study their distribution in a self-assembled structure supported on a nonconductive substrate. The self-assembly ensures structural order down to the atomic scale. Depending on the charge state of the molecular assembly, intermolecular electron hopping and specific electron distributions have been resolved by atomic force microscopy, clarifying the charge-transfer pathways in the tunnel-coupled structure. When mutual charge interactions were exploited, control over specific charge distributions in the self-assembled structure has been achieved with single-molecule precision, paving the way toward the design of data processing platforms based on molecular nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Scheuerer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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8
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Huff TR, Dienel T, Rashidi M, Achal R, Livadaru L, Croshaw J, Wolkow RA. Electrostatic Landscape of a Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surface Probed by a Moveable Quantum Dot. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10566-10575. [PMID: 31386340 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With nanoelectronics reaching the limit of atom-sized devices, it has become critical to examine how irregularities in the local environment can affect device functionality. Here, we characterize the influence of charged atomic species on the electrostatic potential of a semiconductor surface at the subnanometer scale. Using noncontact atomic force microscopy, two-dimensional maps of the contact potential difference are used to show the spatially varying electrostatic potential on the (100) surface of hydrogen-terminated highly doped silicon. Three types of charged species, one on the surface and two within the bulk, are examined. An electric field sensitive spectroscopic signature of a single probe atom reports on nearby charged species. The identity of one of the near-surface species has been uncertain in the literature, and we suggest that its character is more consistent with either a negatively charged interstitial hydrogen or a hydrogen vacancy complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taleana R Huff
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2J1 , Canada
- Quantum Silicon, Inc. , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
| | - Thomas Dienel
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2J1 , Canada
| | - Mohammad Rashidi
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2J1 , Canada
| | - Roshan Achal
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2J1 , Canada
- Quantum Silicon, Inc. , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
| | | | - Jeremiah Croshaw
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2J1 , Canada
| | - Robert A Wolkow
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2J1 , Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Centre , National Research Council Canada , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
- Quantum Silicon, Inc. , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
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9
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Scheuerer P, Patera LL, Simbürger F, Queck F, Swart I, Schuler B, Gross L, Moll N, Repp J. Charge-Induced Structural Changes in a Single Molecule Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:066001. [PMID: 31491133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular structural relaxations occurring upon electron transfer are crucial in determining the rate of redox reactions. Here, we demonstrate that subangstrom structural changes occurring upon single-electron charging can be quantified by means of atomically resolved atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the case of single copper(II)phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecules deposited on an ultrathin NaCl film. Imaging the molecule in distinct charge states (neutral and anionic) reveals characteristic differences in the AFM contrast. In comparison to density functional theory simulations these changes in contrast can be directly related to relaxations of the molecule's geometric structure upon charging. The dominant contribution arises from a nonhomogeneous vertical relaxation of the molecule, caused by a change in the electrostatic interaction with the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Scheuerer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Simbürger
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Queck
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Swart
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 000, 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Schuler
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Adachi Y, Wen HF, Zhang Q, Miyazaki M, Sugawara Y, Sang H, Brndiar J, Kantorovich L, Štich I, Li YJ. Tip-Induced Control of Charge and Molecular Bonding of Oxygen Atoms on the Rutile TiO 2 (110) Surface with Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6917-6924. [PMID: 31180628 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We study a low-temperature on-surface reversible chemical reaction of oxygen atoms to molecules in ultrahigh vacuum on the semiconducting rutile TiO2(110)-(1 × 1) surface. The reaction is activated by charge transfer from two sources, natural surface/subsurface polarons and experimental Kelvin probe force spectroscopy as a tool for electronic charge manipulation with single electron precision. We demonstrate a complete control over the oxygen species not attainable previously, allowing us to deliberately discriminate in favor of charge or bond manipulation, using either direct charge injection/removal through the tip-oxygen adatom junction or indirectly via polarons. Comparing our ab initio calculations with experiment, we speculate that we may have also manipulated the spin on the oxygens, allowing us to deal with the singlet/triplet complexities associated with the oxygen molecule formation. We show that the manipulation outcome is fully governed by three experimental parameters, vertical and lateral tip positions and the bias voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Adachi
- Department of Applied Physics , Osaka University , Yamada-oka 2-1 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Huan Fei Wen
- Department of Applied Physics , Osaka University , Yamada-oka 2-1 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Quanzhen Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics , Osaka University , Yamada-oka 2-1 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Masato Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Physics , Osaka University , Yamada-oka 2-1 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Applied Physics , Osaka University , Yamada-oka 2-1 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Hongqian Sang
- Department of Physics, School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences , King's College London , The Strand , London , WC2R 2LS , United Kingdom
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Ján Brndiar
- CCMS, Institute of Physics , Slovak Academy of Sciences , 84511 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Lev Kantorovich
- Department of Physics, School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences , King's College London , The Strand , London , WC2R 2LS , United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Štich
- CCMS, Institute of Physics , Slovak Academy of Sciences , 84511 Bratislava , Slovakia
- Department of Natural Sciences , University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius , 91701 Trnava , Slovakia
| | - Yan Jun Li
- Department of Applied Physics , Osaka University , Yamada-oka 2-1 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
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11
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Zabka WD, Mosberger M, Novotny Z, Leuenberger D, Mette G, Kälin T, Probst B, Osterwalder J. Functionalization and passivation of ultrathin alumina films of defined sub-nanometer thickness with self-assembled monolayers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:424002. [PMID: 30160653 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaddd3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Instability of ultrathin surface oxides on alloys under environmental conditions can limit the opportunities for applications of these systems when the thickness control of the insulating oxide film is crucial for device performance. A procedure is developed to directly deposit self-assembled monolayers (SAM) from solvent onto substrates prepared under ultra-high vacuum conditions without exposure to air. As an example, rhenium photosensitizers functionalized with carboxyl linker groups are attached to ultrathin alumina grown on NiAl(1 1 0). The thickness change of the oxide layer during the SAM deposition is quantified by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and can be drastically reduced to one atomic layer. The SAM acts as a capping layer, stabilizing the oxide thin film under environmental conditions. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy elucidates the band alignment in the resulting heterostructure. The method for molecule attachment presented in this manuscript can be extended to a broad class of molecules vulnerable to pyrolysis upon evaporation and presents an elegant method for attaching molecular layers on solid substrates that are sensitive to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Dietrich Zabka
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Rashidi M, Vine W, Dienel T, Livadaru L, Retallick J, Huff T, Walus K, Wolkow RA. Initiating and Monitoring the Evolution of Single Electrons Within Atom-Defined Structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:166801. [PMID: 30387671 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.166801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a noncontact atomic force microscope, we track and manipulate the position of single electrons confined to atomic structures engineered from silicon dangling bonds on the hydrogen terminated silicon surface. An attractive tip surface interaction mechanically manipulates the equilibrium position of a surface silicon atom, causing rehybridization that stabilizes a negative charge at the dangling bond. This is applied to controllably switch the charge state of individual dangling bonds. Because this mechanism is based on short range interactions and can be performed without applied bias voltage, we maintain both site-specific selectivity and single-electron control. We extract the short range forces involved with this mechanism by subtracting the long range forces acquired on a dimer vacancy site. As a result of relaxation of the silicon lattice to accommodate negatively charged dangling bonds, we observe charge configurations of dangling bond structures that remain stable for many seconds at 4.5 K. Subsequently, we use charge manipulation to directly prepare the ground state and metastable charge configurations of dangling bond structures composed of up to six atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rashidi
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J1, Canada
- Nanotechnology Initiative, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2M9
- Quantum Silicon, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2M9
| | - Wyatt Vine
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J1, Canada
| | - Thomas Dienel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J1, Canada
- Nanotechnology Initiative, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2M9
| | | | - Jacob Retallick
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Taleana Huff
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J1, Canada
- Quantum Silicon, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2M9
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert A Wolkow
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J1, Canada
- Nanotechnology Initiative, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2M9
- Quantum Silicon, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2M9
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13
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Zhang Q, Li YJ, Wen HF, Adachi Y, Miyazaki M, Sugawara Y, Xu R, Cheng ZH, Brndiar J, Kantorovich L, Štich I. Measurement and Manipulation of the Charge State of an Adsorbed Oxygen Adatom on the Rutile TiO2(110)-1×1 Surface by nc-AFM and KPFM. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15668-15674. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhen Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yan Jun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Huan Fei Wen
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuuki Adachi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Hai Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ján Brndiar
- Center for Computational Materials Science, Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lev Kantorovich
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Štich
- Center for Computational Materials Science, Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84507 Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Doppagne B, Chong MC, Bulou H, Boeglin A, Scheurer F, Schull G. Electrofluorochromism at the single-molecule level. Science 2018; 361:251-255. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between the oxidation state and the optical properties of molecules is important for applications in displays, sensors, and molecular-based memories. The fundamental mechanisms occurring at the level of a single molecule have been difficult to probe. We used a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to characterize and control the fluorescence of a single zinc-phthalocyanine radical cation adsorbed on a sodium chloride–covered gold (111) sample. The neutral and oxidized states of the molecule were identified on the basis of their fluorescence spectra, which revealed very different emission energies and vibronic fingerprints. The emission of the charged molecule was controlled by tuning the thickness of the insulator and the plasmons localized at the apex of the STM tip. In addition, subnanometric variations of the tip position were used to investigate the charging and electroluminescence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Doppagne
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael C. Chong
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Bulou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alex Boeglin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Scheurer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Schull
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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15
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Gross L, Schuler B, Pavliček N, Fatayer S, Majzik Z, Moll N, Peña D, Meyer G. Rasterkraftmikroskopie für die molekulare Strukturaufklärung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Gross
- IBM Research - Zürich; 8803 Rüschlikon Schweiz
| | - Bruno Schuler
- IBM Research - Zürich; 8803 Rüschlikon Schweiz
- Molecular Foundry; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spanien
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16
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Gross L, Schuler B, Pavliček N, Fatayer S, Majzik Z, Moll N, Peña D, Meyer G. Atomic Force Microscopy for Molecular Structure Elucidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3888-3908. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Bruno Schuler
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
- Current address: Molecular Foundry; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | - Zsolt Majzik
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain
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17
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Dubois MA, Guillermet O, Gauthier S, Zhan G, Makoudi Y, Palmino F, Bouju X, Rochefort A. Influence of Cu adatoms on the molecular assembly of 4,4′-bipyridine on Cu(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15350-15357. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of highly organized structures based on two ligands with pyridyl functionalities, 4,4′-bipyridine (BPY) and 1,4-di(4,4′′-pyridyl) benzene (BPYB), and Cu adatoms on the Cu(111) surface has been studied with low temperature and variable temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.-A. Dubois
- Département de génie physique et Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe (RQMP), Polytechnique Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - O. Guillermet
- Centre d’élaboration de matériaux et d’études structurales
- CEMES-CNRS
- UPR 8011
- Université de Toulouse
- F-31055 Toulouse
| | - S. Gauthier
- Centre d’élaboration de matériaux et d’études structurales
- CEMES-CNRS
- UPR 8011
- Université de Toulouse
- F-31055 Toulouse
| | - G. Zhan
- Institut FEMTO-ST
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- CNRS
- F-25030 Besançon Cedex
- France
| | - Y. Makoudi
- Institut FEMTO-ST
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- CNRS
- F-25030 Besançon Cedex
- France
| | - F. Palmino
- Institut FEMTO-ST
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- CNRS
- F-25030 Besançon Cedex
- France
| | - X. Bouju
- Centre d’élaboration de matériaux et d’études structurales
- CEMES-CNRS
- UPR 8011
- Université de Toulouse
- F-31055 Toulouse
| | - A. Rochefort
- Département de génie physique et Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe (RQMP), Polytechnique Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
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18
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Rashidi M, Lloyd E, Huff TR, Achal R, Taucer M, Croshaw JJ, Wolkow RA. Resolving and Tuning Carrier Capture Rates at a Single Silicon Atom Gap State. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11732-11738. [PMID: 29091424 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on tuning the carrier capture events at a single dangling bond (DB) midgap state by varying the substrate temperature, doping type, and doping concentration. All-electronic time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (TR-STM) is employed to directly measure the carrier capture rates on the nanosecond time scale. A characteristic negative differential resistance (NDR) feature is evident in the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements of DBs on both n- and p-type doped samples. We find that a common model accounts for both observations. Atom-specific Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements confirm the energetic position of the DB's charge transition levels, corroborating STS studies. We show that under different tip-induced fields the DB can be supplied with electrons from two distinct reservoirs: the bulk conduction band and/or the valence band. We measure the filling and emptying rates of the DBs in the energy regime where electrons are supplied by the bulk valence band. We show that adding point charges in the vicinity of a DB shifts observed STS and NDR features due to Coulombic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rashidi
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Erika Lloyd
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
| | - Taleana R Huff
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
- Quantum Silicon, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Roshan Achal
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
- Quantum Silicon, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Marco Taucer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
| | - Jeremiah J Croshaw
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
| | - Robert A Wolkow
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Quantum Silicon, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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19
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Scivetti I, Persson M. Frontier molecular orbitals of a single molecule adsorbed on thin insulating films supported by a metal substrate: electron and hole attachment energies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:355002. [PMID: 28657547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7c3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present calculations of vertical electron and hole attachment energies to the frontier orbitals of a pentacene molecule absorbed on multi-layer sodium chloride films supported by a copper substrate using a simplified density functional theory (DFT) method. The adsorbate and the film are treated fully within DFT, whereas the metal is treated implicitly by a perfect conductor model. We find that the computed energy gap between the highest and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals-HOMO and LUMO -from the vertical attachment energies increases with the thickness of the insulating film, in agreement with experiments. This increase of the gap can be rationalised in a simple dielectric model with parameters determined from DFT calculations and is found to be dominated by the image interaction with the metal. We find, however, that this simplified model overestimates the downward shift of the energy gap in the limit of an infinitely thick film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Scivetti
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom. Daresbury Laboratory, Sc. Tech, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, Warrington, United Kingdom
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20
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Yu P, Kocić N, Repp J, Siegert B, Donarini A. Apparent Reversal of Molecular Orbitals Reveals Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:056801. [PMID: 28949707 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.056801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The frontier orbital sequence of individual dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophene molecules is studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy. On NaCl/Cu(111), the molecules are neutral, and the two lowest unoccupied molecular states are observed in the expected order of increasing energy. On NaCl/Cu(311), where the molecules are negatively charged, the sequence of two observed molecular orbitals is reversed, such that the one with one more nodal plane appears lower in energy. These experimental results, in open contradiction with a single-particle interpretation, are explained by a many-body theory predicting a strongly entangled doubly charged ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Nemanja Kocić
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Siegert
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Donarini
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Setvin M, Hulva J, Parkinson GS, Schmid M, Diebold U. Electron transfer between anatase TiO 2 and an O 2 molecule directly observed by atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2556-E2562. [PMID: 28289217 PMCID: PMC5380104 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618723114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of molecular oxygen is a key step in converting fuels into energy, but there is precious little experimental insight into how the process proceeds at the atomic scale. Here, we show that a combined atomic force microscopy/scanning tunneling microscopy (AFM/STM) experiment can both distinguish neutral O2 molecules in the triplet state from negatively charged (O2)- radicals and charge and discharge the molecules at will. By measuring the chemical forces above the different species adsorbed on an anatase TiO2 surface, we show that the tip-generated (O2)- radicals are identical to those created when (i) an O2 molecule accepts an electron from a near-surface dopant or (ii) when a photo-generated electron is transferred following irradiation of the anatase sample with UV light. Kelvin probe spectroscopy measurements indicate that electron transfer between the TiO2 and the adsorbed molecules is governed by competition between electron affinity of the physisorbed (triplet) O2 and band bending induced by the (O2)- radicals. Temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data provide information about thermal stability of the species, and confirm the chemical identification inferred from AFM/STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Setvin
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Hulva
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Schmid
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Repp J, Steurer W, Scivetti I, Persson M, Gross L, Meyer G. Charge-State-Dependent Diffusion of Individual Gold Adatoms on Ionic Thin NaCl Films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:146102. [PMID: 27740810 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.146102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is known that individual metal atoms on insulating ionic films can occur in several different (meta)stable charge states, which can be reversibly switched in a controlled fashion. Here we show that the diffusion of gold adatoms on NaCl thin films depends critically on their charge state. Surprisingly, the anionic species has a lower diffusion barrier than the neutral one. Furthermore, for the former we observe that the diffusion atop a bilayer of NaCl is strongly influenced by the interface between NaCl and the underlying copper substrate. This effect disappears for a trilayer of NaCl. These observations open the prospect of controlling the diffusion properties of individual metal atoms on thin insulating films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ivan Scivetti
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Mats Persson
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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23
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Karan S, Berndt R. Generation of spin in single cholesterol molecules on gold. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9334-7. [PMID: 26948454 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compact islands of cholesterol on Au(111) were investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy at ∼5 K. Single molecules have been switched among several states, three of which exhibit a sharp spectroscopic feature at the Fermi level. This feature signals the presence of a localized spin and suggests that the molecule may be controllably switched between paramagnetic and diamagnetic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Karan
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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24
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Rahe P, Steele RP, Williams CC. Consecutive Charging of a Molecule-on-Insulator Ensemble Using Single Electron Tunnelling Methods. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:911-916. [PMID: 26713686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the local charge state modification at room temperature of small insulator-supported molecular ensembles formed by 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid on calcite. Single electron tunnelling between the conducting tip of a noncontact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM) and the molecular islands is observed. By joining NC-AFM with Kelvin probe force microscopy, successive charge build-up in the sample is observed from consecutive experiments. Charge transfer within the islands and structural relaxation of the adsorbate/surface system is suggested by the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rahe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0830, United States
| | - Ryan P Steele
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0830, United States
| | - Clayton C Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0830, United States
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25
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Karan S, Li N, Zhang Y, He Y, Hong IP, Song H, Lü JT, Wang Y, Peng L, Wu K, Michelitsch GS, Maurer RJ, Diller K, Reuter K, Weismann A, Berndt R. Spin Manipulation by Creation of Single-Molecule Radical Cations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:027201. [PMID: 26824562 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ReA), a closed-shell organic molecule comprising only C, H, and O atoms, is investigated on a Au(111) substrate using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. In dense arrays single ReA molecules are switched to a number of states, three of which carry a localized spin as evidenced by conductance spectroscopy in high magnetic fields. The spin of a single molecule may be reversibly switched on and off without affecting its neighbors. We suggest that ReA on Au is readily converted to a radical by the abstraction of an electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Karan
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang He
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - I-Po Hong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanjun Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Tao Lü
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beida Information Research (BIR), Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianmao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Georg S Michelitsch
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Katharina Diller
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Weismann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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26
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Steurer W, Fatayer S, Gross L, Meyer G. Probe-based measurement of lateral single-electron transfer between individual molecules. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8353. [PMID: 26387533 PMCID: PMC4595756 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of molecular electronics aims at using single molecules as functional building blocks for electronics components, such as switches, rectifiers or transistors. A key challenge is to perform measurements with atomistic control over the alignment of the molecule and its contacting electrodes. Here we use atomic force microscopy to examine charge transfer between weakly coupled pentacene molecules on insulating films with single-electron sensitivity and control over the atomistic details. We show that, in addition to the imaging capability, the probe tip can be used to control the charge state of individual molecules and to detect charge transfers to/from the tip, as well as between individual molecules. Our approach represents a novel route for molecular charge transfer studies with a host of opportunities, especially in combination with single atom/molecule manipulation and nanopatterning techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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27
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Polyakov OP, Stepanyuk VS. Tuning an Atomic Switch on a Surface with Electric and Magnetic Fields. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3698-3701. [PMID: 26722744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controllable switching an adatom position and its magnetization could lead to a single-atom memory. Our theoretical studies show that switching adatom between different surface sites by the quantum tunneling, discovered in several experiments, can be controlled by an external electric field. Switching a single spin by magnetic fields is found to be strongly site-dependent on a surface. This could enable to control a spin-dynamics of adatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Polyakov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik , Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeri S Stepanyuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik , Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Steurer W, Schuler B, Pavliček N, Gross L, Scivetti I, Persson M, Meyer G. Toggling the Local Electric Field with an Embedded Adatom Switch. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5564-5568. [PMID: 26177363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
By means of scanning probe microscopy we demonstrate that Au(+) on NaCl films adsorbs in an embedded, slightly off-centered Cl-Cl bridge position and can be switched between two equivalent mirror-symmetric configurations using the attractive force exerted by a scanning probe tip. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the displacement of the Au atom from the centered position of the bridge configuration is accompanied by a large lifting of the closest Cl atom leading to significant changes in the local electrostatic field. Our findings suggest that Au(+) can be used to toggle the local electrostatic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Steurer
- †IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - B Schuler
- †IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - N Pavliček
- †IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - L Gross
- †IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - I Scivetti
- ‡Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - M Persson
- ‡Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - G Meyer
- †IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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