1
|
Savytskyy R, Botzem T, Fernandez de Fuentes I, Joecker B, Pla JJ, Hudson FE, Itoh KM, Jakob AM, Johnson BC, Jamieson DN, Dzurak AS, Morello A. An electrically driven single-atom "flip-flop" qubit. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9408. [PMID: 36763660 PMCID: PMC9916988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The spins of atoms and atom-like systems are among the most coherent objects in which to store quantum information. However, the need to address them using oscillating magnetic fields hinders their integration with quantum electronic devices. Here, we circumvent this hurdle by operating a single-atom "flip-flop" qubit in silicon, where quantum information is encoded in the electron-nuclear states of a phosphorus donor. The qubit is controlled using local electric fields at microwave frequencies, produced within a metal-oxide-semiconductor device. The electrical drive is mediated by the modulation of the electron-nuclear hyperfine coupling, a method that can be extended to many other atomic and molecular systems and to the hyperpolarization of nuclear spin ensembles. These results pave the way to the construction of solid-state quantum processors where dense arrays of atoms can be controlled using only local electric fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Savytskyy
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tim Botzem
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Joecker
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jarryd J. Pla
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fay E. Hudson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kohei M. Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alexander M. Jakob
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brett C. Johnson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David N. Jamieson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Dzurak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El Hariri El Nokab M, Sebakhy KO. Solid State NMR Spectroscopy a Valuable Technique for Structural Insights of Advanced Thin Film Materials: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1494. [PMID: 34200088 PMCID: PMC8228666 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR has proven to be a versatile technique for studying the chemical structure, 3D structure and dynamics of all sorts of chemical compounds. In nanotechnology and particularly in thin films, the study of chemical modification, molecular packing, end chain motion, distance determination and solvent-matrix interactions is essential for controlling the final product properties and applications. Despite its atomic-level research capabilities and recent technical advancements, solid-state NMR is still lacking behind other spectroscopic techniques in the field of thin films due to the underestimation of NMR capabilities, availability, great variety of nuclei and pulse sequences, lack of sensitivity for quadrupole nuclei and time-consuming experiments. This article will comprehensively and critically review the work done by solid-state NMR on different types of thin films and the most advanced NMR strategies, which are beyond conventional, and the hardware design used to overcome the technical issues in thin-film research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha El Hariri El Nokab
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Khaled O. Sebakhy
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Franke DP, Pflüger MPD, Itoh KM, Brandt MS. Multiple-Quantum Transitions and Charge-Induced Decoherence of Donor Nuclear Spins in Silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:246401. [PMID: 28665647 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.246401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study single- and multiquantum transitions of the nuclear spins of an ensemble of ionized arsenic donors in silicon and find quadrupolar effects on the coherence times, which we link to fluctuating electrical field gradients present after the application of light and bias voltage pulses. To determine the coherence times of superpositions of all orders in the 4-dimensional Hilbert space, we use a phase-cycling technique and find that, when electrical effects were allowed to decay, these times scale as expected for a fieldlike decoherence mechanism such as the interaction with surrounding ^{29}Si nuclear spins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Franke
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz P D Pflüger
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Martin S Brandt
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee S. Sensitive detection of NMR for thin films. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2015; 71:1-10. [PMID: 26549846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NMR can provide valuable information about thin films, but its relatively low sensitivity allows data acquisition only from bulk samples. The sensitivity problem is circumvented by detection schemes with higher sensitivity and/or enhanced polarization. In most of these ingenious techniques, electrons play a central role through hyperfine interactions with the nuclei of interest or the conversion of the spin orientation to an electric charge. The state of the art in NMR is the control of a single nuclear spin state, the complete form of which is one of the ultimate goals of nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soonchil Lee
- Department of Physics, KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yusongku 305-701, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Franke DP, Hrubesch FM, Künzl M, Becker HW, Itoh KM, Stutzmann M, Hoehne F, Dreher L, Brandt MS. Interaction of Strain and Nuclear Spins in Silicon: Quadrupolar Effects on Ionized Donors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:057601. [PMID: 26274442 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.057601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear spins of ionized donors in silicon have become an interesting quantum resource due to their very long coherence times. Their perfect isolation, however, comes at a price, since the absence of the donor electron makes the nuclear spin difficult to control. We demonstrate that the quadrupolar interaction allows us to effectively tune the nuclear magnetic resonance of ionized arsenic donors in silicon via strain and determine the two nonzero elements of the S tensor linking strain and electric field gradients in this material to S(11)=1.5×10(22) V/m2 and S(44)=6×10(22) V/m2. We find a stronger benefit of dynamical decoupling on the coherence properties of transitions subject to first-order quadrupole shifts than on those subject to only second-order shifts and discuss applications of quadrupole physics including mechanical driving of magnetic resonance, cooling of mechanical resonators, and strain-mediated spin coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Franke
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian M Hrubesch
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Künzl
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Becker
- RUBION, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Hoehne
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Dreher
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin S Brandt
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hrubesch FM, Braunbeck G, Voss A, Stutzmann M, Brandt MS. Broadband electrically detected magnetic resonance using adiabatic pulses. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 254:62-69. [PMID: 25828243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a broadband microwave setup for electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) based on microwave antennae with the ability to apply arbitrarily shaped pulses for the excitation of electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of spin ensembles. This setup uses non-resonant stripline structures for on-chip microwave delivery and is demonstrated to work in the frequency range from 4 MHz to 18 GHz. π pulse times of 50 ns and 70 μs for ESR and NMR transitions, respectively, are achieved with as little as 100 mW of microwave or radiofrequency power. The use of adiabatic pulses fully compensates for the microwave magnetic field inhomogeneity of the stripline antennae, as demonstrated with the help of BIR4 unitary rotation pulses driving the ESR transition of neutral phosphorus donors in silicon and the NMR transitions of ionized phosphorus donors as detected by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Hrubesch
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - G Braunbeck
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - A Voss
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - M Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - M S Brandt
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|