1
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Tong J, Pan S, Jiang W, Han L, Xu Y, Zuo Z, Lu P, Gong X, Wu J. Identifying photoelectron releasing order in strong-field dissociative ionization of H 2. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:25467-25476. [PMID: 37710432 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Driven by intense laser fields, the outgoing photoelectrons in molecules possess a quiver motion, resulting in the rise of the effective ionization potential. The coupling of the field-dressed ionization potential with abundant molecular dynamics complicates the laser-molecule interactions. Here, we demonstrate an approach to resolve photoelectron releasing order in the dissociative and non-dissociative channels of multiphoton ionization driven by an orthogonally polarized two-color femtosecond laser pulse. The photoelectron kinetic energy releases and the regular nodes in the photoelectron angular distributions due to the participation of different continuum partial waves allow us to deduce the field-dressed ionization potential of various channels. It returns the ponderomotive energy experienced by the outgoing electron and reveals the corresponding photoionization instants within the laser pulse. Our results provide a route to explore the complex strong-field ionization dynamics of molecules using two-dimensional photoelectron momentum spectroscopy.
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2
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Yao HB, Qu QW, Zhang ZH, Wang JW, Gao J, Hu CX, Li H, Wu J, He F. Multiphoton Ionization Reduction of Atoms in Two-Color Femtosecond Laser Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:113201. [PMID: 37001077 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the ionization reduction of atoms in two-color femtosecond laser fields in this joint theoretical-experimental study. For the multiphoton ionization of atoms using a 400 nm laser pulse, the ionization probability is reduced if another relatively weak 800 nm laser pulse is overlapped. Such ionization reduction consistently occurs regardless of the relative phase between the two pulses. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation simulation results indicate that with the assisted 800 nm photons the electron can be launched to Rydberg states with large angular quantum numbers, which stand off the nuclei and thus are hard to be freed in the multiphoton regime. This mechanism works for hydrogen, helium, and probably some other atoms if two-color laser fields are properly tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative innovation center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Materials Research of Xinjiang Education Department, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Qi-Wen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhao-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative innovation center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Chen-Xi Hu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative innovation center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401121, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative innovation center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
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3
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Cheng YC, Mikaelsson S, Nandi S, Rämisch L, Guo C, Carlström S, Harth A, Vogelsang J, Miranda M, Arnold CL, L'Huillier A, Gisselbrecht M. Controlling photoionization using attosecond time-slit interferences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10727-10732. [PMID: 32354996 PMCID: PMC7245115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921138117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When small quantum systems, atoms or molecules, absorb a high-energy photon, electrons are emitted with a well-defined energy and a highly symmetric angular distribution, ruled by energy quantization and parity conservation. These rules are based on approximations and symmetries which may break down when atoms are exposed to ultrashort and intense optical pulses. This raises the question of their universality for the simplest case of the photoelectric effect. Here we investigate photoionization of helium by a sequence of attosecond pulses in the presence of a weak infrared laser field. We continuously control the energy of the photoelectrons and introduce an asymmetry in their emission direction, at variance with the idealized rules mentioned above. This control, made possible by the extreme temporal confinement of the light-matter interaction, opens a road in attosecond science, namely, the manipulation of ultrafast processes with a tailored sequence of attosecond pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Cheng
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Saikat Nandi
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rämisch
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anne Harth
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Miguel Miranda
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cord L Arnold
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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4
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He PL, Zhang ZH, He F. Young's Double-Slit Interference in a Hydrogen Atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:163201. [PMID: 32383919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the possibility of realizing Young's double-slit interference in a hydrogen atom via ab initio simulations. By exposing the hydrogen atom to a high-frequency intensive laser pulse, the bound state distorts into a dichotomic Kramers-Henneberger state whose photoelectron momentum distribution imprints a double-slit interference structure. The dichotomic hydrogen atom presents molecular peculiarities, such as charge-resonance enhanced ionization, electron spin flipping due to the non-Abelian Berry phase. In return, the photoelectron momentum distribution carrying the double-slit interference structure provides unambiguous evidence on the existence of Kramers-Henneberger states, and thus the adiabatic stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lun He
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative Innovation Center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative Innovation Center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative Innovation Center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
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5
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Agueny H. Quantum control and characterization of ultrafast ionization with orthogonal two-color laser pulses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:239. [PMID: 31937810 PMCID: PMC6959349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We study ultrafast ionization dynamics using orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser pulses involving the resonant "first plus second" (ω + 2ω) scheme. The scheme is illustrated by numerical simulations of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and recording the photoelectron momentum distribution. On the basis of the simulations of this resonant ionization, we identify signatures of the dynamic Autler-Townes effect and dynamic interference, in which their characterization is not possible in the spectral domain. Taking advantage of the OTC scheme we show that these dynamical effects, which occur at the same time scale, can be characterized in momentum space by controlling the spatial quantum interference. In particular, we show that with the use of this control scheme, one can tailor the properties of the control pulse to lead to enhancement of the ionization rate through the Autler-Townes effect without affecting the dynamic interference. This enhancement is shown to result from constructive interferences between partial photoelectron waves having opposite-parity, and found to manifest by symmetry-breaking of the momentum distribution. The scenario is investigated for a prototype of a hydrogen atom and is broadly applicable to other systems. Our findings may have applications for photoelectron interferometers to control the electron dynamics in time and space, and for accurate temporal characterization of attosecond pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Agueny
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allegt. 55, N-5007, Bergen, Norway.
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6
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Agueny H, Taoutioui A, Adnani Y, Makhoute A. Manipulating dynamical Rabi-splitting with two-color laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:21020-21028. [PMID: 31510187 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.021020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate strong-field ionization of hydrogen atoms by orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser pulses consisting of a fundamental field that is resonant with the 1s - 2p transition and its second harmonic. Numerical simulations are performed by solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation and recording the photoelectron momentum distribution. In this strong-field resonant ionization, the atom undergoes many Rabi cycles and the electron can be emitted within a completed Rabi-cycle leading to the splitting of the localized momentum distribution. Here, the splitting is attributed to dynamic Rabi-splitting as a result of the dynamic Stark effect. The employed OTC scheme is shown to be efficient for controlling the dynamic Rabi-splitting through the control of quantum-path interferences involved in one-photon and two-photon absorption processes. The control scheme is accomplished by varying the relative ratio intensity and optical phase between the two pulses, and its footprint is mapped in the momentum distribution. This is shown to lead to an asymmetric distribution and suppression of the ionization process. The obtained results suggest the OTC scheme as a tool for coherent control of dynamic Rabi-oscillations via the controlled quantum-path interferences, thus opening new directions towards designing quantum states via the control OTC scheme.
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7
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Jin F, Yang H, Wang B, Wei L, Wu H. Angular resolved above-threshold ionization spectrum of an atom in IR+XUV orthogonally polarized two-color laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:20754-20762. [PMID: 31510164 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.020754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the above-threshold ionization (ATI) process of atoms exposed to the IR+XUV orthogonally polarized two-color laser fields by using the frequency-domain theory. It is shown that there exists a dip structure in each plateau of the angular resolved ATI spectrum. The dip structure in the first plateau is attributed to the fact that the electron cannot absorb one XUV photon when its emission direction is perpendicular to the XUV laser polarization, while the one in the second plateau is attributed to the coherent results of different channels. The emergence of dip structure is associated directly with the XUV laser field. Furthermore, by applying the saddle-point approximation, it is found that the fringes on the spectrum is caused by the interference of two trajectories for different saddle-points in the IR laser field. Finally, it is found that, in the high energy region, the probability of ATI spectrum is mainly determined by the XUV laser field, and the width of each plateau is mainly determined by the IR laser field; on the other hand, the ATI spectrum of the low energy region is only determined by the IR laser field.
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8
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Li M, Xie H, Cao W, Luo S, Tan J, Feng Y, Du B, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang Q, Lan P, Zhou Y, Lu P. Photoelectron Holographic Interferometry to Probe the Longitudinal Momentum Offset at the Tunnel Exit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:183202. [PMID: 31144893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.183202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced electron tunneling underlies numerous emerging spectroscopic techniques to probe attosecond electron dynamics in atoms and molecules. The improvement of those techniques requires an accurate knowledge of the exit momentum for the tunneling wave packet. Here we demonstrate a photoelectron interferometric scheme to probe the electron momentum longitudinal to the tunnel direction at the tunnel exit by measuring the photoelectron holographic pattern in an orthogonally polarized two-color laser pulse. In this scheme, we use a perturbative 400-nm laser field to modulate the photoelectron holographic fringes generated by a strong 800-nm pulse. The fringe shift offers direct experimental access to the intermediate canonical momentum of the rescattering electron, allowing us to reconstruct the momentum offset at the tunnel exit with high accuracy. Our result unambiguously proves the existence of nonzero initial longitudinal momentum at the tunnel exit and provides fundamental insights into the nonquasistatic nature of the strong-field tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siqiang Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia Tan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yudi Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Baojie Du
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pengfei Lan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yueming Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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9
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Ge P, Han M, Deng Y, Gong Q, Liu Y. Universal Description of the Attoclock with Two-Color Corotating Circular Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:013201. [PMID: 31012680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.013201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally measure the laser-intensity-dependent photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) of Ar atoms with two-color (ω+2ω) corotating circularly polarized fields. The interference patterns on PMDs reveal complex structures with respect to the laser intensity ratio. The main above-threshold ionization peaks and sidebands on PMD distribute oppositely when the fundamental field is much weaker than the second-harmonic field, and the PMD reveals a characteristic single-lobe distribution when the two colors have comparable intensities. Using strong-field approximation, we analytically explain how the interference pattern on PMD evolves with respect to the relative laser intensity. By analyzing the interference pattern, we reveal the phase difference and the temporal evolution of the emitting electron wave packets. We show that, when monitoring the intensity ratio, the double-pointer attoclock geometry with corotating circular fields can be universally mimicked as the spatially rotating temporal double-slit experiments with the variable slit width, which can be used to probe and control strong-field ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongkai Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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10
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Tan J, Zhou Y, He M, Chen Y, Ke Q, Liang J, Zhu X, Li M, Lu P. Determination of the Ionization Time Using Attosecond Photoelectron Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:253203. [PMID: 30608780 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.253203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced electron tunneling ionization from atoms and molecules plays as the trigger for a broad class of interesting strong-field phenomena in attosecond community. Understanding the time of electron tunneling ionization is vital to achieving the ultimate accuracy in attosecond metrology. We propose a novel attosecond photoelectron interferometer, which is based on the interference of the direct and near-forward rescattering electron wave packets, to determine the time information characterizing the tunneling process. Adding a weak perturbation in orthogonal to the strong fundamental field, the phases of the direct and the near-forward rescattering electron wave packets are modified, leading to the shift of the interferogram in the photoelectron momentum distributions. By analyzing the response of the interferogram to the perturbation, the real part of the ionization time, which denotes the instant when the electron exits the potential barrier, and the associated rescattering time are precisely retrieved. Moreover, the imaginary part of the ionization time, which has been interpreted as a quantity related to electron motion under the potential barrier, is also unambiguously determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tan
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yueming Zhou
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingrui He
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yinbo Chen
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qinghua Ke
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jintai Liang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaosong Zhu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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11
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Xie X, Wang T, Yu S, Lai X, Roither S, Kartashov D, Baltuška A, Liu X, Staudte A, Kitzler M. Disentangling Intracycle Interferences in Photoelectron Momentum Distributions Using Orthogonal Two-Color Laser Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:243201. [PMID: 29286743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.243201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We use orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser pulses to separate quantum paths in the multiphoton ionization of Ar atoms. Our OTC pulses consist of 400 and 800 nm light at a relative intensity ratio of 10∶1. We find a hitherto unobserved interference in the photoelectron momentum distribution, which exhibits a strong dependence on the relative phase of the OTC pulse. Analysis of model calculations reveals that the interference is caused by quantum pathways from nonadjacent quarter cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Xie
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tian Wang
- Joint Laboratory for Attosecond Science of the National Research Council and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - ShaoGang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - XuanYang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Stefan Roither
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniil Kartashov
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrius Baltuška
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - XiaoJun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - André Staudte
- Joint Laboratory for Attosecond Science of the National Research Council and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Markus Kitzler
- Photonics Institute, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Kübel M, Dube Z, Naumov AY, Spanner M, Paulus GG, Kling MF, Villeneuve DM, Corkum PB, Staudte A. Streak Camera for Strong-Field Ionization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:183201. [PMID: 29219565 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.183201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionization of an atom or molecule by a strong laser field produces suboptical cycle wave packets whose control has given rise to attosecond science. The final states of the wave packets depend on ionization and deflection by the laser field, which are convoluted in conventional experiments. Here, we demonstrate a technique enabling efficient electron deflection, separate from the field driving strong-field ionization. Using a midinfrared deflection field permits one to distinguish electron wave packets generated at different field maxima of an intense few-cycle visible laser pulse. We utilize this capability to trace the scattering of low-energy electrons driven by the midinfrared field. Our approach represents a general technique for studying and controlling strong-field ionization dynamics on the attosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kübel
- Joint Attosecond Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Dube
- Joint Attosecond Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - A Yu Naumov
- Joint Attosecond Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - M Spanner
- Joint Attosecond Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - G G Paulus
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M F Kling
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D M Villeneuve
- Joint Attosecond Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - P B Corkum
- Joint Attosecond Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - A Staudte
- Joint Attosecond Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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13
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Han M, Ge P, Shao Y, Liu MM, Deng Y, Wu C, Gong Q, Liu Y. Revealing the Sub-Barrier Phase using a Spatiotemporal Interferometer with Orthogonal Two-Color Laser Fields of Comparable Intensity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:073201. [PMID: 28949683 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.073201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We measure photoelectron momentum distributions of Ar atoms in orthogonally polarized two-color laser fields with comparable intensities. The synthesized laser field is used to manipulate the oscillating tunneling barrier and the subsequent motion of electrons onto two spatial dimensions. The subcycle structures associated with the temporal double-slit interference are spatially separated and enhanced. We use such a spatiotemporal interferometer to reveal sub-barrier phase of strong-field tunneling ionization. This study shows that the tunneling process transfers the initial phase onto momentum distribution. Our work has the implication that the sub-barrier phase plays an indispensable role in photoelectron interference processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Han
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peipei Ge
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yun Shao
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongkai Deng
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengyin Wu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
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14
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Gong X, Lin C, He F, Song Q, Lin K, Ji Q, Zhang W, Ma J, Lu P, Liu Y, Zeng H, Yang W, Wu J. Energy-Resolved Ultrashort Delays of Photoelectron Emission Clocked by Orthogonal Two-Color Laser Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:143203. [PMID: 28430519 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.143203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A phase-controlled orthogonal two-color (OTC) femtosecond laser pulse is employed to probe the time delay of photoelectron emission in the strong-field ionization of atoms. The OTC field spatiotemporally steers the emission dynamics of the photoelectrons and meanwhile allows us to unambiguously distinguish the main and sideband peaks of the above-threshold ionization spectrum. The relative phase shift between the main and sideband peaks, retrieved from the phase-of-phase of the photoelectron spectrum as a function of the laser phase, gradually decreases with increasing electron energy, and becomes zero for the fast electron which is mainly produced by the rescattering process. Furthermore, a Freeman resonance delay of 140±40 attoseconds between photoelectrons emitted via the 4f and 5p Rydberg states of argon is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Collaborative Innovation Center for IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qinying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Junyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Peifen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Heping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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15
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Xie H, Li M, Li Y, Zhou Y, Lu P. Intra-half-cycle interference of low-energy photoelectron in strong midinfrared laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:27726-27737. [PMID: 27906341 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.027726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using semiclassical models with implementing interference effects, we study the low-energy photoelectron intra-half-cycle interferences among nonscattering trajectories and multiple forward scattering trajectories of atoms ionized by a strong mid-infrared laser field. Tracing back to the initial tunneling coordinates, we find that up to three kinds of forward scattering trajectories have substantial contributions to the low-energy photoelectrons. Those multiple forward scattering trajectories depend sensitively on the initial transverse momentum at the tunnel exit and they lead to sign reversal of the transverse momentum of the electrons. We show that the interference of the nonscattering trajectory and the triple-scattered trajectory has the largest contribution to the low-energy structure in mid-infrared laser fields. It is also shown that the long-range Coulomb potential has a significant effect on the low-energy photoelectron interference patterns.
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16
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Li Y, Zhou Y, He M, Li M, Lu P. Identifying backward-rescattering photoelectron hologram with orthogonal two-color laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:23697-23706. [PMID: 27828206 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.023697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Backscattering photoelectron hologram (BPH) originating from direct and backward-rescattering electrons encodes important structural information and ultrafast dynamics of the underlying processes. However, the BPH is usually overshadowed by other interference structures in the photoelectrons momentum spectra, preventing a direct extraction of information using BPH. Here we theoretically demonstrate disentanglement of the BPH from other types of interference with the orthogonal two-color field, where a weak orthogonal component is used to streak the BPH. By carefully adjusting the relative phase of the two-color field, the BPH is effectively separated from other interferences in the photoelectron momentum spectra and thus the BPH is unambiguously identified. This takes a significant step to time-resolved imaging of the attosecond dynamics with strong-field photoelectron holography.
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17
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Eckart S, Richter M, Kunitski M, Hartung A, Rist J, Henrichs K, Schlott N, Kang H, Bauer T, Sann H, Schmidt LPH, Schöffler M, Jahnke T, Dörner R. Nonsequential Double Ionization by Counterrotating Circularly Polarized Two-Color Laser Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:133202. [PMID: 27715093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.133202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on nonsequential double ionization of Ar by a laser pulse consisting of two counterrotating circularly polarized fields (390 and 780 nm). The double-ionization probability depends strongly on the relative intensity of the two fields and shows a kneelike structure as a function of intensity. We conclude that double ionization is driven by a beam of nearly monoenergetic recolliding electrons, which can be controlled in intensity and energy by the field parameters. The electron momentum distributions show the recolliding electron as well as a second electron which escapes from an intermediate excited state of Ar^{+}.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eckart
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Richter
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Kunitski
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Hartung
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Rist
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K Henrichs
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - N Schlott
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Kang
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - T Bauer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Sann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Ph H Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Schöffler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - T Jahnke
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Zhou Y, Tolstikhin OI, Morishita T. Near-Forward Rescattering Photoelectron Holography in Strong-Field Ionization: Extraction of the Phase of the Scattering Amplitude. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:173001. [PMID: 27176518 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.173001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the concept of near-forward rescattering strong-field photoelectron holography introduced by Y. Huismans et al. [Science 331, 61 (2011)]. The recently developed adiabatic theory is used to show how the phase of the scattering amplitude for near-forward rescattering of an ionized electron by the parent ion is encoded in and can be read out from the corresponding interference pattern in photoelectron momentum distributions (PEMDs) produced in the ionization of atoms and molecules by intense laser pulses. A procedure to extract the phase is proposed. Its application to PEMDs obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a model atom yields results in good agreement with scattering calculations. This establishes a novel general approach to extracting structural information from strong-field observables capable of providing time-resolved imaging of ultrafast processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Zhou
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofu-ga-oka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Oleg I Tolstikhin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Toru Morishita
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofu-ga-oka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofu-ga-oka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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19
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Haertelt M, Bian XB, Spanner M, Staudte A, Corkum PB. Probing Molecular Dynamics by Laser-Induced Backscattering Holography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:133001. [PMID: 27081975 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We use differential holography to overcome the forward scattering problem in strong-field photoelectron holography. Our differential holograms of H_{2} and D_{2} molecules exhibit a fishbonelike structure, which arises from the backscattered part of the recolliding photoelectron wave packet. We demonstrate that the backscattering hologram can resolve the different nuclear dynamics between H_{2} and D_{2} with subangstrom spatial and subcycle temporal resolution. In addition, we show that attosecond electron dynamics can be resolved. These results open a new avenue for ultrafast studies of molecular dynamics in small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Haertelt
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xue-Bin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, WuHan, HuBei 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Spanner
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - André Staudte
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Paul B Corkum
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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20
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Geng JW, Xiong WH, Xiao XR, Peng LY, Gong Q. Nonadiabatic Electron Dynamics in Orthogonal Two-Color Laser Fields with Comparable Intensities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:193001. [PMID: 26588375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the nonadiabatic subcycle electron dynamics in orthogonally polarized two-color laser fields with comparable intensities. The photoelectron dynamics is simulated by exact solution to the 3D time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and also by two other semiclassical methods, i.e., the quantum trajectory Monte Carlo simulation and the Coulomb-corrected strong field approximation. Through these methods, we identify the underlying mechanisms of the subcycle electron dynamics and find that both the nonadiabatic effects and the Coulomb potential play very important roles. The contribution of the nonadiabatic effects manifest in two aspects, i.e., the nonadiabatic ionization rate and the nonzero initial velocities at the tunneling exit. The Coulomb potential has a different impact on the electrons' trajectories for different relative phases between the two pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Hao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liang-You Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Skruszewicz S, Tiggesbäumker J, Meiwes-Broer KH, Arbeiter M, Fennel T, Bauer D. Two-Color Strong-Field Photoelectron Spectroscopy and the Phase of the Phase. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:043001. [PMID: 26252678 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a weak second-harmonic field in an intense-laser ionization experiment affects the momentum-resolved electron yield, depending on the relative phase between the ω and the 2ω component. The proposed two-color "phase-of-the-phase spectroscopy" quantifies for each final electron momentum a relative-phase contrast (RPC) and a phase of the phase (PP) describing how much and with which phase lag, respectively, the yield changes as a function of the relative phase. Experimental results for RPC and PP spectra for rare gas atoms and CO_{2} are presented. The spectra demonstrate a rather universal structure that is analyzed with the help of a simple model based on electron trajectories, wave-packet spreading, and (multiple) rescattering. Details in the PP and RPC spectra are target sensitive and, thus, may be used to extract structural (or even dynamical) information with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skruszewicz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Th Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - D Bauer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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22
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Xie X. Two-dimensional attosecond electron wave-packet interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:173003. [PMID: 25978229 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.173003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a two-dimensional interferometry based on the electron wave-packet interference by using a cycle-shaped orthogonally polarized two-color laser field. With such a method, the subcycle and intercycle interferences can be disentangled into different directions in the measured photoelectron momentum spectra. The Coulomb influence can be minimized and the overlapping of interference fringes with the complicated low-energy structures can be avoided as well. The contributions of the excitation effect and the long-range Coulomb potential can be traced in the Fourier domain of the photoelectron distribution. Because of these advantages, precise information on valence electron dynamics of atoms or molecules with attosecond temporal resolution and additional spatial information with angstrom resolution can be obtained with the two-dimensional electron wave-packet interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Xie
- Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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