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López S, de la Fuente E, Alonso A, Pandey AK, Guilbaud O, Oliva E. Conservation of orbital angular momentum throughout amplification of high order harmonics in Ni-like krypton and silver plasmas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8465-8478. [PMID: 36859961 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this article we present modelling results of the amplification of High Order Harmonics (HOH) carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) in plasma amplifiers created from krypton gas and silver solid targets. The resulting amplified beam is characterized in terms of intensity, phase and decomposition in helical and Laguerre-Gauss modes. Results show that the amplification process conserves OAM, although some degradation is apparent. Several structures appear in the intensity and phase profiles. These structures have been characterized with our model and related to refraction and interference with the plasma self-emission. Thus, these results not only demonstrate the capability of plasma amplifiers to deliver HOH amplified beams carrying OAM but also pave the way towards using HOH carrying OAM as a probe beam to diagnose the dynamics of hot, dense plasmas.
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2
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Marcano L, Orue I, Gandia D, Gandarias L, Weigand M, Abrudan RM, García-Prieto A, García-Arribas A, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Valencia S. Magnetic Anisotropy of Individual Nanomagnets Embedded in Biological Systems Determined by Axi-asymmetric X-ray Transmission Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7398-7408. [PMID: 35472296 PMCID: PMC9878725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications has increased. Among others, magnetic nanostructures can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases, to locally destroy cancer cells, to deliver drugs at specific positions, and to guide (and track) stem cells to damaged body locations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. All these applications rely on the magnetic properties of the nanomagnets which are mostly determined by their magnetic anisotropy. Despite its importance, the magnetic anisotropy of the individual magnetic nanostructures is unknown. Currently available magnetic sensitive microscopic methods are either limited in spatial resolution or in magnetic field strength or, more relevant, do not allow one to measure magnetic signals of nanomagnets embedded in biological systems. Hence, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications must rely on mean values obtained after averaging samples containing thousands of dissimilar entities. Here we present a hybrid experimental/theoretical method capable of working out the magnetic anisotropy constant and the magnetic easy axis of individual magnetic nanostructures embedded in biological systems. The method combines scanning transmission X-ray microscopy using an axi-asymmetric magnetic field with theoretical simulations based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. The validity of the method is demonstrated by determining the magnetic anisotropy constant and magnetic easy axis direction of 15 intracellular magnetite nanoparticles (50 nm in size) biosynthesized inside a magnetotactic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Marcano
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Orue
- SGIker, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Gandia
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Lucía Gandarias
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radu Marius Abrudan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana García-Prieto
- Dpto. Física
Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Arribas
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Muela
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Amplification of elliptically polarized sub-femtosecond pulses in neon-like X-ray laser modulated by an IR field. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6204. [PMID: 35418583 PMCID: PMC9008065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplification of attosecond pulses produced via high harmonic generation is a formidable problem since none of the amplifiers can support the corresponding PHz bandwidth. Producing the well defined polarization state common for a set of harmonics required for formation of the circularly/elliptically polarized attosecond pulses (which are on demand for dynamical imaging and coherent control of the spin flip processes) is another big challenge. In this work we show how both problems can be tackled simultaneously on the basis of the same platform, namely, the plasma-based X-ray amplifier whose resonant transition frequency is modulated by an infrared field.
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4
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Wang J, Bulanov SV, Chen M, Lei B, Zhang Y, Zagidullin R, Zorina V, Yu W, Leng Y, Li R, Zepf M, Rykovanov SG. Relativistic slingshot: A source for single circularly polarized attosecond x-ray pulses. Phys Rev E 2021; 102:061201. [PMID: 33466060 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We propose a mechanism to generate a single intense circularly polarized attosecond x-ray pulse from the interaction of a circularly polarized relativistic few-cycle laser pulse with an ultrathin foil at normal incidence. Analytical modeling and particle-in-cell simulation demonstrate that a huge charge-separation field can be produced when all the electrons are displaced from the target by the incident laser, resulting in a high-quality relativistic electron mirror that propagates against the tail of the laser pulse. The latter is efficiently reflected as well as compressed into an attosecond pulse that is also circularly polarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sergei V Bulanov
- Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i. (FZU), ELI-Beamlines Project, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Min Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MoE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bifeng Lei
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rishat Zagidullin
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Veronika Zorina
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yuxin Leng
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ruxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Matt Zepf
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sergey G Rykovanov
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
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5
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Shvedov V, Pivnev E, Davoyan AR, Krolikowski W, Miroshnichenko AE. Optical beaming of electrical discharges. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5306. [PMID: 33082327 PMCID: PMC7576779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Igniting and guiding electrical discharges to desired targets in the ambient atmosphere have been a subject of intense research efforts for decades. Ability to control discharge and its propagation can pave the way to a broad range of applications from nanofabrication and plasma medicine to monitoring of atmospheric pollution and, ultimately, taming lightning strikes. Numerous experiments utilizing powerful pulsed lasers with peak-intensity above air photoionization and photo-dissociation have demonstrated excitation and confinement of plasma tracks in the wakes of laser field. Here, we propose and demonstrate an efficient approach for triggering, trapping and guiding electrical discharges in air. It is based on the use of a low-power continuous-wave vortex beam that traps and transports light-absorbing particles in mid-air. We demonstrate a 30% decrease in discharge threshold mediated by optically trapped graphene microparticles with the use of a laser beam of a few hundred milliwatts of power. Our demonstration may pave the way to guiding electrical discharges along arbitrary paths. Control of electrical discharge paths would allow several technological applications, but it usually requires air photoionisation with high-peak-power pulsed lasers. Here, instead, the authors exploit the trapping and heating of light-absorbing particles to guide discharge along the desired path.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shvedov
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - E Pivnev
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - A R Davoyan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - W Krolikowski
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - A E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia.
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6
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Tissandier F, Gautier J, Goddet JP, Kabacinski A, Sebban S, Nejdl J, Kozlová M, Maynard G. Two-Color Soft X-Ray Lasing in a High-Density Nickel-like Krypton Plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:133902. [PMID: 32302194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report evidence of strong lasing on the 4p-4s transition at 62.7 nm in nickel-like krypton occurring simultaneously with the usual 4d-4p lasing at 32.8 nm. The gain dynamics of both transitions were experimentally and numerically investigated and found comparable. The two-color amplifier was seeded by the same harmonic pulse, therefore producing a short-duration coherent two-color soft x-ray laser pulse. Both transitions offer similar prospects of pulse energy and duration and could lead to the delivery of intense and ultrashort two-color coherent soft x-ray pulses with a controllable delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, F-91761 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, F-91761 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J-P Goddet
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, F-91761 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - A Kabacinski
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, F-91761 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - S Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, F-91761 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J Nejdl
- ELI-Beamlines project, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozlová
- ELI-Beamlines project, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - G Maynard
- Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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7
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Matthews M, Morales F, Patas A, Lindinger A, Gateau J, Berti N, Hermelin S, Kasparian J, Richter M, Bredtmann T, Smirnova O, Wolf JP, Ivanov M. Amplification of intense light fields by nearly free electrons. NATURE PHYSICS 2018; 14:695-700. [PMID: 30079094 PMCID: PMC6071854 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light can be used to modify and control properties of media, as in the case of electromagnetically induced transparency or, more recently, for the generation of slow light or bright coherent XUV and X-ray radiation. Particularly unusual states of matter can be created by light fields with strengths comparable to the Coulomb field that binds valence electrons in atoms, leading to nearly-free electrons oscillating in the laser field and yet still loosely bound to the core [1,2]. These are known as Kramers-Henneberger states [3], a specific example of laser-dressed states [2]. Here, we demonstrate that these states arise not only in isolated atoms [4,5], but also in rare gases, at and above atmospheric pressure, where they can act as a gain medium during laser filamentation. Using shaped laser pulses, gain in these states is achieved within just a few cycles of the guided field. The corresponding lasing emission is a signature of population inversion in these states and of their stability against ionization. Our work demonstrates that these unusual states of neutral atoms can be exploited to create a general ultrafast gain mechanism during laser filamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Matthews
- GAP, University of Geneva, 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Felipe Morales
- Max Born Institute, Max Born Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Patas
- Inst. Fur Exp. Physik, Freie Universitat Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albrecht Lindinger
- Inst. Fur Exp. Physik, Freie Universitat Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Gateau
- GAP, University of Geneva, 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Berti
- GAP, University of Geneva, 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Hermelin
- GAP, University of Geneva, 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Kasparian
- GAP, University of Geneva, 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Maria Richter
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Timm Bredtmann
- Max Born Institute, Max Born Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Smirnova
- Max Born Institute, Max Born Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Wolf
- GAP, University of Geneva, 22 chemin de Pinchat, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Misha Ivanov
- Max Born Institute, Max Born Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Sanson F, Pandey AK, Harms F, Dovillaire G, Baynard E, Demailly J, Guilbaud O, Lucas B, Neveu O, Pittman M, Ros D, Richardson M, Johnson E, Li W, Balcou P, Kazamias S. Hartmann wavefront sensor characterization of a high charge vortex beam in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2780-2783. [PMID: 29905687 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the ability of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) Hartmann wavefront sensors to characterize high charge vortex beams produced by high-order harmonic generation up to the order of 25. We also show that phase matched absorption limited high harmonic generation is able to maintain the high charge vortex structure of the XUV beam even in a rather long (1 cm) generation medium.
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9
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Imazono T. Multilayer-coated photodiode-based beam intensity monitor for polarization analysis of plasma soft X-ray laser. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:5824-5829. [PMID: 29047896 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.005824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A Mo/Si multilayer-coated photodiode detector (MP) for beam intensity monitoring was prototyped and characterized using synchrotron radiation and X-ray laser (XRL) sources in order to perform polarization analysis of a laser-driven plasma soft XRL generated from nickel-like silver plasma. At a wavelength of 13.9 nm and an angle of incidence of 45°, the s-polarization reflectance is 0.525 and shows a strong positive correlation with the transmittance, corresponding to the photodiode current generated by the MP. We succeeded in performing polarization analysis of XRL beams with a large shot-to-shot intensity variation using the MP. Thus, this MP enables shot-to-shot monitoring and delivery of high intensity beams for downstream XRL experiments.
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10
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Zhang H, Duan WS, Qi X, Yang L. Head-on collision and overtaking collision between an envelope solitary wave and a KdV solitary wave in a dusty plasma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21214. [PMID: 26868526 PMCID: PMC4751471 DOI: 10.1038/srep21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Head-on collision and overtaking collision between a KdV solitary wave and an envelope solitary wave are first studied in present paper by using Particle-in-cell (PIC) method in a dusty plasma. There are phase shifts of the KdV solitary wave in both head-on collision and the overtaking collision, while no phase shift is found for the envelop solitary wave in any cases. The remarkable difference between head-on collision and the overtaking collision is that the phase shift of KdV solitary wave increases as amplitude of KdV solitary wave increases in head-on collision, while it decreases as amplitude of the KdV solitary wave increases in the overtaking collision. It is found that the maximum amplitude during the collision process is less than sum of two amplitudes of both solitary waves, but is larger than either of the amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering and Joint Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wen-Shan Duan
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering and Joint Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Department of Physics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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11
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Nahon L, Nag L, Garcia GA, Myrgorodska I, Meierhenrich U, Beaulieu S, Wanie V, Blanchet V, Géneaux R, Powis I. Determination of accurate electron chiral asymmetries in fenchone and camphor in the VUV range: sensitivity to isomerism and enantiomeric purity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12696-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01293k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron circular dichroism is a chiroptical effect able to distinguish isomers and to determine accurately the enantiopurity of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L'Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - Lipsa Nag
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L'Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | | | - Iuliia Myrgorodska
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L'Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
| | - Uwe Meierhenrich
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
- UMR 7272 CNRS
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis
- 06108 Nice
- France
| | - Samuel Beaulieu
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA
- CELIA
- UMR 5107
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Vincent Wanie
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA
- CELIA
- UMR 5107
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | | | | | - Ivan Powis
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
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