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Borrego-Varillas R, Lucchini M, Nisoli M. Attosecond spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in atomic, molecular and solid-state physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:066401. [PMID: 35294930 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac5e7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as = 10-18s) in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced, at the beginning for the temporal characterization of the pulses, and immediately after for the investigation of electronic and nuclear ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids with unprecedented temporal resolution. The attosecond spectroscopic tools established in the last two decades, together with the development of sophisticated theoretical methods for the interpretation of the experimental outcomes, allowed to unravel and investigate physical processes never observed before, such as the delay in photoemission from atoms and solids, the motion of electrons in molecules after prompt ionization which precede any notable nuclear motion, the temporal evolution of the tunneling process in dielectrics, and many others. This review focused on applications of attosecond techniques to the investigation of ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules and solids. Thanks to the introduction and ongoing developments of new spectroscopic techniques, the attosecond science is rapidly moving towards the investigation, understanding and control of coupled electron-nuclear dynamics in increasingly complex systems, with ever more accurate and complete investigation techniques. Here we will review the most common techniques presenting the latest results in atoms, molecules and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Borrego-Varillas
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Nisoli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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2
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Abstract
The process of reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBITT) reveals the target atom electronic structure when one of the transitions proceeds from below the ionization threshold. Such an under-threshold RABBITT resonates with the target bound states and thus maps faithfully the discrete energy levels and the corresponding oscillator strengths. We demonstrate this sensitivity by considering the Ne atom driven by the combination of the XUV and IR pulses at the fundmanetal laser frequency in the 800 and 1000 nm ranges.
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Borrego-Varillas R, Lucchini M. Reconstruction of atomic resonances with attosecond streaking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9711-9722. [PMID: 33820125 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of spectroscopic techniques based on attosecond radiation has given the community the right tools to study the timing of the photoelectron process. In this work we investigate the effect of Fano resonances in attosecond streaking spectrograms and the application of standard phase-reconstruction algorithms. We show that while the existence of the infrared coupling (ac-Stark shift) hinders the applicability of FROG-like methods, under certain conditions it is still possible to use standard reconstruction algorithms to retrieve the photoemission delay of the bare resonance. Finally, we propose two strategies to study the strength of IR coupling using the attosecond streaking technique.
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Jelovina D, Scrinzi A, Jakob Wörner H, Schild A. Nonlocal mechanisms of attosecond interferometry in three-dimensional systems. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/abcd84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Attosecond interferometry (AI) is an experimental technique based on ionizing a system with an attosecond pulse train in the presence of an assisting laser. This assisting laser pulse provides multiple pathways for the photoelectron wave packet to reach the same final states, and interference of these pathways can be used to probe the properties of matter. The mechanism of AI is well-understood for isolated atoms and molecules in the gas phase, but not so much in the condensed phase, especially if the substrate under study is transparent. Then, additional pathways open up for the electron due to (laser-assisted) scattering from neighbouring atoms. We investigate to what extent these additional pathways influence the measured photoionization delays with the help of 1D and 3D model systems. In both cases, we find that the total delay can be expressed as the sum of a local (photoionization) delay and a non-local delay, which contains the effect of electron scattering during transport. The 1D system shows that the non-local delay is an oscillatory function of the distance between the sites where ionization and scattering take place. A similar result is obtained in 3D, but the modulation depth of the non-local delay is found to strongly depend on the effective scattering cross section. We conclude that attosecond interferometry of disordered systems like liquids at low photon energies (20–30 eV) is mainly sensitive to the local delay, i.e. to changes of the photoionization dynamics induced by the immediate environment of the ionized entity, and less to electron scattering during transport through the medium. This conclusion also agrees with the interpretation of recent experimental results.
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Liao Q, Cao W, Zhang Q, Liu K, Wang F, Lu P, Thumm U. Distinction of Electron Dispersion in Time-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:043201. [PMID: 32794793 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.043201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While recent experiments provided compelling evidence for an intricate dependence of attosecond photoemission-time delays on the solid's electronic band structure, the extent to which electronic transport and dispersion in solids can be imaged in time-resolved photoelectron (PE) spectra remains poorly understood. Emphasizing the distinction between photoemission time delays measured with two-photon, two-color interferometric spectroscopy, and transport times, we demonstrate how the effect of energy dispersion in the solid on photoemission delays can, in principle, be observed in interferometric photoemission. We reveal analytically a scaling relation between the PE transport time in the solid and the observable photoemission delay and confirm this relation in numerical simulations for a model system. We trace photoemission delays to the phase difference the PE accumulates inside the solid and, in particular, predict negative photoemission delays. Based on these findings, we suggest a novel time-domain interferometric solid-state energy-momentum-dispersion imaging method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Uwe Thumm
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Lucchini M, Sato SA, Schlaepfer F, Yabana K, Gallmann L, Rubio A, Keller U. Attosecond timing of the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab70cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
To what extent do intra- or inter-band transitions dominate the optical response of dielectrics when pumped by a few-cycle near-infrared transient electric field? In order to find an answer to this question we investigate the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect in polycrystalline diamond and discuss in detail the attosecond delay of the induced electron dynamics with regard to the driving transient electric field while the peak intensity is varied between 1 × 1012 and 10 × 1012 W cm−2. We found that the main oscillating feature in transient absorption at 43 eV is in phase with the electric field of the pump, to within 49 ± 78 as. However, the phase delay shows a slightly asymmetric V-shaped linear energy dispersion with a rate of about 200 as eV–1. Theoretical calculations within the dipole approximation reproduce the data and allow us to conclude that intra-band motion dominates under our experimental conditions.
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Riemensberger J, Neppl S, Potamianos D, Schäffer M, Schnitzenbaumer M, Ossiander M, Schröder C, Guggenmos A, Kleineberg U, Menzel D, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Kienberger R, Feulner P, Borisov AG, Echenique PM, Kazansky AK. Attosecond Dynamics of sp-Band Photoexcitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:176801. [PMID: 31702261 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.176801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of the temporal dynamics of the valence band photoemission from the magnesium (0001) surface across the resonance of the Γ[over ¯] surface state at 134 eV and link them to observations of high-resolution synchrotron photoemission and numerical calculations of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation using an effective single-electron model potential. We observe a decrease in the time delay between photoemission from delocalized valence states and the localized core orbitals on resonance. Our approach to rigorously link excitation energy-resolved conventional steady-state photoemission with attosecond streaking spectroscopy reveals the connection between energy-space properties of bound electronic states and the temporal dynamics of the fundamental electronic excitations underlying the photoelectric effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Riemensberger
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Neppl
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dionysios Potamianos
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Schäffer
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Ossiander
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Schröder
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Guggenmos
- Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ulf Kleineberg
- Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kienberger
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andrei G Borisov
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, bât 520, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Material Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU; Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pedro M Echenique
- Material Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU; Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andrey K Kazansky
- Material Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU; Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Saule T, Heinrich S, Schötz J, Lilienfein N, Högner M, deVries O, Plötner M, Weitenberg J, Esser D, Schulte J, Russbueldt P, Limpert J, Kling MF, Kleineberg U, Pupeza I. High-flux ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy at 18.4 MHz pulse repetition rate. Nat Commun 2019; 10:458. [PMID: 30692528 PMCID: PMC6349926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-dressed photoelectron spectroscopy, employing extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses obtained by femtosecond-laser-driven high-order harmonic generation, grants access to atomic-scale electron dynamics. Limited by space charge effects determining the admissible number of photoelectrons ejected during each laser pulse, multidimensional (i.e. spatially or angle-resolved) attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of solids and nanostructures requires high-photon-energy, broadband high harmonic sources operating at high repetition rates. Here, we present a high-conversion-efficiency, 18.4-MHz-repetition-rate cavity-enhanced high harmonic source emitting 5 × 105 photons per pulse in the 25-to-60-eV range, releasing 1 × 1010 photoelectrons per second from a 10-µm-diameter spot on tungsten, at space charge distortions of only a few tens of meV. Broadband, time-of-flight photoelectron detection with nearly 100% temporal duty cycle evidences a count rate improvement between two and three orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy experiments under identical space charge conditions. The measurement time reduction and the photon energy scalability render this technology viable for next-generation, high-repetition-rate, multidimensional attosecond metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saule
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - S Heinrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - J Schötz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - N Lilienfein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - M Högner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - O deVries
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - M Plötner
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - J Weitenberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Esser
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Schulte
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Russbueldt
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Limpert
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Angewandte Physik (IAP), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Active Fiber Systems GmbH (AFS), Wildenbruchstr. 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - M F Kling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - U Kleineberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - I Pupeza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Abstract
The emerging research field of attosecond science allows for the temporal investigation of one of the fastest dynamics in nature: electron dynamics in matter. These dynamics are responsible for chemical and biological processes, and the ability to understand and control them opens a new door of fundamental science, with the possibility to influence all lives if medical issues can thereby be addressed. Multilayer optics are key elements in attosecond experiments; they are used to tailor attosecond pulses with well-defined characteristics to facilitate detailed and accurate insight into processes, e.g., photoemission, Auger decay, or (core-) excitons. Based on the investigations and research efforts from the past several years, multilayer mirrors today are routinely used optical elements in attosecond beamlines. As a consequence, the generation of ultrashort pulses, combined with their dispersion control, has proceeded from the femtosecond range in the visible/infrared spectra to the attosecond range, covering the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray photon range up to the water window. This article reviews our work on multilayer optics over the past several years, as well as the impact from other research groups, to reflect on the scientific background of their nowadays routine use in attosecond physics.
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10
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Ossiander M, Riemensberger J, Neppl S, Mittermair M, Schäffer M, Duensing A, Wagner MS, Heider R, Wurzer M, Gerl M, Schnitzenbaumer M, Barth JV, Libisch F, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Feulner P, Kienberger R. Absolute timing of the photoelectric effect. Nature 2018; 561:374-377. [PMID: 30232421 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photoemission spectroscopy is central to understanding the inner workings of condensed matter, from simple metals and semiconductors to complex materials such as Mott insulators and superconductors1. Most state-of-the-art knowledge about such solids stems from spectroscopic investigations, and use of subfemtosecond light pulses can provide a time-domain perspective. For example, attosecond (10-18 seconds) metrology allows electron wave packet creation, transport and scattering to be followed on atomic length scales and on attosecond timescales2-7. However, previous studies could not disclose the duration of these processes, because the arrival time of the photons was not known with attosecond precision. Here we show that this main source of ambiguity can be overcome by introducing the atomic chronoscope method, which references all measured timings to the moment of light-pulse arrival and therefore provides absolute timing of the processes under scrutiny. Our proof-of-principle experiment reveals that photoemission from the tungsten conduction band can proceed faster than previously anticipated. By contrast, the duration of electron emanation from core states is correctly described by semiclassical modelling. These findings highlight the necessity of treating the origin, initial excitation and transport of electrons in advanced modelling of the attosecond response of solids, and our absolute data provide a benchmark. Starting from a robustly characterized surface, we then extend attosecond spectroscopy towards isolating the emission properties of atomic adsorbates on surfaces and demonstrate that these act as photoemitters with instantaneous response. We also find that the tungsten core-electron timing remains unchanged by the adsorption of less than one monolayer of dielectric atoms, providing a starting point for the exploration of excitation and charge migration in technologically and biologically relevant adsorbate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ossiander
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
| | - J Riemensberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - S Neppl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Mittermair
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schäffer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - A Duensing
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M S Wagner
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - R Heider
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Wurzer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Gerl
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schnitzenbaumer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - J V Barth
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - F Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Feulner
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - R Kienberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
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11
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Waltar K, Haase J, Lucchini M, van Bokhoven JA, Hengsberger M, Osterwalder J, Castiglioni L. Polarization-sensitive pulse reconstruction by momentum-resolved photoelectron streaking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:8364-8374. [PMID: 29715804 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.008364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The precise knowledge of the electric field in close proximity to metallic and dielectric surfaces is a prerequisite for pump-probe experiments aiming at the control of dynamic surface processes. We describe a model to reconstruct this electric field in immediate surface proximity from data taken in photoelectron THz-streaking experiments with an angle-resolved electron analyzer. Using Monte-Carlo simulations we are able to simulate streaking experiments on arbitrary surfaces with a variety of initial electron momentum distributions and to reconstruct the effective electric field at the surface. Our results validate the approach and suggest energy regimes for optimal pulse reconstruction.
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12
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Anisotropic photoemission time delays close to a Fano resonance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:955. [PMID: 29511164 PMCID: PMC5840338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron correlation and multielectron effects are fundamental interactions that govern many physical and chemical processes in atomic, molecular and solid state systems. The process of autoionization, induced by resonant excitation of electrons into discrete states present in the spectral continuum of atomic and molecular targets, is mediated by electron correlation. Here we investigate the attosecond photoemission dynamics in argon in the 20–40 eV spectral range, in the vicinity of the 3s−1np autoionizing resonances. We present measurements of the differential photoionization cross section and extract energy and angle-dependent atomic time delays with an attosecond interferometric method. With the support of a theoretical model, we are able to attribute a large part of the measured time delay anisotropy to the presence of autoionizing resonances, which not only distort the phase of the emitted photoelectron wave packet but also introduce an angular dependence. Ionization time delays are of interest in understanding the photoionization mechanism in atoms and molecules in ultra-short time scales. Here the authors investigate the angular dependence of photoionization time delays in the presence of an autoionizing resonance in argon atom using RABBITT technique.
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13
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Isinger M, Squibb RJ, Busto D, Zhong S, Harth A, Kroon D, Nandi S, Arnold CL, Miranda M, Dahlström JM, Lindroth E, Feifel R, Gisselbrecht M, L’Huillier A. Photoionization in the time and frequency domain. Science 2017; 358:893-896. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast processes in matter, such as the electron emission after light absorption, can now be studied using ultrashort light pulses of attosecond duration (10−18 seconds) in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. The lack of spectral resolution due to the use of short light pulses has raised issues in the interpretation of the experimental results and the comparison with theoretical calculations. We determine photoionization time delays in neon atoms over a 40–electron volt energy range with an interferometric technique combining high temporal and spectral resolution. We spectrally disentangle direct ionization from ionization with shake-up, in which a second electron is left in an excited state, and obtain excellent agreement with theoretical calculations, thereby solving a puzzle raised by 7-year-old measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Isinger
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - R. J. Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-41 296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D. Busto
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Zhong
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Harth
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - D. Kroon
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Nandi
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - C. L. Arnold
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Miranda
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - J. M. Dahlström
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Lindroth
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-41 296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M. Gisselbrecht
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. L’Huillier
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22 100 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Gallmann L, Jordan I, Wörner HJ, Castiglioni L, Hengsberger M, Osterwalder J, Arrell CA, Chergui M, Liberatore E, Rothlisberger U, Keller U. Photoemission and photoionization time delays and rates. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061502. [PMID: 29308414 PMCID: PMC5732014 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ionization and, in particular, ionization through the interaction with light play an important role in fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. In recent years, we have seen tremendous advances in our ability to measure the dynamics of photo-induced ionization in various systems in the gas, liquid, or solid phase. In this review, we will define the parameters used for quantifying these dynamics. We give a brief overview of some of the most important ionization processes and how to resolve the associated time delays and rates. With regard to time delays, we ask the question: how long does it take to remove an electron from an atom, molecule, or solid? With regard to rates, we ask the question: how many electrons are emitted in a given unit of time? We present state-of-the-art results on ionization and photoemission time delays and rates. Our review starts with the simplest physical systems: the attosecond dynamics of single-photon and tunnel ionization of atoms in the gas phase. We then extend the discussion to molecular gases and ionization of liquid targets. Finally, we present the measurements of ionization delays in femto- and attosecond photoemission from the solid-vacuum interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gallmann
- Department of Physics, Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Jordan
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Castiglioni
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Hengsberger
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Osterwalder
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU), and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC-FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU), and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC-FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Liberatore
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U Keller
- Department of Physics, Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Schlaepfer F, Ludwig A, Lucchini M, Kasmi L, Volkov M, Gallmann L, Keller U. Gouy phase shift for annular beam profiles in attosecond experiments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:3646-3655. [PMID: 28241577 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond pump-probe measurements are typically performed by combining attosecond pulses with more intense femtosecond, phase-locked infrared (IR) pulses because of the low average photon flux of attosecond light sources based on high-harmonic generation (HHG). Furthermore, the strong absorption of materials at the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelengths of the attosecond pulses typically prevents the use of transmissive optics. As a result, pump and probe beams are typically recombined geometrically with a center-hole mirror that reflects the larger IR beam and transmits the smaller XUV, which leads to an annular beam profile of the IR. This modification of the IR beam can affect the pump-probe measurements because the propagation that follows the reflection on the center-hole mirror can strongly deviate from that of an ideal Gaussian beam. Here we present a detailed experimental study of the Gouy phase of an annular IR beam across the focus using a two-foci attosecond beamline and the RABBITT (reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions) technique. Our measurements show a Gouy phase shift of the truncated beam as large as 2π and a corresponding rate of 50 as/mm time delay change across the focus in a RABBITT measurement. These results are essential for attosecond pump-probe experiments that compare measurements of spatially separated targets.
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16
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Fanciulli M, Volfová H, Muff S, Braun J, Ebert H, Minár J, Heinzmann U, Dil JH. Spin Polarization and Attosecond Time Delay in Photoemission from Spin Degenerate States of Solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:067402. [PMID: 28234536 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.067402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After photon absorption, electrons from a dispersive band of a solid require a finite time in the photoemission process before being photoemitted as free particles, in line with recent attosecond-resolved photoemission experiments. According to the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith model, the time delay is due to a phase shift of different transitions that occur in the process. Such a phase shift is also at the origin of the angular dependent spin polarization of the photoelectron beam, observable in spin degenerate systems without angular momentum transfer by the incident photon. We propose a semiquantitative model which permits us to relate spin and time scales in photoemission from condensed matter targets and to better understand spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES) experiments on spin degenerate systems. We also present the first experimental determination by SARPES of this time delay in a dispersive band, which is found to be greater than 26 as for electrons emitted from the sp-bulk band of the model system Cu(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fanciulli
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Henrieta Volfová
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximillian University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Muff
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximillian University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hubert Ebert
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximillian University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Minár
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximillian University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- New Technologies-Research Center, University of West Bohemia, CZ-30614 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrich Heinzmann
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - J Hugo Dil
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bovensiepen
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty for Physics, 47048 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Manuel Ligges
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty for Physics, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
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18
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Tao Z, Chen C, Szilvási T, Keller M, Mavrikakis M, Kapteyn H, Murnane M. Direct time-domain observation of attosecond final-state lifetimes in photoemission from solids. Science 2016; 353:62-7. [PMID: 27256880 PMCID: PMC7586730 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Attosecond spectroscopic techniques have made it possible to measure differences in transport times for photoelectrons from localized core levels and delocalized valence bands in solids. We report the application of attosecond pulse trains to directly and unambiguously measure the difference in lifetimes between photoelectrons born into free electron-like states and those excited into unoccupied excited states in the band structure of nickel (111). An enormous increase in lifetime of 212 ± 30 attoseconds occurs when the final state coincides with a short-lived excited state. Moreover, a strong dependence of this lifetime on emission angle is directly related to the final-state band dispersion as a function of electron transverse momentum. This finding underscores the importance of the material band structure in determining photoelectron lifetimes and corresponding electron escape depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Tao
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark Keller
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Henry Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Margaret Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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