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Patel K, Cai G, Ando H, Chin C. Sound Propagation in a Bose-Fermi Mixture: From Weak to Strong Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:083003. [PMID: 37683156 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.083003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Particlelike excitations, or quasiparticles, emerging from interacting fermionic and bosonic quantum fields underlie many intriguing quantum phenomena in high energy and condensed matter systems. Computation of the properties of these excitations is frequently intractable in the strong interaction regime. Quantum degenerate Bose-Fermi mixtures offer promising prospects to elucidate the physics of such quasiparticles. In this work, we investigate phonon propagation in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate immersed in a degenerate Fermi gas with interspecies scattering length a_{BF} tuned by a Feshbach resonance. We observe sound mode softening with moderate attractive interactions. For even greater attraction, surprisingly, stable sound propagation reemerges and persists across the resonance. The stability of phonons with resonant interactions opens up opportunities to investigate novel Bose-Fermi liquids and fermionic pairing in the strong interaction regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutik Patel
- The James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Geyue Cai
- The James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Henry Ando
- The James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Chin
- The James Franck Institute, Enrico Fermi Institute, and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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2
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Schmidt TL, Dolcetto G, Pedder CJ, Le Hur K, Orth PP. Mechanical Resonances of Mobile Impurities in a One-Dimensional Quantum Fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:075302. [PMID: 31491113 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.075302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study a one-dimensional interacting quantum liquid hosting a pair of mobile impurities causing backscattering. We determine the effective retarded interaction between the two impurities mediated by the liquid. We show that for strong backscattering this interaction gives rise to resonances and antiresonances in the finite-frequency mobility of the impurity pair. At the antiresonances, the two impurities remain at rest even when driven by a (small) external force. At the resonances, their synchronous motion follows the external drive in phase and reaches maximum amplitude. Using a perturbative renormalization group analysis in quantum tunneling across the impurities, we study the range of validity of our model. We predict that these mechanical antiresonances are observable in experiments on ultracold atom gases confined to one dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Schmidt
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg
| | - Giacomo Dolcetto
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg
| | - Christopher J Pedder
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg
| | - Karyn Le Hur
- CPHT, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Peter P Orth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Mati Aharonyan
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology (QUEST), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Emanuele G. Dalla Torre
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology (QUEST), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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4
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Park JW, Ko B, Shin Y. Critical Vortex Shedding in a Strongly Interacting Fermionic Superfluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:225301. [PMID: 30547641 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.225301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the critical vortex shedding in a strongly interacting fermionic superfluid of ^{6}Li across the BEC-BCS crossover. By moving an optical obstacle in the sample and directly imaging the vortices after the time of flight, the critical velocity u_{vor} for vortex shedding is measured as a function of the obstacle travel distance L. The observed u_{vor} increases with decreasing L, where the rate of increase is the highest in the unitary regime. In the deep Bose-Einstein condensation regime, an empirical dissipation model well captures the dependence of u_{vor} on L, characterized by a constant value of η=-[d(1/u_{vor})/d(1/L)]. However, as the system is tuned across the resonance, a step increase of η develops about a characteristic distance L_{c} as L is increased, where L_{c} is comparable to the obstacle size. This bimodal behavior is strengthened as the system is tuned towards the BCS regime. We attribute this evolution of u_{vor} to the emergence of the underlying fermionic degree of freedom in the vortex-shedding dynamics of a Fermi condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Woo Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bumsuk Ko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Y Shin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea
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5
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Wenzel M, Böttcher F, Schmidt JN, Eisenmann M, Langen T, Pfau T, Ferrier-Barbut I. Anisotropic Superfluid Behavior of a Dipolar Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:030401. [PMID: 30085779 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present transport measurements on a dipolar superfluid using a Bose-Einstein condensate of ^{162}Dy with strong magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. By moving an attractive laser beam through the condensate we observe an anisotropy in superfluid flow. This observation is compatible with an anisotropic critical velocity for the breakdown of dissipationless flow, which, in the spirit of the Landau criterion, can directly be connected to the anisotropy of the underlying dipolar excitation spectrum. In addition, the heating rate above this critical velocity reflects the same anisotropy. Our observations are in excellent agreement with simulations based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and highlight the effect of dipolar interactions on macroscopic transport properties, rendering dissipation anisotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wenzel
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Böttcher
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan-Niklas Schmidt
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Eisenmann
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Langen
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tilman Pfau
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Igor Ferrier-Barbut
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Fava E, Bienaimé T, Mordini C, Colzi G, Qu C, Stringari S, Lamporesi G, Ferrari G. Observation of Spin Superfluidity in a Bose Gas Mixture. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:170401. [PMID: 29756820 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.170401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spin dynamics of a harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensed binary mixture of sodium atoms is experimentally investigated at finite temperature. In the collisional regime the motion of the thermal component is shown to be damped because of spin drag, while the two condensates exhibit a counterflow oscillation without friction, thereby providing direct evidence for spin superfluidity. Results are also reported in the collisionless regime where the spin components of both the condensate and thermal part oscillate without damping, their relative motion being driven by a mean-field effect. We also measure the static polarizability of the condensed and thermal parts and we find a large increase of the condensate polarizability with respect to the T=0 value, in agreement with the predictions of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Fava
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Tom Bienaimé
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Carmelo Mordini
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Colzi
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Chunlei Qu
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Sandro Stringari
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lamporesi
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ferrari
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN, 38123 Povo, Italy
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7
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Burchianti A, Scazza F, Amico A, Valtolina G, Seman JA, Fort C, Zaccanti M, Inguscio M, Roati G. Connecting Dissipation and Phase Slips in a Josephson Junction between Fermionic Superfluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:025302. [PMID: 29376686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.025302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study the emergence of dissipation in an atomic Josephson junction between weakly coupled superfluid Fermi gases. We find that vortex-induced phase slippage is the dominant microscopic source of dissipation across the Bose-Einstein condensate-Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer crossover. We explore different dynamical regimes by tuning the bias chemical potential between the two superfluid reservoirs. For small excitations, we observe dissipation and phase coherence to coexist, with a resistive current followed by well-defined Josephson oscillations. We link the junction transport properties to the phase-slippage mechanism, finding that vortex nucleation is primarily responsible for the observed trends of conductance and critical current. For large excitations, we observe the irreversible loss of coherence between the two superfluids, and transport cannot be described only within an uncorrelated phase-slip picture. Our findings open new directions for investigating the interplay between dissipative and superfluid transport in strongly correlated Fermi systems, and general concepts in out-of-equilibrium quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burchianti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - F Scazza
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Amico
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Valtolina
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - J A Seman
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 01000 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C Fort
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Zaccanti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Inguscio
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Roati
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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8
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Matzliah N, Edri H, Sinay A, Ozeri R, Davidson N. Observation of Optomechanical Strain in a Cold Atomic Cloud. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:163201. [PMID: 29099207 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of optomechanical strain applied to thermal and quantum degenerate ^{87}Rb atomic clouds when illuminated by an intense, far detuned homogeneous laser beam. In this regime the atomic cloud acts as a lens that focuses the laser beam. As a backaction, the atoms experience a force opposite to the beam deflection, which depends on the atomic cloud density profile. We experimentally demonstrate the basic features of this force, distinguishing it from the well-established scattering and dipole forces. The observed strain saturates, ultimately limiting the momentum impulse that can be transferred to the atoms. This optomechanical force may effectively induce interparticle interactions, which can be optically tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Matzliah
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hagai Edri
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Asif Sinay
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Roee Ozeri
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nir Davidson
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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9
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Haber A, Schmitt A. Mixing of charged and neutral Bose condensates at nonzero temperature and magnetic field. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201713709003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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10
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Jiang Y, Qi R, Shi ZY, Zhai H. Vortex Lattices in the Bose-Fermi Superfluid Mixture. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:080403. [PMID: 28282164 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.080403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we show that the vortex lattice structure in the Bose-Fermi superfluid mixture can undergo a sequence of structure transitions when the Fermi superfluid is tuned from the BCS regime to the BEC regime. This is due to the difference in the vortex core structure of a Fermi superfluid in the BCS regime and in the BEC regime. In the BCS regime the vortex core is nearly filled, while the density at the vortex core gradually decreases until it empties out in the BEC regime. Therefore, with the density-density interaction between the Bose and the Fermi superfluids, interaction between the two sets of vortex lattices gets stronger in the BEC regime, which yields the structure transition of vortex lattices. In view of the recent realization of this superfluid mixture and vortices therein, our theoretical predication can be verified experimentally in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ran Qi
- Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhe-Yu Shi
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Zhai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
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11
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Roy R, Green A, Bowler R, Gupta S. Two-Element Mixture of Bose and Fermi Superfluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:055301. [PMID: 28211743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.055301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the production of a stable mixture of bosonic and fermionic superfluids composed of the elements ^{174}Yb and ^{6}Li which feature a strong mismatch in mass and distinct electronic properties. We demonstrate elastic coupling between the superfluids by observing the shift in dipole oscillation frequency of the bosonic component due to the presence of the fermions. The measured magnitude of the shift is consistent with a mean-field model and its direction determines the previously unknown sign of the interspecies scattering length to be positive. We also observe the exchange of angular momentum between the superfluids from the excitation of a scissors mode in the bosonic component through interspecies interactions. We explain this observation using an analytical model based on superfluid hydrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Roy
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alaina Green
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ryan Bowler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Subhadeep Gupta
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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12
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Yao XC, Chen HZ, Wu YP, Liu XP, Wang XQ, Jiang X, Deng Y, Chen YA, Pan JW. Observation of Coupled Vortex Lattices in a Mass-Imbalance Bose and Fermi Superfluid Mixture. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:145301. [PMID: 27740822 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.145301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantized vortices play an essential role in diverse superfluid phenomena. In a Bose-Fermi superfluid mixture, especially of two mass-imbalance species, such macroscopic quantum phenomena are particularly rich due to the interplay between the Bose and Fermi superfluidity. However, generating a Bose-Fermi two-species superfluid, producing coupled vortex lattices within, and further probing interspecies interaction effects remain challenging. Here, we experimentally realize a two-species superfluid with dilute gases of lithium-6 and potassium-41, having a mass ratio of about seven. By rotating the superfluid mixture, we simultaneously produce coupled vortex lattices of the two species and thus present a definitive visual evidence for the double superfluidity. Moreover, we report several unconventional behaviors, due to the Bose-Fermi interaction, on the formation and decay of two-species vortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Can Yao
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hao-Ze Chen
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiang-Pei Liu
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Wang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Youjin Deng
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu-Ao Chen
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
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