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Yao J, Park Y, Shi W, Chen S, Ho W. Origin of photoinduced DC current and two-level population dynamics in a single molecule. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9211. [PMID: 38295170 PMCID: PMC10830102 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Studying the photoinduced changes of materials with atomic-scale spatial resolution can provide a fundamental understanding of light-matter interaction. A long-standing impediment has been the detrimental thermal effects on the stability of the tunneling gap from intensity-modulated laser irradiation of the scanning tunneling microscope junction. Photoinduced DC current transduces photons to an electric current and is widely applied in optoelectronics as switches and signal transmission. Our results revealed the origin of the light-induced DC current and related it to the two-level population dynamics and related nonlinearity in the conductance of a single molecule. Here, we compensated for the near-visible laser-induced thermal effects to demonstrate photoinduced DC current spectroscopy and microscopy and to observe the persistent photoconductivity of a two-level pyrrolidine molecule. The methodology can be generally applied to the coupling of light to scan probes to investigate light-matter interactions at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
| | - Youngwook Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
| | - Wenlu Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
| | - W. Ho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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2
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Zhu Q, Sugawara Y, Li Y. Exploration of CO movement characteristics on rutile TiO2(110) surface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Lee M, Kazuma E, Jung J, Trenary M, Kim Y. Dissociation of Single O 2 Molecules on Ag(110) by Electrons, Holes, and Localized Surface Plasmons. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200011. [PMID: 35332649 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the dissociation of O2 molecules on metal surfaces induced by various excitation sources, electrons/holes, light, and localized surface plasmons, is crucial not only for controlling the reactivity of oxidation reactions but also for developing various oxidation catalysts. The necessity of mechanistic studies at the single-molecule level is increasingly important for understanding interfacial interactions between O2 molecules and metal surfaces and to improve the reaction efficiency. We review single-molecule studies of O2 dissociation on Ag(110) induced by various excitation sources using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The comprehensive studies based on the STM and density functional theory calculations provide fundamental insights into the excitation pathway for the dissociation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Lee
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Trenary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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4
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Lee M, Kazuma E, Zhang C, Trenary M, Takeya J, Jung J, Kim Y. Dissociation Mechanism of a Single O 2 Molecule Chemisorbed on Ag(110). J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9868-9873. [PMID: 34606722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation of O2 molecules chemisorbed on silver surfaces is an essential reaction in industry, and the dissociation mechanism has long attracted attention. The detailed dissociation mechanism was studied at the single-molecule level on Ag(110) by using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The dissociation reaction was found to be predominantly triggered by inelastically tunneled holes from the STM tip due to the significantly distributed density of states below the Fermi level of the substrate. A combination of action spectroscopy with the STM and density functional theory calculations revealed that the O2 dissociation reaction is caused by direct ladder-climbing excitation of the high-order overtones of the O-O stretching mode arising from anharmonicity enhanced by molecule-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Lee
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michael Trenary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Jun Takeya
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Kuhness D, Pal J, Yang HJ, Mammen N, Honkala K, Häkkinen H, Schneider WD, Heyde M, Freund HJ. Binding Behavior of Carbonmonoxide to Gold Atoms on Ag(001). Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe adsorption behavior of single CO molecules at 4 K bound to Au adatoms on a Ag(001) metal surface is studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS). In contrast to earlier observations two different binding configurations are observed—one on top of a Au adatom and the other one adsorbed laterally to Au on Ag(001). Moreover, IETS reveals different low-energy vibrational energies for the two binding sites as compared to the one for a single CO molecule bound to Ag(001). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the adsorption energies, the diffusion barriers, and the vibrational frequencies of the CO molecule on the different binding sites rationalize the experimental findings.
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Chen C, Kong L, Wang Y, Cheng P, Feng B, Zheng Q, Zhao J, Chen L, Wu K. Dynamics of Single-Molecule Dissociation by Selective Excitation of Molecular Phonons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:246804. [PMID: 31922847 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.246804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Breaking bonds selectively in molecules is vital in many chemistry reactions and custom nanoscale device fabrications. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has proved to be an ideal tool to initiate and view bond-selective chemistry at the single-molecule level, offering opportunities for the further study of the dynamics in single molecules on metal surfaces. We demonstrate H─HS and H─S bond breaking on Au(111) induced by tunneling electrons using low-temperature STM. An experimental study combined with theoretical calculations shows that the dissociation pathway is facilitated by vibrational excitations. Furthermore, the dissociation probabilities of the two different dissociation processes are bias dependent due to different inelastic-tunneling probabilities, and they are also closely linked to the lifetime of inelastic-tunneling electrons. Combined with time-dependent ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations, the dynamics of the injected electron and the phonon-excitation-induced molecule dissociation can be understood at the atomic scale, demonstrating the potential application of STM for the investigation of excited-state dynamics of single molecules on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longjuan Kong
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baojie Feng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qijing Zheng
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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7
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Czap G, Han Z, Wagner PJ, Ho W. Detection and Characterization of Anharmonic Overtone Vibrations of Single Molecules on a Metal Surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:106801. [PMID: 30932655 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a powerful technique used to characterize the vibration and spin states at the single-molecule level. While IETS lacks hard selection rules, historically it has been assumed that vibrational overtones are rarely seen or even absent. Here we provide definitive experimental evidence that the hindered rotation overtone excitation of carbon monoxide molecules adsorbed on Ag(110) can be detected with STM-IETS via isotope substitution. We also demonstrate that the anharmonicity of the overtone excitation can be characterized and compared between adsorption sites and find evidence of anisotropy in the vibrational anharmonicity for CO adsorbed on the [11[over ¯]0] step edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Czap
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - Zhumin Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - Peter J Wagner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - W Ho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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8
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Mette G, Adamkiewicz A, Reutzel M, Koert U, Dürr M, Höfer U. Controlling an S N
2 Reaction by Electronic and Vibrational Excitation: Tip-Induced Ether Cleavage on Si(001). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Mette
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Alexa Adamkiewicz
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Marcel Reutzel
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Ulrich Koert
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Michael Dürr
- Institut für Angewandte Physik; Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen; Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Ulrich Höfer
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
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9
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Mette G, Adamkiewicz A, Reutzel M, Koert U, Dürr M, Höfer U. Controlling an SN
2 Reaction by Electronic and Vibrational Excitation: Tip-Induced Ether Cleavage on Si(001). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3417-3420. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Mette
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Alexa Adamkiewicz
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Marcel Reutzel
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Ulrich Koert
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Michael Dürr
- Institut für Angewandte Physik; Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen; Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Ulrich Höfer
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
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10
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Garrido Torres JA, Finley KL, Früchtl HA, Webb PB, Schaub R. Strong Substrate Mediation of Attractive Lateral Interactions of CO on Cu(110). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:608-614. [PMID: 30567436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of chemical reactions between adsorbed species is defined by the combined effects of the adsorbate-substrate potential landscape and lateral interactions. Such lateral interactions are therefore integral to catalytic processes, but their study is often complicated by "substrate mediation", the regulation of a two-body potential between adsorbed particles by the surface itself. Substrate mediation can influence the sign and magnitude of lateral interactions. There are notable exceptions of ordered structures forming at low coverage, indicative of short-range attractive forces where repulsive forces are expected to dominate, suggesting a strong substrate-mediated contribution. To explore further the origins of such interactions, we have investigated the adsorption of CO on Cu(110) using a combination of low-temperature microscopy and first-principles calculations. Our studies reveal that lateral adsorbate interactions, which are constrained by the metal surface, regulate the bonding between the adsorbate and substrate. Anisotropic CO-CO coupling is seen to arise from a perfect balance between the intermolecular accumulation of charge that acts as a glue (chemical coupling) at sufficiently large distances to avoid repulsive effects (dipole-dipole coupling and Pauli's repulsion between electron clouds).
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Garrido Torres
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , KY16 9ST St Andrews , U.K
| | - Kirsten L Finley
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , KY16 9ST St Andrews , U.K
| | - Herbert A Früchtl
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , KY16 9ST St Andrews , U.K
| | - Paul B Webb
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , KY16 9ST St Andrews , U.K
| | - Renald Schaub
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , KY16 9ST St Andrews , U.K
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11
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Liu S, Baugh D, Motobayashi K, Zhao X, Levchenko SV, Gawinkowski S, Waluk J, Grill L, Persson M, Kumagai T. Anharmonicity in a double hydrogen transfer reaction studied in a single porphycene molecule on a Cu(110) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12112-12119. [PMID: 29676424 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anharmonicity plays a crucial role in hydrogen transfer reactions in hydrogen-bonding systems, which leads to a peculiar spectral line shape of the hydrogen stretching mode as well as highly complex intra/intermolecular vibrational energy relaxation. Single-molecule study with a well-defined model is necessary to elucidate a fundamental mechanism. Recent low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) experiments revealed that the cis↔cis tautomerization in a single porphycene molecule on Cu(110) at 5 K can be induced by vibrational excitation via an inelastic electron tunnelling process and the N-H(D) stretching mode couples with the tautomerization coordinate [Kumagai et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 111, 246101]. Here we discuss a pronounced anharmonicity of the N-H stretching mode observed in the STM action spectra and the conductance spectra. Density functional theory calculations find a strong intermode coupling of the N-H stretching with an in-plane bending mode within porphycene on Cu(110).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Kazuma E, Jung J, Ueba H, Trenary M, Kim Y. Real-space and real-time observation of a plasmon-induced chemical reaction of a single molecule. Science 2018; 360:521-526. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Han Z, Czap G, Xu C, Chiang CL, Yuan D, Wu R, Ho W. Probing Intermolecular Coupled Vibrations between Two Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:036801. [PMID: 28157347 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.036801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions can induce energy shifts and coupling of molecular vibrations. However, the detection of intermolecular coupled vibrations has not been reported at the single molecule level. Here we detected an intermolecular coupled vibration between two CO molecules, one on the surface and another on the tip within the gap of a subkelvin scanning tunneling microscope, and analyzed the results by density functional calculations. We attribute the evolution of the energy and intensity of this coupled vibration as a function of tip-sample distance to the tilting and orbital alignment of the two CO molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhumin Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - Gregory Czap
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - Chi-Lun Chiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - Dingwang Yuan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
- Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
| | - W Ho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Yang HJ, Trenary M, Kawai M, Kim Y. Single-Molecule Dynamics in the Presence of Strong Intermolecular Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4369-4373. [PMID: 27775361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to conventional spectroscopic studies of adsorbates at high coverage that provide only spatially averaged information, we have characterized the laterally confined shuttling dynamics of a single molecule under the influence of intermolecular interactions by vibrational spectroscopy using a scanning tunneling microscope. The bridge sites on Pt(111) are only occupied by a CO molecule that is surrounded by four other CO molecules at on-top sites. The bridge-site CO undergoes laterally confined shuttling toward an adjacent on-top site to transiently occupy a metastable site, which is slightly displaced from the center of an on-top site through repulsive interaction with adjacent on-top CO molecules. Analysis of action spectra for the shuttling events reveals the C-O stretch frequency of the metastable CO. We also constructed a modified potential energy surface incorporating the intermolecular interaction, which reveals the underlying mechanism and provides a new way to experimentally determine detailed information on the energetics of the metastable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Yang
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michael Trenary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Maki Kawai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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