1
|
Li H, Li Y, Wang X, Tian J. Investigation of single-shot high-speed photography based on spatial frequency multiplexing. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:521-529. [PMID: 37133026 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.480778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The frequency recognition algorithm for multiple exposures (FRAME) is a spatial frequency multiplexing method that enables high-speed videography with high spatial resolution across a wide field of view and high temporal resolution up to femtoseconds. The criterion to design encoded illumination pulses is an essential factor that affects the sequence depth and reconstruction accuracy of FRAME but was not previously discussed. When the spatial frequency is exceeded, the fringes on digital imaging sensors can become distorted. To exploit the Fourier domain for FRAME with deep sequences and avoid fringe distortion, the maximum Fourier map for sequence arrangement was determined to be a diamond shape. The maximum axial frequency should be a quarter of the sampling frequency of digital imaging sensors. Based on this criterion, the performances of reconstructed frames were theoretically investigated by considering arrangement and filtering methods. To ensure optimal and uniform interframe quality, the frames near the zero frequency should be removed and optimized super-Gaussian filters should be employed. Experiments were conducted flexibly with a digital mirror device to generate illumination fringes. Following these suggestions, the movement of a water drip dropping on a water surface was captured with 20 and 38 frames with uniform interframe quality. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed methods to improve the reconstruction accuracy and promote the development of FRAME with deep sequences.
Collapse
|
2
|
Christopherson AR, Betti R, Forrest CJ, Howard J, Theobald W, Delettrez JA, Rosenberg MJ, Solodov AA, Stoeckl C, Patel D, Gopalaswamy V, Cao D, Peebles JL, Edgell DH, Seka W, Epstein R, Wei MS, Gatu Johnson M, Simpson R, Regan SP, Campbell EM. Direct Measurements of DT Fuel Preheat from Hot Electrons in Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:055001. [PMID: 34397224 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hot electrons generated by laser-plasma instabilities degrade the performance of laser-fusion implosions by preheating the DT fuel and reducing core compression. The hot-electron energy deposition in the DT fuel has been directly measured for the first time by comparing the hard x-ray signals between DT-layered and mass-equivalent ablator-only implosions. The electron energy deposition profile in the fuel is inferred through dedicated experiments using Cu-doped payloads of varying thickness. The measured preheat energy accurately explains the areal-density degradation observed in many OMEGA implosions. This technique can be used to assess the viability of the direct-drive approach to laser fusion with respect to the scaling of hot-electron preheat with laser energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Christopherson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Howard
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D Patel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V Gopalaswamy
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Cao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J L Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - D H Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - M S Wei
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Simpson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Michel P, Rosenberg MJ, Seka W, Solodov AA, Short RW, Chapman T, Goyon C, Lemos N, Hohenberger M, Moody JD, Regan SP, Myatt JF. Theory and measurements of convective Raman side scatter in inertial confinement fusion experiments. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:033203. [PMID: 30999431 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.033203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Raman side scatter, whereby scattered light is resonant while propagating perpendicularly to a density gradient in a plasma, was identified experimentally in planar-target experiments at the National Ignition Facility at intensities orders of magnitudes below the threshold for absolute instability. We have derived a new theoretical description of convective Raman side scatter below the absolute threshold, validated by numerical simulations. We show that inertial confinement fusion experiments at full ignition scale, i.e., with mm-scale spot sizes and density scale lengths, are prone to increased coupling losses from Raman side scatter as the instability can extend from the absolute regime near the quarter-critical density to the convective regime at lower electron densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14623-1299, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14623-1299, USA
| | - A A Solodov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14623-1299, USA
| | - R W Short
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14623-1299, USA
| | - T Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14623-1299, USA
| | - J F Myatt
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14623-1299, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barrios MA, Moody JD, Suter LJ, Sherlock M, Chen H, Farmer W, Jaquez J, Jones O, Kauffman RL, Kilkenny JD, Kroll J, Landen OL, Liedahl DA, Maclaren SA, Meezan NB, Nikroo A, Schneider MB, Thorn DB, Widmann K, Pérez-Callejo G. Developing an Experimental Basis for Understanding Transport in NIF Hohlraum Plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:095002. [PMID: 30230893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.095002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first multilocation electron temperature (T_{e}) and flow measurements in an ignition hohlraum at the National Ignition Facility using the novel technique of mid-Z spectroscopic tracer "dots." The measurements define a low resolution "map" of hohlraum plasma conditions and provide a basis for the first multilocation tests of particle and energy transport physics in a laser-driven x-ray cavity. The data set is consistent with classical heat flow near the capsule but reduced heat flow near the laser entrance hole. We evaluate the role of kinetic effects, self-generated magnetic fields, and instabilities in causing spatially dependent heat transport in the hohlraum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L J Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Sherlock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - W Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - O Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R L Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J D Kilkenny
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S A Maclaren
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G Pérez-Callejo
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhandarkar S, Fair J, Haid B, Mapoles E, Atherton J, Thomas C, Moody J, Kroll J, Nikroo A. Prevention of Residual Gas Condensation on the Laser Entry Hole Windows on Cryogenic NIF Targets Using a Protective Warm Film. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1406249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - Jim Fair
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - Ben Haid
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - Evan Mapoles
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - Jeff Atherton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - Cliff Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - John Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - Jeremy Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| | - Abbas Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California, 94550
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Artemyev AV, Neishtadt AI, Vasiliev AA, Mourenas D. Probabilistic approach to nonlinear wave-particle resonant interaction. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:023204. [PMID: 28297839 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.023204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we provide a theoretical model describing the evolution of the charged-particle distribution function in a system with nonlinear wave-particle interactions. Considering a system with strong electrostatic waves propagating in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, we demonstrate that individual particle motion can be characterized by the probability of trapping into the resonance with the wave and by the efficiency of scattering at resonance. These characteristics, being derived for a particular plasma system, can be used to construct a kinetic equation (or generalized Fokker-Planck equation) modeling the long-term evolution of the particle distribution. In this equation, effects of charged-particle trapping and transport in phase space are simulated with a nonlocal operator. We demonstrate that solutions of the derived kinetic equations agree with results of test-particle tracing. The applicability of the proposed approach for the description of space and laboratory plasma systems is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Artemyev
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Neishtadt
- Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
MacPhee AG, Casey DT, Clark DS, Felker S, Field JE, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Kroll J, Landen OL, Martinez DA, Michel P, Milovich J, Moore A, Nikroo A, Rice N, Robey HF, Smalyuk VA, Stadermann M, Weber CR. X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the surface of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the fuel fill tube. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:031204. [PMID: 28415208 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.031204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth for a high-density carbon ablator for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility are reported. We observe significant unexpected features on the capsule surface created by shadows of the capsule fill tube, as illuminated by laser-irradiated x-ray spots on the hohlraum wall. These shadows increase the spatial size and shape of the fill tube perturbation in a way that can significantly degrade performance in layered implosions compared to previous expectations. The measurements were performed at a convergence ratio of ∼2 using in-flight x-ray radiography. The initial seed due to shadow imprint is estimated to be equivalent to ∼50-100 nm of solid ablator material. This discovery has prompted the need for a mitigation strategy for future inertial confinement fusion designs as proposed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Felker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J E Field
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S W Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B A Hammel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Martinez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Rice
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - H F Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C R Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Depierreux S, Neuville C, Baccou C, Tassin V, Casanova M, Masson-Laborde PE, Borisenko N, Orekhov A, Colaitis A, Debayle A, Duchateau G, Heron A, Huller S, Loiseau P, Nicolaï P, Pesme D, Riconda C, Tran G, Bahr R, Katz J, Stoeckl C, Seka W, Tikhonchuk V, Labaune C. Experimental Investigation of the Collective Raman Scattering of Multiple Laser Beams in Inhomogeneous Plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:235002. [PMID: 27982626 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have been performed evidencing significant stimulated Raman sidescattering (SRS) at large angles from the density gradient. This was achieved in long scale-length high-temperature plasmas in which two beams couple to the same scattered electromagnetic wave further demonstrating for the first time this multiple-beam collective SRS interaction. The collective nature of the coupling and the amplification at large angles from the density gradient increase the global SRS losses and produce light scattered in novel directions out of the planes of incidence of the beams. These findings obtained in plasmas conditions relevant of inertial confinement fusion experiments similarly apply to the more complex geometry of these experiments where anomalously large levels of SRS were measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Baccou
- LULI, UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - V Tassin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | | | - N Borisenko
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 53 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - A Orekhov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 53 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - A Colaitis
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - A Debayle
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - G Duchateau
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - A Heron
- Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - S Huller
- Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - P Loiseau
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - P Nicolaï
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - D Pesme
- Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - C Riconda
- LULI, UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - G Tran
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - R Bahr
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - V Tikhonchuk
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - C Labaune
- LULI, UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bachmann B, Hilsabeck T, Field J, Masters N, Reed C, Pardini T, Rygg JR, Alexander N, Benedetti LR, Döppner T, Forsman A, Izumi N, LePape S, Ma T, MacPhee AG, Nagel S, Patel P, Spears B, Landen OL. Resolving hot spot microstructure using x-ray penumbral imaging (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E201. [PMID: 27910489 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and fielded x-ray penumbral imaging on the National Ignition Facility in order to enable sub-10 μm resolution imaging of stagnated plasma cores (hot spots) of spherically shock compressed spheres and shell implosion targets. By utilizing circular tungsten and tantalum apertures with diameters ranging from 20 μm to 2 mm, in combination with image plate and gated x-ray detectors as well as imaging magnifications ranging from 4 to 64, we have demonstrated high-resolution imaging of hot spot plasmas at x-ray energies above 5 keV. Here we give an overview of the experimental design criteria involved and demonstrate the most relevant influences on the reconstruction of x-ray penumbral images, as well as mitigation strategies of image degrading effects like over-exposed pixels, artifacts, and photon limited source emission. We describe experimental results showing the advantages of x-ray penumbral imaging over conventional Fraunhofer and photon limited pinhole imaging and showcase how internal hot spot microstructures can be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Hilsabeck
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Field
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Reed
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Pardini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Alexander
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Forsman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|