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Del Maestro A, Nichols NS, Prisk TR, Warren G, Sokol PE. Experimental realization of one dimensional helium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3168. [PMID: 35672302 PMCID: PMC9174257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As the spatial dimension is lowered, locally stabilizing interactions are reduced, leading to the emergence of strongly fluctuating phases of matter without classical analogues. Here we report on the experimental observation of a one dimensional quantum liquid of 4He using nanoengineering by confining it within a porous material preplated with a noble gas to enhance dimensional reduction. The resulting excitations of the confined 4He are qualitatively different than bulk superfluid helium, and can be analyzed in terms of a mobile impurity allowing for the characterization of the emergent quantum liquid beyond the Luttinger liquid paradigm. The low dimensional helium system offers the possibility of tuning via pressure-from weakly interacting, all the way to the super Tonks-Girardeau gas of strongly interacting hard-core particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Del Maestro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Nathan S Nichols
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Timothy R Prisk
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Garfield Warren
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Paul E Sokol
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA.
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Mambretti F, Molinelli S, Pini D, Bertaina G, Galli DE. Emergence of an Ising critical regime in the clustering of one-dimensional soft matter revealed through string variables. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:042134. [PMID: 33212654 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.042134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Soft matter systems are renowned for being able to display complex emerging phenomena such as clustering phases. Recently, a surprising quantum phase transition has been revealed in a one-dimensional (1D) system composed of bosons interacting via a pairwise soft potential in the continuum. It was shown that the spatial coordinates undergoing two-particle clustering could be mapped into quantum spin variables of a 1D transverse Ising model. In this work we investigate the manifestation of an analogous critical phenomenon in 1D classical fluids of soft particles in the continuum. In particular, we study the low-temperature behavior of three different classical models of 1D soft matter, whose interparticle interactions allow for clustering. The same string variables highlight that, at the commensurate density for the two-particle cluster phase, the peculiar pairing of neighboring soft particles can be nontrivially mapped onto a 1D discrete classical Ising model. We also observe a related phenomenon, namely the presence of an anomalous peak in the low-temperature specific heat, thus indicating the emergence of Schottky phenomenology in a nonmagnetic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mambretti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - S Molinelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D Pini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Bertaina
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - D E Galli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Reichert B, Astrakharchik GE, Petković A, Ristivojevic Z. Exact Results for the Boundary Energy of One-Dimensional Bosons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:250602. [PMID: 31922773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.250602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study bosons in a one-dimensional hard-wall box potential. In the case of contact interaction, the system is exactly solvable by the Bethe ansatz, as first shown by Gaudin in 1971. Although contained in the exact solution, the boundary energy in the thermodynamic limit for this problem is only approximately calculated by Gaudin, who found the leading order result at weak repulsion. Here we derive an exact integral equation that enables one to calculate the boundary energy in the thermodynamic limit at an arbitrary interaction. We then solve such an equation and find the asymptotic results for the boundary energy at weak and strong interactions. The analytical results obtained from the Bethe ansatz are in agreement with the ones found by other complementary methods, including quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We study the universality of the boundary energy in the regime of a small gas parameter by making a comparison with the exact solution for the hard rod gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Reichert
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Grigori E Astrakharchik
- Departamento de Física, Universitat Politèecnica de Catalunya, Campus Nord B4-B5, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Petković
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Zoran Ristivojevic
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Rossotti S, Teruzzi M, Pini D, Galli DE, Bertaina G. Quantum Critical Behavior of One-Dimensional Soft Bosons in the Continuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:215301. [PMID: 29219403 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.215301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We consider a zero-temperature one-dimensional system of bosons interacting via the soft-shoulder potential in the continuum, typical of dressed Rydberg gases. We employ quantum Monte Carlo simulations, which allow for the exact calculation of imaginary-time correlations, and a stochastic analytic continuation method, to extract the dynamical structure factor. At finite densities, in the weakly interacting homogeneous regime, a rotonic spectrum marks the tendency to clustering. With strong interactions, we indeed observe cluster liquid phases emerging, characterized by the spectrum of a composite harmonic chain. Luttinger theory has to be adapted by changing the reference lattice density field. In both the liquid and cluster liquid phases, we find convincing evidence of a secondary mode, which becomes gapless only at the transition. In that region, we also measure the central charge and observe its increase towards c=3/2, as recently evaluated in a related extended Bose-Hubbard model, and we note a fast reduction of the Luttinger parameter. For two-particle clusters, we then interpret such observations in terms of the compresence of a Luttinger liquid and a critical transverse Ising model, related to the instability of the reference lattice density field towards coalescence of sites, typical of potentials which are flat at short distances. Even in the absence of a true lattice, we are able to evaluate the spatial correlation function of a suitable pseudospin operator, which manifests ferromagnetic order in the cluster liquid phase, exponential decay in the liquid phase, and algebraic order at criticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rossotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Teruzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Pini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Emilio Galli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bertaina
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Glyde HR. Excitations in the quantum liquid 4He: A review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 81:014501. [PMID: 29168978 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7f90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Progress made in measuring and interpreting the elementary excitations of superfluid and normal liquid [Formula: see text] in the past 25 years is reviewed. The goal is to bring up to date the data, calculations and our understanding of the excitations since the books and reviews of the early 1990s. Only bulk liquid [Formula: see text] is considered. Reference to liquid [Formula: see text], mixtures, reduced dimensions (films and confined helium) is made where useful to enhance interpretation. The focus is on the excitations as measured by inelastic neutron scattering methods. The review covers the dynamical response of liquid [Formula: see text] from the collective excitations at low energy and long wavelength (i.e. phonon-roton modes) to the single particle excitations at high energy from which the atomic momentum distribution and Bose-Einstein condensate fraction are determined. A goal is to show the interplay of these excitations with other spectacular properties such as superfluidity and the test of fundamental calculations of quantum liquids that is possible. The role of Bose-Einstein condensation in determining the nature of the [Formula: see text] mode and particularly it's temperature dependence is emphasized. The similarity of normal liquid [Formula: see text] with other quantum and classical liquids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Glyde
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2593, United States of America
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Panholzer M. The Hypernetted Chain Equations for Periodic Systems. JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS 2017; 187:639-645. [PMID: 28529380 PMCID: PMC5415589 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-017-1771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Starting from the general inhomogeneous Fermi hypernetted chain equations, the equations for periodic systems are derived by simple Fourier transform. It is shown how the symmetry reduces the size of the involved quantities. First results for a one-dimensional (1D) model system are presented. The results allow a reliable estimation of the numerical demand even for realistic 3D systems, such as solids. It is shown that treatment of this systems is feasible with moderate computational resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Panholzer
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradies, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-CEA, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
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