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Kosgallana C, Wijesinghe S, Senanayake M, Mohottalalage SS, Ohl M, Zolnierczuk P, Grest GS, Perahia D. From Molecular Constraints to Macroscopic Dynamics in Associative Networks Formed by Ionizable Polymers: A Neutron Spin Echo and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Study. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:149-156. [PMID: 38618001 PMCID: PMC11010251 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The association of ionizable polymers strongly affects their motion in solutions, where the constraints arising from clustering of the ionizable groups alter the macroscopic dynamics. The interrelation between the motion on multiple length and time scales is fundamental to a broad range of complex fluids including physical networks, gels, and polymer-nanoparticle complexes where long-lived associations control their structure and dynamics. Using neutron spin echo and fully atomistic, multimillion atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations carried out to times comparable to that of chain segmental motion, the current study resolves the dynamics of networks formed by suflonated polystryene solutions for sulfonation fractions 0 ≤ f ≤ 0.09 across time and length scales. The experimental dynamic structure factors were measured and compared with computational ones, calculated from MD simulations, and analyzed in terms of a sum of two exponential functions, providing two distinctive time scales. These time constants capture confined motion of the network and fast dynamics of the highly solvated segments. A unique relationship between the polymer dynamics and the size and distribution of the ionic clusters was established and correlated with the number of polymer chains that participate in each cluster. The correlation of dynamics in associative complex fluids across time and length scales, enabled by combining the understanding attained from reciprocal space through neutron spin echo and real space, through large scale MD studies, addresses a fundamental long-standing challenge that underline the behavior of soft materials and affect their potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurika Kosgallana
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Sidath Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of ChemistryAppalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 26808, United States
| | - Manjula Senanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Supun S Mohottalalage
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Michael Ohl
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Piotr Zolnierczuk
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gary S Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87175, United States
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
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2
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Mohottalalage SS, Saab AP, Maiti A. Bead-Spring Simulation of Ionomer Melts-Studying the Effects of Chain-Length and Associating Group Fraction on Equilibrium Structure and Extensional Flow Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4560. [PMID: 38232005 PMCID: PMC10708384 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionomers are associative polymers with diverse applications ranging from selective membranes and high-performance adhesives to abrasion- and chemical-resistant coatings, insulation layers, vacuum packaging, and foamed sheets. Within equilibrium melt, the ionic or associating groups are known to form thermally reversible, associative clusters whose presence can significantly affect the system's mechanical, viscoelastic, and transport properties. It is, thus, of great interest to understand how to control such clusters' size distribution, shape, and stability through the designed choice of polymer architecture and the ionic groups' fraction, arrangement, and interaction strength. In this work, we represent linear associating polymers using a Kremer-Grest type bead-spring model and perform large-scale MD simulations to explore the effect of polymer chain-length (l) and fraction (fs) of randomly placed associating groups on the size distribution and stability of formed clusters. We consider different chain-lengths (below and above entanglement), varying fractions of associating groups (represented by 'sticky' beads) between 5 and 20%, and a fixed sticky-sticky nonbond interaction strength of four times that between regular non-associating beads. For all melts containing associating groups the equilibrium structure factor S(q) displays a signature ionomer peak at low wave vector q whose intensity increases with increasing fs and l. The average cluster size Nc increases with fs. However, the effect of chain-length on Nc appears to be pronounced only at higher values of fs. Under extensional flows, the computed stress (and viscosity) is higher at higher fs and l regardless of strain rate. Beyond a critical strain rate, we observe fragmentation of the associative clusters, which has interesting effects on the stress/viscous response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amitesh Maiti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (S.S.M.)
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3
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Mohottalalage SS, Kosgallana C, Meedin S, O’Connor TC, Grest GS, Perahia D. Response of Sulfonated Polystyrene Melts to Nonlinear Elongation Flows. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supun S. Mohottalalage
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Chathurika Kosgallana
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Shalika Meedin
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Thomas C. O’Connor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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4
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Zhu Z, Paddison SJ. Perspective: Morphology and ion transport in ion-containing polymers from multiscale modeling and simulations. Front Chem 2022; 10:981508. [PMID: 36059884 PMCID: PMC9437359 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.981508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers are soft materials composed of polymeric chains and mobile ions. Over the past several decades they have been the focus of considerable research and development for their use as the electrolyte in energy conversion and storage devices. Recent and significant results obtained from multiscale simulations and modeling for proton exchange membranes (PEMs), anion exchange membranes (AEMs), and polymerized ionic liquids (polyILs) are reviewed. The interplay of morphology and ion transport is emphasized. We discuss the influences of polymer architecture, tethered ionic groups, rigidity of the backbone, solvents, and additives on both morphology and ion transport in terms of specific interactions. Novel design strategies are highlighted including precisely controlling molecular conformations to design highly ordered morphologies; tuning the solvation structure of hydronium or hydroxide ions in hydrated ion exchange membranes; turning negative ion-ion correlations to positive correlations to improve ionic conductivity in polyILs; and balancing the strength of noncovalent interactions. The design of single-ion conductors, well-defined supramolecular architectures with enhanced one-dimensional ion transport, and the understanding of the hierarchy of the specific interactions continue as challenges but promising goals for future research.
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5
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Mohottalalage SS, Aryal D, Thurston BA, Grest GS, Perahia D. Effects of Ionic Group Distribution on the Structure and Dynamics of Amorphous Polymer Melts. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supun S. Mohottalalage
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Dipak Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Bryce A. Thurston
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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6
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Ma B, Olvera de la Cruz M. A Perspective on the Design of Ion-Containing Polymers for Polymer Electrolyte Applications. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3015-3022. [PMID: 33635658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers have numerous potential applications as energy storage and conversion devices, water purification membranes, and gas separation membranes, to name a few. Given the low dielectric constant of the media, ions and charges on polymers in a molten state interact strongly producing large effects on chain statistics, thermodynamics, and diffusion properties. Here, we discuss recent research accomplishments on the effects of ionic correlation and dielectric heterogeneity on the phase behavior of ion-containing polymers. Progress made in studying ion transport properties in these material systems is also highlighted. Charged block copolymers (BCPs), among all kinds of ion-containing polymers, have a particular advantage owing to their robust mechanical support and ion conducting paths provided by the segregation of the neutral and charged blocks. Coulombic interactions among the charges play a critical role in determining the phase segregation in charged BCPs and the domain size of charge-rich regions. We show that strongly charged BCPs display ordered phases as a result of electrostatic interactions alone. In addition, bulky charge-containing side groups attached to the charged block lead to the formation of morphologies that provide continuous channels and better dissociation for ion conduction purposes. Finally, a few avenues for designing ion-containing polymers for energy applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Paren BA, Thurston BA, Neary WJ, Kendrick A, Kennemur JG, Stevens MJ, Frischknecht AL, Winey KI. Percolated Ionic Aggregate Morphologies and Decoupled Ion Transport in Precise Sulfonated Polymers Synthesized by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Paren
- Dept. Of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
| | - Bryce A. Thurston
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1411, United States
| | - William J. Neary
- Dept. Of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Aaron Kendrick
- Dept. Of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Dept. Of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Mark J. Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1411, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1411, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Dept. Of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
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8
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Wijesinghe S, Perahia D, Grest GS. Temperature response of soft ionizable polymer nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:084903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5043226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sidath Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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9
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Middleton LR, Trigg EB, Yan L, Winey KI. Deformation-induced morphology evolution of precise polyethylene ionomers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Aryal D, Agrawal A, Perahia D, Grest GS. Structured Ionomer Thin Films at Water Interface: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Insight. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:11070-11076. [PMID: 28832167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the structure and dynamics of thin films of ionizable polymers at water interfaces is critical to their many applications. As the chemical diversity within one polymer is increased, controlling the structure and dynamics of the polymer, which is a key to their use, becomes a challenge. Here molecular dynamics simulations (MD) are used to obtain molecular insight into the structure and dynamics of thin films of one such macromolecule at the interface with water. The polymer consists of an ABCBA topology with randomly sulfonated polystyrene (C), tethered symmetrically to flexible poly(ethylene-r-propylene) blocks (B), and end-capped by a poly(t-butylstyrene) block (A). The compositions of the interfacial and bulk regions of thin films of the ABCBA polymers are followed as a function of exposure time to water. We find that interfacial rearrangements take place where buried ionic segments migrate toward the water interface. The hydrophobic blocks collapse and rearrange to minimize their exposure to water. The water that initially drives interfacial reengagements breaks the ionic clusters within the film, forming a dynamic hydrophilic internal network within the hydrophobic segments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary S Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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11
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Aryal D, Agrawal A, Perahia D, Grest GS. Structure and Dynamics of Ionic Block Copolymer Melts: Computational Study. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Aryal
- Department
of Chemistry and #Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Anupriya Agrawal
- Department
of Chemistry and #Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department
of Chemistry and #Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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12
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Borreguero JM, Pincus PA, Sumpter BG, Goswami M. Dynamics of Charged Species in Ionic-Neutral Block Copolymer and Surfactant Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2017. [PMID: 28636369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-property relationships of ionic block copolymer (BCP) surfactant complexes are critical toward the progress of favorable engineering design of efficient charge-transport materials. In this article, molecular dynamics simulations are used to understand the dynamics of charged-neutral BCP and surfactant complexes. The dynamics are examined for two different systems: charged-neutral double-hydrophilic and hydrophobic-hydrophilic block copolymers with oppositely charged surfactant moieties. The dynamics of the surfactant head, tails, and charges are studied for five different BCP volume fractions. We observe that the dynamics of the different species solely depend on the balance between electrostatic and entropic interactions between the charged species and the neutral monomers. The favorable hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions and the unfavorable hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions determine the mobilities of the monomers. The dynamical properties of the charge species influence complex formation. Structural relaxations exhibit length-scale dependent behavior, with slower relaxation at the radius of gyration length-scale and faster relaxation at the segmental length-scale, consistent with previous results. The dynamical analysis correlates ion-exchange kinetics to the self-assembly behavior of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Borreguero
- Neutron Data Analysis & Visualization, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Philip A Pincus
- Department of Material Science, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Monojoy Goswami
- Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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13
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Abstract
In this review we summarize recent efforts in understanding nano-aggregation in acid- and ion-containing polymer systems. The acid and ionic groups have specific interactions that drive aggregation and alter polymer behavior at the nano-, micro-, and bulk length scales. Advancements in synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computer simulations have enabled researchers to better understand the morphologies and dynamics, particularly at the nanoscale. This overview of recent advancements in nano-aggregated polymer systems highlights the current understanding of the field and presents promising directions for future investigations and new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
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14
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Aryal D, Grest GS, Perahia D. Soft nanoparticles: nano ionic networks of associated ionic polymers. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2117-2122. [PMID: 27976769 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Directing the formation of nanostructures that serve as building blocks of membranes presents an immense step towards engineering controlled polymeric ion transport systems. Using the exquisite atomic detail captured by molecular dynamics simulations, we follow the assembly of a co-polymer that consists of polystyrene sulfonate tethered symmetrically to hydrophobic blocks, realizing a new type of long lived solvent-responsive soft nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
| | - Gary S Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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15
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Middleton LR, Tarver JD, Cordaro J, Tyagi M, Soles CL, Frischknecht AL, Winey KI. Heterogeneous Chain Dynamics and Aggregate Lifetimes in Precise Acid-Containing Polyethylenes: Experiments and Simulations. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob D. Tarver
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph Cordaro
- Sandia National
Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- NIST Center for Neutron
Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Christopher L. Soles
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- NIST Center for Neutron
Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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