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He Z, Wei J, Chen C, Huang Z, Situ H, Li L. Gradient-based optimization for quantum architecture search. Neural Netw 2024; 179:106508. [PMID: 39003982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quantum Architecture Search (QAS) has shown significant promise in designing quantum circuits for Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs). However, existing QAS algorithms primarily explore circuit architectures within a discrete space, which is inherently inefficient. In this paper, we propose a Gradient-based Optimization for Quantum Architecture Search (GQAS), which leverages a circuit encoder, decoder, and predictor. Initially, the encoder embeds circuit architectures into a continuous latent representation. Subsequently, a predictor utilizes this continuous latent representation as input and outputs an estimated performance for the given architecture. The latent representation is then optimized through gradient descent within the continuous latent space based on the predicted performance. The optimized latent representation is finally mapped back to a discrete architecture via the decoder. To enhance the quality of the latent representation, we pre-train the encoder on a substantial dataset of circuit architectures using Self-Supervised Learning (SSL). Our simulation results on the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) indicate that our method outperforms the current Differentiable Quantum Architecture Search (DQAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin He
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jiachun Wei
- School of Mathematics and Big Data, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Chuangtao Chen
- Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- School of Economics and Management, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Haozhen Situ
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lvzhou Li
- Institute of Quantum Computing and Software, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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2
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Di Colandrea F, Amato L, Schiattarella R, Dauphin A, Cardano F. Retrieving space-dependent polarization transformations via near-optimal quantum process tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:31698-31717. [PMID: 37858989 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
An optical waveplate rotating light polarization can be modeled as a single-qubit unitary operator. This analogy can be exploited to experimentally retrieve a polarization transformation within the paradigm of quantum process tomography. Standard approaches to tomographic problems rely on the maximum-likelihood estimation, providing the most likely transformation to yield the same outcomes as a set of experimental projective measurements. The performances of this method strongly depend on the number of input measurements and the numerical minimization routine that is adopted. Here we investigate the application of genetic and machine learning approaches to this problem, finding that both allow for accurate reconstructions and fast operations when processing a set of projective measurements very close to the minimal one. We apply these techniques to the case of space-dependent polarization transformations, providing an experimental characterization of the optical action of spin-orbit metasurfaces having patterned birefringence. Our efforts thus expand the toolbox of methodologies for optical process tomography. In particular, we find that the neural network-based scheme provides a significant speed-up, that may be critical in applications requiring a characterization in real-time. We expect these results to lay the groundwork for the optimization of tomographic approaches in more general quantum processes, including non-unitary gates and operations in higher-dimensional Hilbert spaces.
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Ding L, Spector L. Multi-Objective Evolutionary Architecture Search for Parameterized Quantum Circuits. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:93. [PMID: 36673234 PMCID: PMC9857551 DOI: 10.3390/e25010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent work on hybrid quantum-classical machine learning systems has demonstrated success in utilizing parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) to solve the challenging reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, with provable learning advantages over classical systems, e.g., deep neural networks. While existing work demonstrates and exploits the strength of PQC-based models, the design choices of PQC architectures and the interactions between different quantum circuits on learning tasks are generally underexplored. In this work, we introduce a Multi-objective Evolutionary Architecture Search framework for parameterized quantum circuits (MEAS-PQC), which uses a multi-objective genetic algorithm with quantum-specific configurations to perform efficient searching of optimal PQC architectures. Experimental results show that our method can find architectures that have superior learning performance on three benchmark RL tasks, and are also optimized for additional objectives including reductions in quantum noise and model size. Further analysis of patterns and probability distributions of quantum operations helps identify performance-critical design choices of hybrid quantum-classical learning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Manning College of Information & Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Lee Spector
- Manning College of Information & Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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4
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Zhang SX, Hsieh CY, Zhang S, Yao H. Neural predictor based quantum architecture search. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ac28dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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5
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Gyongyosi L. Objective function estimation for solving optimization problems in gate-model quantum computers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14220. [PMID: 32848174 PMCID: PMC7450069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum computers provide a valuable resource to solve computational problems. The maximization of the objective function of a computational problem is a crucial problem in gate-model quantum computers. The objective function estimation is a high-cost procedure that requires several rounds of quantum computations and measurements. Here, we define a method for objective function estimation of arbitrary computational problems in gate-model quantum computers. The proposed solution significantly reduces the costs of the objective function estimation and provides an optimized estimate of the state of the quantum computer for solving optimization problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
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Lamata L. Quantum machine learning and quantum biomimetics: A perspective. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ab9803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Quantum machine learning has emerged as an exciting and promising paradigm inside quantum technologies. It may permit, on the one hand, to carry out more efficient machine learning calculations by means of quantum devices, while, on the other hand, to employ machine learning techniques to better control quantum systems. Inside quantum machine learning, quantum reinforcement learning aims at developing ‘intelligent’ quantum agents that may interact with the outer world and adapt to it, with the strategy of achieving some final goal. Another paradigm inside quantum machine learning is that of quantum autoencoders, which may allow one for employing fewer resources in a quantum device via a training process. Moreover, the field of quantum biomimetics aims at establishing analogies between biological and quantum systems, to look for previously inadvertent connections that may enable useful applications. Two recent examples are the concepts of quantum artificial life, as well as of quantum memristors. In this Perspective, we give an overview of these topics, describing the related research carried out by the scientific community.
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Cimini V, Gianani I, Spagnolo N, Leccese F, Sciarrino F, Barbieri M. Calibration of Quantum Sensors by Neural Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:230502. [PMID: 31868431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.230502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Introducing quantum sensors as a solution to real world problems demands reliability and controllability outside of laboratory conditions. Producers and operators ought to be assumed to have limited resources readily available for calibration, and yet, they should be able to trust the devices. Neural networks are almost ubiquitous for similar tasks for classical sensors: here we show the applications of this technique to calibrating a quantum photonic sensor. This is based on a set of training data, collected only relying on the available probe states, hence reducing overhead. We found that covering finely the parameter space is key to achieving uncertainties close to their ultimate level. This technique has the potential to become the standard approach to calibrate quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cimini
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gianani
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Spagnolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Leccese
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei sistemi Complessi (CNR-ISC), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR, Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Zhang Z. Prediction model for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: use of a genetic algorithm to develop a neural network model. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7719. [PMID: 31576250 PMCID: PMC6752189 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with significantly increased risk of death, and early risk stratification may help to choose the appropriate treatment. The study aimed to develop a neural network model by using a genetic algorithm (GA) for the prediction of mortality in patients with ARDS. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of two multicenter randomized controlled trials conducted in forty-four hospitals that are members of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, founded to create an acute respiratory distress syndrome Clinical Trials Network. Model training and validation were performed using the SAILS and OMEGA studies, respectively. A GA was employed to screen variables in order to predict 90-day mortality, and a neural network model was trained for the prediction. This machine learning model was compared to the logistic regression model and APACHE III score in the validation cohort. RESULTS A total number of 1,071 ARDS patients were included for analysis. The GA search identified seven important variables, which were age, AIDS, leukemia, metastatic tumor, hepatic failure, lowest albumin, and FiO2. A representative neural network model was constructed using the forward selection procedure. The area under the curve (AUC) of the neural network model evaluated with the validation cohort was 0.821 (95% CI [0.753-0.888]), which was greater than the APACHE III score (0.665; 95% CI [0.590-0.739]; p = 0.002 by Delong's test) and logistic regression model, albeit not statistically significant (0.743; 95% CI [0.669-0.817], p = 0.130 by Delong's test). CONCLUSIONS The study developed a neural network model using a GA, which outperformed conventional scoring systems for the prediction of mortality in ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
We present the first experimental realization of a quantum artificial life algorithm in a quantum computer. The quantum biomimetic protocol encodes tailored quantum behaviors belonging to living systems, namely, self-replication, mutation, interaction between individuals, and death, into the cloud quantum computer IBM ibmqx4. In this experiment, entanglement spreads throughout generations of individuals, where genuine quantum information features are inherited through genealogical networks. As a pioneering proof-of-principle, experimental data fits the ideal model with accuracy. Thereafter, these and other models of quantum artificial life, for which no classical device may predict its quantum supremacy evolution, can be further explored in novel generations of quantum computers. Quantum biomimetics, quantum machine learning, and quantum artificial intelligence will move forward hand in hand through more elaborate levels of quantum complexity.
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Santagati R, Wang J, Gentile AA, Paesani S, Wiebe N, McClean JR, Morley-Short S, Shadbolt PJ, Bonneau D, Silverstone JW, Tew DP, Zhou X, O’Brien JL, Thompson MG. Witnessing eigenstates for quantum simulation of Hamiltonian spectra. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap9646. [PMID: 29387796 PMCID: PMC5787384 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficient calculation of Hamiltonian spectra, a problem often intractable on classical machines, can find application in many fields, from physics to chemistry. We introduce the concept of an "eigenstate witness" and, through it, provide a new quantum approach that combines variational methods and phase estimation to approximate eigenvalues for both ground and excited states. This protocol is experimentally verified on a programmable silicon quantum photonic chip, a mass-manufacturable platform, which embeds entangled state generation, arbitrary controlled unitary operations, and projective measurements. Both ground and excited states are experimentally found with fidelities >99%, and their eigenvalues are estimated with 32 bits of precision. We also investigate and discuss the scalability of the approach and study its performance through numerical simulations of more complex Hamiltonians. This result shows promising progress toward quantum chemistry on quantum computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Santagati
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
- Corresponding author. (R.S.); (N.W.); (X.Z.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Antonio A. Gentile
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Stefano Paesani
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Nathan Wiebe
- Quantum Architectures and Computation Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA 98052, USA
- Corresponding author. (R.S.); (N.W.); (X.Z.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Jarrod R. McClean
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Google Inc., Venice, CA 90291, USA
| | - Sam Morley-Short
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
- Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | | | - Damien Bonneau
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Joshua W. Silverstone
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - David P. Tew
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author. (R.S.); (N.W.); (X.Z.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Jeremy L. O’Brien
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Mark G. Thompson
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
- Corresponding author. (R.S.); (N.W.); (X.Z.); (M.G.T.)
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Abstract
Recent developments in integrated photonics technology are opening the way to the fabrication of complex linear optical interferometers. The application of this platform is ubiquitous in quantum information science, from quantum simulation to quantum metrology, including the quest for quantum supremacy via the boson sampling problem. Within these contexts, the capability to learn efficiently the unitary operation of the implemented interferometers becomes a crucial requirement. In this letter we develop a reconstruction algorithm based on a genetic approach, which can be adopted as a tool to characterize an unknown linear optical network. We report an experimental test of the described method by performing the reconstruction of a 7-mode interferometer implemented via the femtosecond laser writing technique. Further applications of genetic approaches can be found in other contexts, such as quantum metrology or learning unknown general Hamiltonian evolutions.
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12
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Wendin G. Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:106001. [PMID: 28682303 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7e1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During the last ten years, superconducting circuits have passed from being interesting physical devices to becoming contenders for near-future useful and scalable quantum information processing (QIP). Advanced quantum simulation experiments have been shown with up to nine qubits, while a demonstration of quantum supremacy with fifty qubits is anticipated in just a few years. Quantum supremacy means that the quantum system can no longer be simulated by the most powerful classical supercomputers. Integrated classical-quantum computing systems are already emerging that can be used for software development and experimentation, even via web interfaces. Therefore, the time is ripe for describing some of the recent development of superconducting devices, systems and applications. As such, the discussion of superconducting qubits and circuits is limited to devices that are proven useful for current or near future applications. Consequently, the centre of interest is the practical applications of QIP, such as computation and simulation in Physics and Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wendin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience-MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Biamonte J, Wittek P, Pancotti N, Rebentrost P, Wiebe N, Lloyd S. Quantum machine learning. Nature 2017; 549:195-202. [DOI: 10.1038/nature23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1159] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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