1
|
Kim SK, Shousha R, Yang SM, Hu Q, Hahn SH, Jalalvand A, Park JK, Logan NC, Nelson AO, Na YS, Nazikian R, Wilcox R, Hong R, Rhodes T, Paz-Soldan C, Jeon YM, Kim MW, Ko WH, Lee JH, Battey A, Yu G, Bortolon A, Snipes J, Kolemen E. Highest fusion performance without harmful edge energy bursts in tokamak. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3990. [PMID: 38734685 PMCID: PMC11088687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The path of tokamak fusion and International thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) is maintaining high-performance plasma to produce sufficient fusion power. This effort is hindered by the transient energy burst arising from the instabilities at the boundary of plasmas. Conventional 3D magnetic perturbations used to suppress these instabilities often degrade fusion performance and increase the risk of other instabilities. This study presents an innovative 3D field optimization approach that leverages machine learning and real-time adaptability to overcome these challenges. Implemented in the DIII-D and KSTAR tokamaks, this method has consistently achieved reactor-relevant core confinement and the highest fusion performance without triggering damaging bursts. This is enabled by advances in the physics understanding of self-organized transport in the plasma edge and machine learning techniques to optimize the 3D field spectrum. The success of automated, real-time adaptive control of such complex systems paves the way for maximizing fusion efficiency in ITER and beyond while minimizing damage to device components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Kim
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - R Shousha
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - S M Yang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Q Hu
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - S H Hahn
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - J-K Park
- Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - N C Logan
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Y-S Na
- Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - R Wilcox
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - R Hong
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Rhodes
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Y M Jeon
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - M W Kim
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - W H Ko
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - A Battey
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Yu
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Bortolon
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J Snipes
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - E Kolemen
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang S, Park JK, Jeon Y, Logan NC, Lee J, Hu Q, Lee J, Kim S, Kim J, Lee H, Na YS, Hahm TS, Choi G, Snipes JA, Park G, Ko WH. Tailoring tokamak error fields to control plasma instabilities and transport. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1275. [PMID: 38341448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A tokamak relies on the axisymmetric magnetic fields to confine fusion plasmas and aims to deliver sustainable and clean energy. However, misalignments arise inevitably in the tokamak construction, leading to small asymmetries in the magnetic field known as error fields (EFs). The EFs have been a major concern in the tokamak approaches because small EFs, even less than 0.1%, can drive a plasma disruption. Meanwhile, the EFs in the tokamak can be favorably used for controlling plasma instabilities, such as edge-localized modes (ELMs). Here we show an optimization that tailors the EFs to maintain an edge 3D response for ELM control with a minimized core 3D response to avoid plasma disruption and unnecessary confinement degradation. We design and demonstrate such an edge-localized 3D response in the KSTAR facility, benefiting from its unique flexibility to change many degrees of freedom in the 3D coil space for the various fusion plasma regimes. This favorable control of the tokamak EF represents a notable advance for designing intrinsically 3D tokamaks to optimize stability and confinement for next-step fusion reactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SeongMoo Yang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA.
| | - Jong-Kyu Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - YoungMu Jeon
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jaehyun Lee
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiming Hu
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - JongHa Lee
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangKyeun Kim
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungho Lee
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Na
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Taik Soo Hahm
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Gyungjin Choi
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Joseph A Snipes
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Gunyoung Park
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Ko
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hollerbach R, Kim EJ. Effects of Stochastic Noises on Limit-Cycle Oscillations and Power Losses in Fusion Plasmas and Information Geometry. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25040664. [PMID: 37190453 PMCID: PMC10137813 DOI: 10.3390/e25040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of different stochastic noises on the dynamics of the edge-localised modes (ELMs) in magnetically confined fusion plasmas by using a time-dependent PDF method, path-dependent information geometry (information rate, information length), and entropy-related measures (entropy production, mutual information). The oscillation quenching occurs due to either stochastic particle or magnetic perturbations, although particle perturbation is more effective in this amplitude diminishment compared with magnetic perturbations. On the other hand, magnetic perturbations are more effective at altering the oscillation period; the stochastic noise acts to increase the frequency of explosive oscillations (large ELMs) while decreasing the frequency of more regular oscillations (small ELMs). These stochastic noises significantly reduce power and energy losses caused by ELMs and play a key role in reproducing the observed experimental scaling relation of the ELM power loss with the input power. Furthermore, the maximum power loss is closely linked to the maximum entropy production rate, involving irreversible energy dissipation in non-equilibrium. Notably, over one ELM cycle, the information rate appears to keep almost a constant value, indicative of a geodesic. The information rate is also shown to be useful for characterising the statistical properties of ELMs, such as distinguishing between explosive and regular oscillations and the regulation between the pressure gradient and magnetic fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hollerbach
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Centre for Fluid and Complex Systems, Coventry University, Priory St, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim EJ, Hollerbach R. A stochastic model of edge-localized modes in magnetically confined plasmas. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20210226. [PMID: 36587818 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetically confined plasmas are far from equilibrium and pose considerable challenges in statistical analysis. We discuss a non-perturbative statistical method, namely a time-dependent probability density function (PDF) approach that is potentially useful for analysing time-varying, large, or non-Gaussian fluctuations and bursty events associated with instabilities in the low-to-high confinement transition and the H-mode. Specifically, we present a stochastic Langevin model of edge-localized modes (ELMs) by including stochastic noise terms in a previous ODE ELM model. We calculate exact time-dependent PDFs by numerically solving the Fokker-Planck equation and characterize time-varying statistical properties of ELMs for different energy fluxes and noise amplitudes. The stochastic noise is shown to introduce phase-mixing and plays a significant role in mitigating extreme bursts of large ELMs. Furthermore, based on time-dependent PDFs, we provide a path-dependent information geometric theory of the ELM dynamics and demonstrate its utility in capturing self-regulatory relaxation oscillations, bursts and a sudden change in the system. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'H-mode transition and pedestal studies in fusion plasmas'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Kim
- Fluid and Complex System Research Centre, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 2TT, UK
| | - Rainer Hollerbach
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thyagaraja A, Sen A, Chandra D. Bifurcation behaviour of resonant magnetic perturbation control of edge localized modes in tokamaks: nonlinear simulation results. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220161. [PMID: 36587821 PMCID: PMC9805818 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, some novel results of two fluid nonlinear simulations on the control of edge localized modes (ELMs) in tokamaks by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are presented. Many experiments around the world have demonstrated that RMPs are effective in possibly mitigating or even completely suppressing strong (type I) ELMs that would seriously degrade confinement and could cause other heat-flux problems in both present (e.g. JET) and planned future tokamaks (ITER). Our simulations demonstrate that non-axisymmetric RMPs with toroidal mode numbers [Formula: see text] and suitable field-strengths (kAturns) at the plasma wall imply significant bifurcations in their ability to mitigate or even suppress type-I ELMs, qualitatively similar to RMP effects on ELMs reported in experiments. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'H-mode transition and pedestal studies in fusion plasmas'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit Sen
- Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat,India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar 400094, Mumbai, India
| | - Debasis Chandra
- Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat,India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar 400094, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Plasma response impact on RMP divertor footprint modeling for KSTAR. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2023.101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
7
|
Logan NC, Hu Q, Paz-Soldan C, Nazikian R, Rhodes T, Wilks T, Munaretto S, Bortolon A, Laggner F, Scotti F, Hong R, Wang H. Improved Particle Confinement with Resonant Magnetic Perturbations in DIII-D Tokamak H-Mode Plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:205001. [PMID: 36461991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Experiments on the DIII-D tokamak have identified a novel regime in which applied resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) increase the particle confinement and overall performance. This Letter details a robust range of counter-current rotation over which RMPs cause this density pump-in effect for high confinement (H mode) plasmas. The pump in is shown to be caused by a reduction of the turbulent transport and to be correlated with a change in the sign of the induced neoclassical transport. This novel reversal of the RMP induced transport has the potential to significantly improve reactor relevant, three-dimensional magnetic confinement scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Logan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Q Hu
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - C Paz-Soldan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Nazikian
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - T Rhodes
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - T Wilks
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Munaretto
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Bortolon
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - F Laggner
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - F Scotti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hong
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - H Wang
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng J, Qin J, Lu K, Xu M, Duan X, Xu G, Hu J, Gong X, Zang Q, Liu Z, Wang L, Ding R, Chen J, Li P, Xue L, Cai L, Song Y. Recent progress in Chinese fusion research based on superconducting tokamak configuration. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100269. [PMID: 35815072 PMCID: PMC9256834 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion energy is a promising source of clean energy, which could solve energy shortages and environmental pollution. Research into controlled fusion energy has been ongoing for over half a century. China has created a clear roadmap for magnetic confinement fusion development, where superconducting tokamaks will be used in commercial fusion reactors. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is the world’s first fully superconducting tokamak with upper and lower divertors, which aims at long-pulse, steady-state, H-mode operation, and 101-s H-mode discharge had been achieved. In 2007, China joined the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and became one of its seven members. Thirteen procurement packages are undertaken by China, covering superconducting magnets, power supplies, plasma-facing components (PFCs), diagnostics, etc. To bridge the gap between the ITER and fusion demonstration power plants (DEMOs), China is planning to build the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR) to demonstrate related technologies and physics models. The engineering design of the CFETR was completed in 2020, and Comprehensive Research Facilities for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) are being constructed to explore the key technologies used in the CFETR. Fusion energy is a promising source of clean energy Tokamak is the most widely studied magnetic confinement fusion device China built the world’s first fully superconducting tokamak -EAST China is one of the seven members of the ITER project CFETR engineering design has been completed, and its R&D is ongoing
Collapse
|
9
|
Progress of Divertor Heat and Particle Flux Control in EAST for Advanced Steady-State Operation in the Last 10 Years. JOURNAL OF FUSION ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-021-00290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Park JK, Yang SM, Logan NC, Hu Q, Zhu C, Zarnstorff MC, Nazikian R, Paz-Soldan C, Jeon YM, Ko WH. Quasisymmetric Optimization of Nonaxisymmetry in Tokamaks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:125001. [PMID: 33834790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Predictive 3D optimization reveals a novel approach to modify a nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbation to be entirely harmless for tokamaks, by essentially restoring quasisymmetry in perturbed particle orbits as much as possible. Such a quasisymmetric magnetic perturbation (QSMP) has been designed and successfully tested in the KSTAR and DIII-D tokamaks, demonstrating no performance degradation despite the large overall amplitudes of nonaxisymmetric fields and strong response otherwise expected in the tested plasmas. The results indicate that a quasisymmetric optimization is a robust path of error field correction across the resonant and nonresonant field spectrum in a tokamak, leveraging the prevailing concept of quasisymmetry for general 3D plasma confinement systems such as stellarators. The optimization becomes, in fact, a simple eigenvalue problem to the so-called torque response matrices if a perturbed equilibrium is calculated consistent with nonaxisymmetric neoclassical transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-K Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - S M Yang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - N C Logan
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Q Hu
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C Zhu
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M C Zarnstorff
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Nazikian
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C Paz-Soldan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Y M Jeon
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - W H Ko
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Overview of the Recent Study on ELM Mitigation Physics with Different External Actuators on HL-2A Tokamak. JOURNAL OF FUSION ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-021-00281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Hu QM, Nazikian R, Grierson BA, Logan NC, Orlov DM, Paz-Soldan C, Yu Q. Wide Operational Windows of Edge-Localized Mode Suppression by Resonant Magnetic Perturbations in the DIII-D Tokamak. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:045001. [PMID: 32794790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Edge-localized mode (ELM) suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) generally occurs over very narrow ranges of the plasma current (or magnetic safety factor q_{95}) in the DIII-D tokamak. However, wide q_{95} ranges of ELM suppression are needed for the safety and operational flexibility of ITER and future reactors. In DIII-D ITER similar shape plasmas with n=3 RMPs, the range of q_{95} for ELM suppression is found to increase with decreasing electron density. Nonlinear two-fluid MHD simulations reproduce the observed q_{95} windows of ELM suppression and the dependence on plasma density, based on the conditions for resonant field penetration at the top of the pedestal. When the RMP amplitude is close to the threshold for resonant field penetration, only narrow isolated magnetic islands form near the top of the pedestal, leading to narrow q_{95} windows of ELM suppression. However, as the threshold for field penetration decreases with decreasing density, resonant field penetration can take place over a wider range of q_{95}. For sufficiently low density (penetration threshold) multiple magnetic islands form near the top of the pedestal giving rise to continuous q_{95} windows of ELM suppression. The model predicts that wide q_{95} windows of ELM suppression can be achieved at substantially higher pedestal pressure in DIII-D by shifting to higher toroidal mode number (n=4) RMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q M Hu
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - R Nazikian
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - B A Grierson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - N C Logan
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - D M Orlov
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - C Paz-Soldan
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - Q Yu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effect of magnetic perturbation fields on power decay length in EMC3-EIRENE simulations and comparison to experiment in ASDEX upgrade. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Xiang J, Chen R, Ming T, Xu G, Yang J, Wang Y, Lin X, Liu Z, Gu S, Ye M. Tomographic reconstruction for a tangentially viewing visible light imaging diagnostic on EAST. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|