1
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Synanidis AP, Gonçalves PAD, Ropers C, de Abajo FJG. Quantum effects in the interaction of low-energy electrons with light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp4096. [PMID: 38905338 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between free electrons and optical fields constitutes a unique platform to investigate ultrafast processes in matter and explore fundamental quantum phenomena. Specifically, optically modulated electrons in ultrafast electron microscopy act as noninvasive probes that push space-time-energy resolution to the picometer-attosecond-microelectronvolt range. Electron energies well above the involved photon energies are commonly used, rendering a low electron-light coupling and, thus, only providing limited access to the wealth of quantum nonlinear phenomena underlying the dynamical response of nanostructures. Here, we theoretically investigate electron-light interactions between photons and electrons of comparable energies, revealing quantum and recoil effects that include a nonvanishing coupling of surface-scattered electrons to light plane waves, inelastic electron backscattering from confined optical fields, and strong electron-light coupling under grazing electron diffraction by an illuminated crystal surface. Our exploration of electron-light-matter interactions holds potential for applications in ultrafast electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios P Synanidis
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - P A D Gonçalves
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Koga M, Kang DH, Heim ZN, Meyer P, Erickson BA, Haldar N, Baradaran N, Havenith M, Neumark DM. Extreme ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of adenine, adenosine and adenosine monophosphate in a liquid flat jet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13106-13117. [PMID: 38629206 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using an extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) probe pulse was used to investigate the UV photoinduced dynamics of adenine (Ade), adenosine (Ado), and adenosine-5-monophosphate (AMP) in a liquid water jet. In contrast to previous studies using UV probe pulses, the XUV pulse at 21.7 eV can photoionize all excited states of a molecule, allowing for full relaxation pathways to be addressed after excitation at 4.66 eV. This work was carried out using a gas-dynamic flat liquid jet, resulting in considerably enhanced signal compared to a cylindrical jet. All three species decay on multiple time scales that are assigned based on their decay associated spectra; the fastest decay of ∼100 fs is assigned to ππ* decay to the ground state, while a smaller component with a lifetime of ∼500 fs is attributed to the nπ* state. An additional slower channel in Ade is assigned to the 7H Ade conformer, as seen previously. This work demonstrates the capability of XUV-TRPES to disentangle non-adiabatic dynamics in an aqueous solution in a state-specific manner and represents the first identification of the nπ* state in the relaxation dynamics of adenine and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Koga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Do Hyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Zachary N Heim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Philipp Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Blake A Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Neal Haldar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Negar Baradaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Martina Havenith
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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3
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Longetti L, Barillot TR, Puppin M, Ojeda J, Poletto L, van Mourik F, Arrell CA, Chergui M. Ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy of photoexcited aqueous ferrioxalate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25308-25316. [PMID: 34747432 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02872c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of metal-organic compounds in solution is determined by both intra- and inter-molecular relaxation processes after photoexcitation. Understanding its prime mechanisms is crucial to optimise the reactive paths and control their outcome. Here we investigate the photoinduced dynamics of aqueous ferrioxalate ([FeIII(C2O4)3]3-) upon 263 nm excitation using ultrafast liquid phase photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The initial step is found to be a ligand-to-metal electron transfer, occuring on a time scale faster than our time resolution (≲30 fs). Furthermore, we observe that about 25% of the initially formed ferrous species population are lost in ∼2 ps. Cast in the contest of previous ultrafast infrared and X-ray spectroscopic studies, we suggest that upon prompt photoreduction of the metal centre, the excited molecules dissociate in <140 fs into the pair of CO2 and [(CO2)FeII(C2O4)2]3- fragments, with unity quantum yield. About 25% of these pairs geminately recombine in ∼2 ps, due to interaction with the solvent molecules, reforming the ground state of the parent ferric molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Longetti
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - T R Barillot
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Puppin
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - J Ojeda
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Poletto
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - F van Mourik
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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West CW, Nishitani J, Higashimura C, Suzuki T. Extreme ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous aniline solution: enhanced surface concentration and pump-induced space charge effect. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1748240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. West
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chika Higashimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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5
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Longetti L, Randulová M, Ojeda J, Mewes L, Miseikis L, Grilj J, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Witting T, Siegel T, Diveki Z, van Mourik F, Chapman R, Cacho C, Yap S, Tisch JWG, Springate E, Marangos JP, Slavíček P, Arrell CA, Chergui M. Photoemission from non-polar aromatic molecules in the gas and liquid phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3965-3974. [PMID: 32022040 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoelectron spectra of both liquid and gas phase aromatic molecules are reported. The spectra were obtained using a 34.1 eV source produced by high harmonic generation and analysed with the help of high-level ab initio simulations using the reflection principle combined with path integral molecular dynamics simulations accounting for nuclear quantum effects for the gas phase. We demonstrate the suitability of three trimethylbenzenes (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) as a solvent for liquid photoelectron spectroscopy of solute species. We also discuss the electrokinetic charging of a non-polar liquid jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Longetti
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Randulová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - J Ojeda
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Mewes
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Miseikis
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Grilj
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - A Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T Witting
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T Siegel
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Z Diveki
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - F van Mourik
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - R Chapman
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - C Cacho
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - S Yap
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - J W G Tisch
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - E Springate
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - J P Marangos
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Advanced Photonics, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Hummert J, Reitsma G, Mayer N, Ikonnikov E, Eckstein M, Kornilov O. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of organic molecules in aqueous solutions. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920509027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We use time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with wavelength-selected XUV femtosecond pulses to study photoinduced dynamics of organic molecules in solutions at millimolar concentrations. Upon electronic excitation we observe relaxation processes, such as excited state intramolecular proton transfer and trans-cis isomerization.
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9
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Hummert J, Reitsma G, Mayer N, Ikonnikov E, Eckstein M, Kornilov O. Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6649-6655. [PMID: 30388021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved valence photoelectron spectroscopy is an established tool for studies of ultrafast molecular dynamics in the gas phase. Here we demonstrate time-resolved XUV photoelectron spectroscopy from dilute aqueous solutions of organic molecules, paving the way to application of this method to photodynamics studies of organic molecules in natural environments, which so far have only been accessible to all-optical transient spectroscopies. We record static and time-resolved photoelectron spectra of a sample molecule, quinoline yellow WS, analyze its electronic structure, and follow the relaxation dynamics upon excitation with 400 nm pulses. The dynamics exhibit three time scales, of which a 250 ± 70 fs time scale is attributed to solvent rearrangement. The two longer time scales of 1.3 ± 0.4 and 90 ± 20 ps can be correlated to the recently proposed ultrafast excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in a closely related molecule, quinophthalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hummert
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Geert Reitsma
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Nicola Mayer
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Evgenii Ikonnikov
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Eckstein
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Oleg Kornilov
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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10
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Chergui M. Ultrafast photophysics and photochemistry of iron hexacyanides in solution: Infrared to X-ray spectroscopic studies. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Gallmann L, Jordan I, Wörner HJ, Castiglioni L, Hengsberger M, Osterwalder J, Arrell CA, Chergui M, Liberatore E, Rothlisberger U, Keller U. Photoemission and photoionization time delays and rates. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061502. [PMID: 29308414 PMCID: PMC5732014 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ionization and, in particular, ionization through the interaction with light play an important role in fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. In recent years, we have seen tremendous advances in our ability to measure the dynamics of photo-induced ionization in various systems in the gas, liquid, or solid phase. In this review, we will define the parameters used for quantifying these dynamics. We give a brief overview of some of the most important ionization processes and how to resolve the associated time delays and rates. With regard to time delays, we ask the question: how long does it take to remove an electron from an atom, molecule, or solid? With regard to rates, we ask the question: how many electrons are emitted in a given unit of time? We present state-of-the-art results on ionization and photoemission time delays and rates. Our review starts with the simplest physical systems: the attosecond dynamics of single-photon and tunnel ionization of atoms in the gas phase. We then extend the discussion to molecular gases and ionization of liquid targets. Finally, we present the measurements of ionization delays in femto- and attosecond photoemission from the solid-vacuum interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gallmann
- Department of Physics, Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Jordan
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Castiglioni
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Hengsberger
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Osterwalder
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU), and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC-FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU), and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC-FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Liberatore
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U Keller
- Department of Physics, Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Raheem AA, Wilke M, Borgwardt M, Engel N, Bokarev SI, Grell G, Aziz SG, Kühn O, Kiyan IY, Merschjann C, Aziz EF. Ultrafast kinetics of linkage isomerism in Na 2[Fe(CN) 5NO] aqueous solution revealed by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044031. [PMID: 28713840 PMCID: PMC5489413 DOI: 10.1063/1.4990567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of ultrafast photoinduced structural changes in linkage isomers is investigated using Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] as a model complex. The buildup of the metastable side-on configuration of the NO ligand, as well as the electronic energy levels of ground, excited, and metastable states, has been revealed by means of time-resolved extreme UV (XUV) photoelectron spectroscopy in aqueous solution, aided by theoretical calculations. Evidence of a short-lived intermediate state in the isomerization process and its nature are discussed, finding that the complete isomerization process occurs in less than 240 fs after photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sergey I Bokarev
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gilbert Grell
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Saadullah G Aziz
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Igor Yu Kiyan
- Joint Laboratory for Ultrafast Dynamics in Solutions and at Interfaces (JULiq), Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Ojeda J, Arrell CA, Longetti L, Chergui M, Helbing J. Charge-transfer and impulsive electronic-to-vibrational energy conversion in ferricyanide: ultrafast photoelectron and transient infrared studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03337k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of ferricyanide in H2O, D2O and ethylene glycol was studied upon excitation of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) transitions by combining ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of liquids and transient vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ojeda
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy
- ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Christopher A. Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy
- ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Luca Longetti
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy
- ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy
- ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Jan Helbing
- University of Zurich
- Department of Chemistry
- CH-8057 Zürich
- Switzerland
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