1
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V K, Joseph T. Information engine with feedback delay based on a two-level system. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:034121. [PMID: 38632813 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.034121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
An information engine based on a two-level system in contact with a thermal reservoir is studied analytically. The model incorporates delay time between the measurement of the state of the system and the feedback. The engine efficiency and work extracted per cycle are studied as a function of delay time and energy spacing between the two levels. It is found that the range of delay time over which one can extract work from the information engine increases with temperature. For delay times comparable to the relaxation time, efficiency and work per cycle are maxima when k_{B}T≈2U_{0}, the energy difference between the levels. The generalized Jarzynski equality and the generalized integral fluctuation theorem are explicitly verified for the model. The results from the model are compared with the simulation results for a feedback engine based on a particle moving in a one-dimensional square potential. The variation of efficiency, work per cycle, and efficacy with the delay time is compared using relaxation time in the two-level model as the fitting parameter, leading to a good fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, Goa, India
| | - Toby Joseph
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, Goa, India
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2
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Moreira SV, Samuelsson P, Potts PP. Stochastic Thermodynamics of a Quantum Dot Coupled to a Finite-Size Reservoir. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:220405. [PMID: 38101369 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.220405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In nanoscale systems coupled to finite-size reservoirs, the reservoir temperature may fluctuate due to heat exchange between the system and the reservoirs. To date, a stochastic thermodynamic analysis of heat, work, and entropy production in such systems is, however, missing. Here we fill this gap by analyzing a single-level quantum dot tunnel coupled to a finite-size electronic reservoir. The system dynamics is described by a Markovian master equation, depending on the fluctuating temperature of the reservoir. Based on a fluctuation theorem, we identify the appropriate entropy production that results in a thermodynamically consistent statistical description. We illustrate our results by analyzing the work production for a finite-size reservoir Szilard engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo V Moreira
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter Samuelsson
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick P Potts
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Bilancioni M, Esposito M, Freitas N. A chemical reaction network implementation of a Maxwell demon. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204103. [PMID: 38010324 DOI: 10.1063/5.0173889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We study an autonomous model of a Maxwell demon that works by rectifying thermal fluctuations of chemical reactions. It constitutes the chemical analog of a recently studied electronic demon. We characterize its scaling behavior in the macroscopic limit, its performances, and the impact of potential internal delays. We obtain analytical expressions for all quantities of interest: the generated reverse chemical current, the output power, the transduction efficiency, and correlation between the number of molecules. Due to a bound on the nonequilibrium response of its chemical reaction network, we find that, contrary to the electronic case, there is no way for the Maxwell demon to generate a finite output in the macroscopic limit. Finally, we analyze the information thermodynamics of the Maxwell demon from a bipartite perspective. In the limit of a fast demon, the information flow is obtained, its pattern in the state space is discussed, and the behavior of partial efficiencies related to the measurement and feedback processes is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bilancioni
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg City 1511, G.D. Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg City 1511, G.D. Luxembourg
| | - Nahuel Freitas
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg City 1511, G.D. Luxembourg
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Fadler P, Friedenberger A, Lutz E. Efficiency at Maximum Power of a Carnot Quantum Information Engine. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:240401. [PMID: 37390443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.240401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the performance of thermal machines is an essential task of thermodynamics. We here consider the optimization of information engines that convert information about the state of a system into work. We concretely introduce a generalized finite-time Carnot cycle for a quantum information engine and optimize its power output in the regime of low dissipation. We derive a general formula for its efficiency at maximum power valid for arbitrary working media. We further investigate the optimal performance of a qubit information engine subjected to weak energy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fadler
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Friedenberger
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric Lutz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Freitas N, Esposito M. Information flows in macroscopic Maxwell's demons. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:014136. [PMID: 36797870 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.014136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A CMOS-based implementation of an autonomous Maxwell's demon was recently proposed [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120602 (2022)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120602] to demonstrate that a Maxwell demon can still work at macroscopic scales, provided that its power supply is scaled appropriately. Here we first provide a full analytical characterization of the nonautonomous version of that model. We then study system-demon information flows within generic autonomous bipartite setups displaying a macroscopic limit. By doing so, we can study the thermodynamic efficiency of both the measurement and the feedback process performed by the demon. We find that the information flow is an intensive quantity and that, as a consequence, any Maxwell's demon is bound to stop working above a finite scale if all parameters but the scale are fixed. However, this can be prevented by appropriately scaling the thermodynamic forces. These general results are applied to the autonomous CMOS-based demon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Freitas
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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6
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V K, Joseph T. Driven particle in a one-dimensional periodic potential with feedback control: Efficiency and power optimization. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054146. [PMID: 36559401 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A Brownian particle moving in a staircaselike potential with feedback control offers a way to implement Maxwell's demon. An experimental demonstration of such a system using sinusoidal periodic potential carried out by Toyabe et al. [Nat. Phys. 6, 988 (2010)1745-247310.1038/nphys1821] has shown that information about the particle's position can be converted to useful work. In this paper, we carry out a numerical study of a similar system using Brownian dynamics simulation. A Brownian particle moving in a periodic potential under the action of a constant driving force is made to move against the drive by measuring the position of the particle and effecting feedback control by altering potential. The work is extracted during the potential change and from the movement of the particle against the external drive. These work extractions come at the cost of information gathered during the measurement. Efficiency and work extracted per cycle of this information engine are optimized by varying control parameters as well as feedback protocols. Both these quantities are found to crucially depend on the amplitude of the periodic potential as well as the width of the region over which the particle is searched for during the measurement phase. For the case when potential flip (i.e., changing the phase of the potential by 180^{∘}) is used as the feedback mechanism, we argue that the square potential offers a more efficient information-to-work conversion. The control over the numerical parameters and averaging over large number of trial runs allow one to study the nonequilibrium work relations with feedback for this process with precision. It is seen that the generalized integral fluctuation theorem for error-free measurements holds to within the accuracy of the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, Goa, India
| | - Toby Joseph
- Department of Physics, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, Goa, India
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7
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Saha TK, Lucero JNE, Ehrich J, Sivak DA, Bechhoefer J. Bayesian Information Engine that Optimally Exploits Noisy Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:130601. [PMID: 36206430 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.130601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally realized an information engine consisting of an optically trapped, heavy bead in water. The device raises the trap center after a favorable "up" thermal fluctuation, thereby increasing the bead's average gravitational potential energy. In the presence of measurement noise, poor feedback decisions degrade its performance; below a critical signal-to-noise ratio, the engine shows a phase transition and cannot store any gravitational energy. However, using Bayesian estimates of the bead's position to make feedback decisions can extract gravitational energy at all measurement noise strengths and has maximum performance benefit at the critical signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Saha
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joseph N E Lucero
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jannik Ehrich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David A Sivak
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John Bechhoefer
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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8
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Freitas N, Esposito M. Maxwell Demon that Can Work at Macroscopic Scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:120602. [PMID: 36179174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maxwell's demons work by rectifying thermal fluctuations. They are not expected to function at macroscopic scales where fluctuations become negligible and dynamics become deterministic. We propose an electronic implementation of an autonomous Maxwell's demon that indeed stops working in the regular macroscopic limit as the dynamics becomes deterministic. However, we find that if the power supplied to the demon is scaled up appropriately, the deterministic limit is avoided and the demon continues to work. The price to pay is a decreasing thermodynamic efficiency. Our Letter suggests that novel strategies may be found in nonequilibrium settings to bring to the macroscale nontrivial effects so far only observed at microscopic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Freitas
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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9
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Manikandan SK, Elouard C, Murch KW, Auffèves A, Jordan AN. Efficiently fueling a quantum engine with incompatible measurements. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044137. [PMID: 35590558 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a quantum harmonic oscillator measurement engine fueled by simultaneous quantum measurements of the noncommuting position and momentum quadratures of the quantum oscillator. The engine extracts work by moving the harmonic trap suddenly, conditioned on the measurement outcomes. We present two protocols for work extraction, respectively based on single-shot and time-continuous quantum measurements. In the single-shot limit, the oscillator is measured in a coherent state basis; the measurement adds an average of one quantum of energy to the oscillator, which is then extracted in the feedback step. In the time-continuous limit, continuous weak quantum measurements of both position and momentum of the quantum oscillator result in a coherent state, whose coordinates diffuse in time. We relate the extractable work to the noise added by quadrature measurements, and present exact results for the work distribution at arbitrary finite time. Both protocols can achieve unit work conversion efficiency in principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath K Manikandan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyril Elouard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- QUANTIC laboratory, INRIA Paris, 2 Rue Simone Iff, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Kater W Murch
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrew N Jordan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange, California, 92866, USA
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10
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Ji W, Chai Z, Wang M, Guo Y, Rong X, Shi F, Ren C, Wang Y, Du J. Spin Quantum Heat Engine Quantified by Quantum Steering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:090602. [PMID: 35302812 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the rising interest in quantum information science, the extension of a heat engine to the quantum regime by exploring microscopic quantum systems has seen a boon of interest in the last decade. Although quantum coherence in the quantum system of the working medium has been investigated to play a nontrivial role, a complete understanding of the intrinsic quantum advantage of quantum heat engines remains elusive. We experimentally demonstrate that the quantum correlation between the working medium and the thermal bath is critical for the quantum advantage of a quantum Szilárd engine, where quantum coherence in the working medium is naturally excluded. By quantifying the nonclassical correlation through quantum steering, we reveal that the heat engine is quantum when the demon can truly steer the working medium. The average work obtained by taking different ways of work extraction on the working medium can be used to verify the real quantum Szilárd engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zihua Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuhang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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Luo Y, Zeng C, Li B. Negative rectification and anomalous diffusion in nonlinear substrate potentials: Dynamical relaxation and information entropy. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:024204. [PMID: 35291109 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.024204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the rectification of the probability flux and dynamical relaxation of particles moving in a system with and without noise. The system, driven by two external forces, consists of two substrate potentials that have identical shapes and different potential barriers with different friction coefficients. The deterministic model exhibits the perfect rectification of the probability flux, ratchet effect, and the dependence of the unpredictability of the dynamics on basin of attraction. In contrast, the stochastic model displays that the rectification is sensitive to the temperature and an external bias. They can induce kinetic phase transitions between no transport and a finite net transport. These transitions lead to an unexpected phenomenon, called negative rectification. The results are analyzed through the corresponding time-dependent diffusion coefficient, information entropy (IE), etc. At a low temperature, anomalous diffusions occur in system. For the occurrence of the flux in certain parameter regimes, the larger the diffusion is, the smaller the corresponding IE is, and vice versa. We also present the selected parameter regimes for the emergence of the rectification and negative rectification. Additionally, we study the rectification of the interacting particles in the system and find that the flux may depend on the coupling strength and the number of the interacting particles, and that collective motions occur for the forward flux. Our work provides not only a way of the rectification for the transport of various particles (e.g., ions, electrons, photons, phonons, molecules, DNA chains, nanoswimmers, dust particles, etc.) in physics, chemistry, biology, and material science, but also a design of various circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Luo
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics/Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong 657000, China
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics/Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Baowen Li
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427, USA
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12
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Fontana PW. Hidden Dissipation and Irreversibility in Maxwell's Demon. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:93. [PMID: 35052118 PMCID: PMC8774989 DOI: 10.3390/e24010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Maxwell's demon is an entity in a 150-year-old thought experiment that paradoxically appears to violate the second law of thermodynamics by reducing entropy without doing work. It has increasingly practical implications as advances in nanomachinery produce devices that push the thermodynamic limits imposed by the second law. A well-known explanation claiming that information erasure restores second law compliance fails to resolve the paradox because it assumes the second law a priori, and does not predict irreversibility. Instead, a purely mechanical resolution that does not require information theory is presented. The transport fluxes of mass, momentum, and energy involved in the demon's operation are analyzed and show that they imply "hidden" external work and dissipation. Computing the dissipation leads to a new lower bound on entropy production by the demon. It is strictly positive in all nontrivial cases, providing a more stringent limit than the second law and implying intrinsic thermodynamic irreversibility. The thermodynamic irreversibility is linked with mechanical irreversibility resulting from the spatial asymmetry of the demon's speed selection criteria, indicating one mechanism by which macroscopic irreversibility may emerge from microscopic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Fontana
- Physics Department, Seattle University, 901 12th Ave., Seattle, WA 98122, USA
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13
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Herrera M, Peterson JPS, Serra RM, D'Amico I. Easy Access to Energy Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Quantum Many-Body Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:030602. [PMID: 34328771 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We combine theoretical and experimental efforts to propose a method for studying energy fluctuations, in particular, to obtain the related bistochastic matrix of transition probabilities by means of simple measurements at the end of a protocol that drives a many-body quantum system out of equilibrium. This scheme is integrated with numerical optimizations in order to ensure a proper analysis of the experimental data, leading to physical probabilities. The method is experimentally evaluated employing a two interacting spin-1/2 system in a nuclear magnetic resonance setup. We show how to recover the transition probabilities using only local measures, which enables an experimental verification of the detailed fluctuation theorem in a many-body system driven out of equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 760030 Cali, Colombia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John P S Peterson
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto M Serra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irene D'Amico
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Information-driven engines that rectify thermal fluctuations are a modern realization of the Maxwell-demon thought experiment. We introduce a simple design based on a heavy colloidal particle, held by an optical trap and immersed in water. Using a carefully designed feedback loop, our experimental realization of an "information ratchet" takes advantage of favorable "up" fluctuations to lift a weight against gravity, storing potential energy without doing external work. By optimizing the ratchet design for performance via a simple theory, we find that the rate of work storage and velocity of directed motion are limited only by the physical parameters of the engine: the size of the particle, stiffness of the ratchet spring, friction produced by the motion, and temperature of the surrounding medium. Notably, because performance saturates with increasing frequency of observations, the measurement process is not a limiting factor. The extracted power and velocity are at least an order of magnitude higher than in previously reported engines.
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15
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Manzano G, Subero D, Maillet O, Fazio R, Pekola JP, Roldán É. Thermodynamics of Gambling Demons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:080603. [PMID: 33709732 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.080603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and realize demons that follow a customary gambling strategy to stop a nonequilibrium process at stochastic times. We derive second-law-like inequalities for the average work done in the presence of gambling, and universal stopping-time fluctuation relations for classical and quantum nonstationary stochastic processes. We test experimentally our results in a single-electron box, where an electrostatic potential drives the dynamics of individual electrons tunneling into a metallic island. We also discuss the role of coherence in gambling demons measuring quantum jump trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Manzano
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Subero
- PICO group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Olivier Maillet
- PICO group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Rosario Fazio
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jukka P Pekola
- PICO group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Édgar Roldán
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
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16
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Rupprecht N, Vural DC. Predictive Maxwell's demons. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:062145. [PMID: 33465975 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here we study the operation efficiency of a finite-size finite-response-time Maxwell's demon, who can make future predictions. We compare the heat and mass transport rate of predictive demons to nonpredictive ones and find that predictive demons can achieve higher mass and heat transport rates over longer periods of time. We determine how the demon performance varies with response time, future sight, and the density of the gasses on which they operate.
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17
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Francica G, Binder FC, Guarnieri G, Mitchison MT, Goold J, Plastina F. Quantum Coherence and Ergotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:180603. [PMID: 33196219 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.180603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Constraints on work extraction are fundamental to our operational understanding of the thermodynamics of both classical and quantum systems. In the quantum setting, finite-time control operations typically generate coherence in the instantaneous energy eigenbasis of the dynamical system. Thermodynamic cycles can, in principle, be designed to extract work from this nonequilibrium resource. Here, we isolate and study the quantum coherent component to the work yield in such protocols. Specifically, we identify a coherent contribution to the ergotropy (the maximum amount of unitarily extractable work via cyclical variation of Hamiltonian parameters). We show this by dividing the optimal transformation into an incoherent operation and a coherence extraction cycle. We obtain bounds for both the coherent and incoherent parts of the extractable work and discuss their saturation in specific settings. Our results are illustrated with several examples, including finite-dimensional systems and bosonic Gaussian states that describe recent experiments on quantum heat engines with a quantized load.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Francica
- CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - F C Binder
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Guarnieri
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M T Mitchison
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J Goold
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - F Plastina
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN-Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza
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18
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Rossi M, Mancino L, Landi GT, Paternostro M, Schliesser A, Belenchia A. Experimental Assessment of Entropy Production in a Continuously Measured Mechanical Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:080601. [PMID: 32909766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.080601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The information on a quantum process acquired through measurements plays a crucial role in the determination of its nonequilibrium thermodynamic properties. We report on the experimental inference of the stochastic entropy production rate for a continuously monitored mesoscopic quantum system. We consider an optomechanical system subjected to continuous displacement Gaussian measurements and characterize the entropy production rate of the individual trajectories followed by the system in its stochastic dynamics, employing a phase-space description in terms of the Wigner entropy. Owing to the specific regime of our experiment, we are able to single out the informational contribution to the entropy production arising from conditioning the state on the measurement outcomes. Our experiment embodies a significant step towards the demonstration of full-scale control of fundamental thermodynamic processes at the mesoscopic quantum scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Rossi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Mancino
- Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel T Landi
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05314-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Paternostro
- Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessio Belenchia
- Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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19
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Peterson JPS, Batalhão TB, Herrera M, Souza AM, Sarthour RS, Oliveira IS, Serra RM. Experimental Characterization of a Spin Quantum Heat Engine. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:240601. [PMID: 31922824 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.240601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the thermodynamics of small quantum systems envisage nonclassical thermal machines. In this scenario, energy fluctuations play a relevant role in the description of irreversibility. We experimentally implement a quantum heat engine based on a spin-1/2 system and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Irreversibility at a microscope scale is fully characterized by the assessment of energy fluctuations associated with the work and heat flows. We also investigate the efficiency lag related to the entropy production at finite time. The implemented heat engine operates in a regime where both thermal and quantum fluctuations (associated with transitions among the instantaneous energy eigenstates) are relevant to its description. Performing a quantum Otto cycle at maximum power, the proof-of-concept quantum heat engine is able to reach an efficiency for work extraction (η≈42%) very close to its thermodynamic limit (η=44%).
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Affiliation(s)
- John P S Peterson
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiago B Batalhão
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Marcela Herrera
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Souza
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto S Sarthour
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivan S Oliveira
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Serra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Sánchez R, Splettstoesser J, Whitney RS. Nonequilibrium System as a Demon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:216801. [PMID: 31809128 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.216801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maxwell demons are creatures that are imagined to be able to reduce the entropy of a system without performing any work on it. Conventionally, such a Maxwell demon's intricate action consists of measuring individual particles and subsequently performing feedback. We show that much simpler setups can still act as demons: we demonstrate that it is sufficient to exploit a nonequilibrium distribution to seemingly break the second law of thermodynamics. We propose both an electronic and an optical implementation of this phenomenon, realizable with current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sánchez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Janine Splettstoesser
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Robert S Whitney
- Laboratoire de Physique et Modélisation des Milieux Condensés, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
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21
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Rupprecht N, Vural DC. Maxwell's Demons with Finite Size and Response Time. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:080603. [PMID: 31491195 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.080603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all theoretical analyses of Maxwell's demon focus on its energetic and entropic costs of operation. Here, we focus on its rate of operation. In our model, a demon's rate limitation stems from its finite response time and gate area. We determine the rate limits of mass and energy transfer, as well as entropic reduction for four such demons: those that select particles according to (1) direction, (2) energy, (3) number, and (4) entropy. Last, we determine the optimal gate size for a demon with small, finite response time, and compare our predictions with molecular dynamics simulations with both ideal and nonideal gasses. Also, we study the conditions under which the demons are able to move both energy and particles in the chosen direction when attempting to only move one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Rupprecht
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Dervis Can Vural
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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22
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Reversing the direction of heat flow using quantum correlations. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2456. [PMID: 31165732 PMCID: PMC6549171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat spontaneously flows from hot to cold in standard thermodynamics. However, the latter theory presupposes the absence of initial correlations between interacting systems. We here experimentally demonstrate the reversal of heat flow for two quantum correlated spins-1/2, initially prepared in local thermal states at different effective temperatures, employing a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance setup. We observe a spontaneous energy flow from the cold to the hot system. This process is enabled by a trade off between correlations and entropy that we quantify with information-theoretical quantities. These results highlight the subtle interplay of quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and information theory. They further provide a mechanism to control heat on the microscale.
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23
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Stevens J, Deffner S. Quantum to classical transition in an information ratchet. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:042129. [PMID: 31108656 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.042129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a flurry of research activity in the study of minimal and autonomous information ratchets. However, the existing classical and quantum models are somewhat hard to compare and hence quantifying possible quantum supremacy in information ratchets has been elusive. We propose a step towards filling this void between quantum and classical ratchets by introducing a model with continuous variables: a quantum particle in a box coupled to a stream of qubits. The dynamics is solved exactly and we analyze the quantum to classical transition in terms of a natural timescale parameter for the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josey Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.,Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - Sebastian Deffner
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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24
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Ptaszyński K, Esposito M. Thermodynamics of Quantum Information Flows. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:150603. [PMID: 31050547 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.150603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report two results complementing the second law of thermodynamics for Markovian open quantum systems coupled to multiple reservoirs with different temperatures and chemical potentials. First, we derive a nonequilibrium free energy inequality providing an upper bound for a maximum power output, which for systems with inhomogeneous temperature is not equivalent to the Clausius inequality. Second, we derive local Clausius and free energy inequalities for subsystems of a composite system. These inequalities differ from the total system one by the presence of an information-related contribution and build the ground for thermodynamics of quantum information processing. Our theory is used to study an autonomous Maxwell demon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ptaszyński
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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25
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Abstract
Uncovering the origin of the “arrow of time” remains a fundamental scientific challenge. Within the framework of statistical physics, this problem was inextricably associated with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which declares that entropy growth proceeds from the system’s entanglement with the environment. This poses a question of whether it is possible to develop protocols for circumventing the irreversibility of time and if so to practically implement these protocols. Here we show that, while in nature the complex conjugation needed for time reversal may appear exponentially improbable, one can design a quantum algorithm that includes complex conjugation and thus reverses a given quantum state. Using this algorithm on an IBM quantum computer enables us to experimentally demonstrate a backward time dynamics for an electron scattered on a two-level impurity.
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26
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A Programmable Mechanical Maxwell's Demon. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21010065. [PMID: 33266781 PMCID: PMC7514173 DOI: 10.3390/e21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We introduce and investigate a simple and explicitly mechanical model of Maxwell’s demon—a device that interacts with a memory register (a stream of bits), a thermal reservoir (an ideal gas) and a work reservoir (a mass that can be lifted or lowered). Our device is similar to one that we have briefly described elsewhere, but it has the additional feature that it can be programmed to recognize a chosen reference sequence, for instance, the binary representation of π. If the bits in the memory register match those of the reference sequence, then the device extracts heat from the thermal reservoir and converts it into work to lift a small mass. Conversely, the device can operate as a generalized Landauer’s eraser (or copier), harnessing the energy of a dropping mass to write the chosen reference sequence onto the memory register, replacing whatever information may previously have been stored there. Our model can be interpreted either as a machine that autonomously performs a conversion between information and energy, or else as a feedback-controlled device that is operated by an external agent. We derive generalized second laws of thermodynamics for both pictures. We illustrate our model with numerical simulations, as well as analytical calculations in a particular, exactly solvable limit.
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27
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Shishkov VY, Andrianov ES, Pukhov AA, Vinogradov AP, Lisyansky AA. Zeroth law of thermodynamics for thermalized open quantum systems having constants of motion. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:022132. [PMID: 30253631 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.022132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the evolution of an open quantum system described by a dynamical semigroup having the Lindblad superoperator as a generator. This generator may have an eigenfunction with a zero eigenvalue referred to as a constant of motion (COM). An open quantum system has a unique stationary state if and only if it has no COMs. A system with multiple stationary states has a basis of COMs, any COM of the system is a linear combination of the basis COMs. The basis divides the space of system states into subspaces. In each subspace, its own stationary state is formed, and any stationary state of the system is a linear combination of these states. Usually, neither the basis of COMs nor even their number is known. We demonstrate that finding the stationary state of the system does not require looking for COMs. Instead, one can construct a set of "invariant" subspaces. If the system evolution begins from one of these subspaces, the system will remain in it, arriving at a stationary state independent of evolution in other subspaces. We suggest a direct way of finding the invariant subspaces by studying the evolution of the system. We show that the sets of invariant subspaces and subspaces generated by the basis of COMs are equivalent. A stationary state of the system is a weighted sum of stationary states in each invariant subspace; weighting factors are determined by the initial state of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Shishkov
- Dukhov Research Institute for Automatics, 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy 141700, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E S Andrianov
- Dukhov Research Institute for Automatics, 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy 141700, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A A Pukhov
- Dukhov Research Institute for Automatics, 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy 141700, Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS, 13 Izhorskaya, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - A P Vinogradov
- Dukhov Research Institute for Automatics, 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy 141700, Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS, 13 Izhorskaya, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - A A Lisyansky
- Department of Physics, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367, USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
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28
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Naghiloo M, Alonso JJ, Romito A, Lutz E, Murch KW. Information Gain and Loss for a Quantum Maxwell's Demon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:030604. [PMID: 30085766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We use continuous weak measurements of a driven superconducting qubit to experimentally study the information dynamics of a quantum Maxwell's demon. We show how information gained by a demon who can track single quantum trajectories of the qubit can be converted into work using quantum coherent feedback. We verify the validity of a quantum fluctuation theorem with feedback by utilizing information obtained along single trajectories. We demonstrate, in particular, that quantum backaction can lead to a loss of information in imperfect measurements. We furthermore probe the transition between information gain and loss by varying the initial purity of the qubit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naghiloo
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - J J Alonso
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Romito
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - E Lutz
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K W Murch
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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29
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Henao I, Serra RM. Role of quantum coherence in the thermodynamics of energy transfer. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062105. [PMID: 30011503 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on the thermodynamic arrow of time, at the microscopic scale, has questioned the universality of its direction. Theoretical studies showed that quantum correlations can be used to revert the natural heat flow (from the hot body to the cold one), posing an apparent challenge to the second law of thermodynamics. Such an "anomalous" heat current was observed in a recent experiment (K. Micadei et al., arXiv:1711.03323), by employing two spin systems initially quantum correlated. Nevertheless, the precise relationship between this intriguing phenomenon and the initial conditions that allow it is not fully evident. Here, we address energy transfer in a wider perspective, identifying a nonclassical contribution that applies to the reversion of the heat flow as well as to more general forms of energy exchange. We derive three theorems that describe the energy transfer between two microscopic systems, for arbitrary initial bipartite states. Using these theorems, we obtain an analytical bound showing that certain type of quantum coherence can optimize such a process, outperforming incoherent states. This genuine quantum advantage is corroborated through a characterization of the energy transfer between two qubits. For this system, it is shown that a large enough amount of coherence is necessary and sufficient to revert the thermodynamic arrow of time. As a second crucial consequence of the presented theorems, we introduce a class of nonequilibrium states that only allow unidirectional energy flow. In this way, we broaden the set where the standard Clausius statement of the second law applies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Henao
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Serra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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30
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Masuyama Y, Funo K, Murashita Y, Noguchi A, Kono S, Tabuchi Y, Yamazaki R, Ueda M, Nakamura Y. Information-to-work conversion by Maxwell's demon in a superconducting circuit quantum electrodynamical system. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1291. [PMID: 29599432 PMCID: PMC5876355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Information thermodynamics bridges information theory and statistical physics by connecting information content and entropy production through measurement and feedback control. Maxwell’s demon is a hypothetical character that uses information about a system to reduce its entropy. Here we realize a Maxwell’s demon acting on a superconducting quantum circuit. We implement quantum non-demolition projective measurement and feedback operation of a qubit and verify the generalized integral fluctuation theorem. We also evaluate the conversion efficiency from information gain to work in the feedback protocol. Our experiment constitutes a step toward experimental studies of quantum information thermodynamics in artificially made quantum machines. Maxwell’s demon is a hypothetical character that uses information about a system to reduce its entropy, highlighting the link between information and thermodynamic entropies. Here the authors experimentally realise a Maxwell's demon controlling a quantum system and explore how it affects thermodynamic laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Masuyama
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - K Funo
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Y Murashita
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - A Noguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - S Kono
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Y Tabuchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - R Yamazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - M Ueda
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan. .,Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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31
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Bengtsson J, Tengstrand MN, Wacker A, Samuelsson P, Ueda M, Linke H, Reimann SM. Quantum Szilard Engine with Attractively Interacting Bosons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:100601. [PMID: 29570332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We show that a quantum Szilard engine containing many bosons with attractive interactions enhances the conversion between information and work. Using an ab initio approach to the full quantum-mechanical many-body problem, we find that the average work output increases significantly for a larger number of bosons. The highest overshoot occurs at a finite temperature, demonstrating how thermal and quantum effects conspire to enhance the conversion between information and work. The predicted effects occur over a broad range of interaction strengths and temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bengtsson
- Mathematical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - A Wacker
- Mathematical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Samuelsson
- Mathematical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ueda
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 11 3-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Linke
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S M Reimann
- Mathematical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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32
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Ptaszyński K. Autonomous quantum Maxwell's demon based on two exchange-coupled quantum dots. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:012116. [PMID: 29448358 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.012116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
I study an autonomous quantum Maxwell's demon based on two exchange-coupled quantum dots attached to the spin-polarized leads. The principle of operation of the demon is based on the coherent oscillations between the spin states of the system which act as a quantum iSWAP gate. Due to the operation of the iSWAP gate, one of the dots acts as a feedback controller which blocks the transport with the bias in the other dot, thus inducing the electron pumping against the bias; this leads to the locally negative entropy production. Operation of the demon is associated with the information transfer between the dots, which is studied quantitatively by mapping the analyzed setup onto the thermodynamically equivalent auxiliary system. The calculated entropy production in a single subsystem and information flow between the subsystems are shown to obey a local form of the second law of thermodynamics, similar to the one previously derived for classical bipartite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ptaszyński
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
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33
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Mintchev M, Santoni L, Sorba P. Quantum fluctuations of entropy production for fermionic systems in the Landauer-Büttiker state. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:052124. [PMID: 29347744 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.052124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The quantum fluctuations of the entropy production for fermionic systems in the Landauer-Büttiker nonequilibrium steady state are investigated. The probability distribution, governing these fluctuations, is explicitly derived by means of quantum field theory methods and analyzed in the zero frequency limit. It turns out that microscopic processes with positive, vanishing and negative entropy production occur in the system with nonvanishing probability. In spite of this fact, we show that all odd moments (in particular, the mean value of the entropy production) of the above distribution are non-negative. This result extends the second principle of thermodynamics to the quantum fluctuations of the entropy production in the Landauer-Büttiker state. The effect of the time reversal is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Mintchev
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Santoni
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Sorba
- LAPTh, Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique, CNRS, Université de Savoie, BP 110, 74941 Annecy-le-Vieux Cedex, France
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Work and information from thermal states after subtraction of energy quanta. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13046. [PMID: 29026196 PMCID: PMC5638844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum oscillators prepared out of thermal equilibrium can be used to produce work and transmit information. By intensive cooling of a single oscillator, its thermal energy deterministically dissipates to a colder environment, and the oscillator substantially reduces its entropy. This out-of-equilibrium state allows us to obtain work and to carry information. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an advanced approach, conditionally preparing more efficient out-of-equilibrium states only by a weak dissipation, an inefficient quantum measurement of the dissipated thermal energy, and subsequent triggering of that states. Although it conditionally subtracts the energy quanta from the oscillator, average energy grows, and second-order correlation function approaches unity as by coherent external driving. On the other hand, the Fano factor remains constant and the entropy of the subtracted state increases, which raise doubts about a possible application of this approach. To resolve it, we predict and experimentally verify that both available work and transmitted information can be conditionally higher in this case than by arbitrary cooling or adequate thermal heating up to the same average energy. It qualifies the conditional procedure as a useful source for experiments in quantum information and thermodynamics.
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Cottet N, Jezouin S, Bretheau L, Campagne-Ibarcq P, Ficheux Q, Anders J, Auffèves A, Azouit R, Rouchon P, Huard B. Observing a quantum Maxwell demon at work. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7561-7564. [PMID: 28674009 PMCID: PMC5530687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704827114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In apparent contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics, Maxwell's demon is able to cyclically extract work from a system in contact with a thermal bath, exploiting the information about its microstate. The resolution of this paradox required the insight that an intimate relationship exists between information and thermodynamics. Here, we realize a Maxwell demon experiment that tracks the state of each constituent in both the classical and quantum regimes. The demon is a microwave cavity that encodes quantum information about a superconducting qubit and converts information into work by powering up a propagating microwave pulse by stimulated emission. Thanks to the high level of control of superconducting circuits, we directly measure the extracted work and quantify the entropy remaining in the demon's memory. This experiment provides an enlightening illustration of the interplay of thermodynamics with quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanaël Cottet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sébastien Jezouin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Landry Bretheau
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Campagne-Ibarcq
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Quentin Ficheux
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janet Anders
- Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- Institut Néel, UPR2940 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Rémi Azouit
- Centre Automatique et Systèmes, Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, 75272 Paris Cedex 6, France
- Quantic Team, INRIA Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rouchon
- Centre Automatique et Systèmes, Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, 75272 Paris Cedex 6, France
- Quantic Team, INRIA Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Huard
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;
- Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France
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Abstract
In the framework of quantum thermodynamics, we propose a method to quantitatively describe thermodynamic quantities for out-of-equilibrium interacting many-body systems. The method is articulated in various approximation protocols which allow to achieve increasing levels of accuracy, it is relatively simple to implement even for medium and large number of interactive particles, and uses tools and concepts from density functional theory. We test the method on the driven Hubbard dimer at half filling, and compare exact and approximate results. We show that the proposed method reproduces the average quantum work to high accuracy: for a very large region of parameter space (which cuts across all dynamical regimes) estimates are within 10% of the exact results.
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Elouard C, Herrera-Martí D, Huard B, Auffèves A. Extracting Work from Quantum Measurement in Maxwell's Demon Engines. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:260603. [PMID: 28707947 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.260603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The essence of both classical and quantum engines is to extract useful energy (work) from stochastic energy sources, e.g., thermal baths. In Maxwell's demon engines, work extraction is assisted by a feedback control based on measurements performed by a demon, whose memory is erased at some nonzero energy cost. Here we propose a new type of quantum Maxwell's demon engine where work is directly extracted from the measurement channel, such that no heat bath is required. We show that in the Zeno regime of frequent measurements, memory erasure costs eventually vanish. Our findings provide a new paradigm to analyze quantum heat engines and work extraction in the quantum world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Elouard
- CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Benjamin Huard
- Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
Maxwell's demon is an imaginary entity that reduces the entropy of a system and generates free energy in the system. About 150 years after its proposal, theoretical studies explained the physical validity of Maxwell's demon in the context of information thermodynamics, and there have been successful experimental demonstrations of energy generation by the demon. The demon's next task is to convert the generated free energy to work that acts on the surroundings. Here, we demonstrate that Maxwell's demon can generate and output electric current and power with individual randomly moving electrons in small transistors. Real-time monitoring of electron motion shows that two transistors functioning as gates that control an electron's trajectory so that an electron moves directionally. A numerical calculation reveals that power generation is increased by miniaturizing the room in which the electrons are partitioned. These results suggest that evolving transistor-miniaturization technology can increase the demon's power output. The study of Maxwell's demon provides a link between information thermodynamics and modern electronics. Using integrated nanometer-scale transistors in a single electron box configuration, Chida et al., demonstrate the extraction of electrical power by Maxwell's demon.
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