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Nontrivial nanostructure, stress relaxation mechanisms, and crystallography for pressure-induced Si-I → Si-II phase transformation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:982. [PMID: 35190548 PMCID: PMC8861166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallographic theory based on energy minimization suggests austenite-twinned martensite interfaces with specific orientation, which are confirmed experimentally for various materials. Pressure-induced phase transformation (PT) from semiconducting Si-I to metallic Si-II, due to very large and anisotropic transformation strain, may challenge this theory. Here, unexpected nanostructure evolution during Si-I → Si-II PT is revealed by combining molecular dynamics (MD), crystallographic theory, generalized for strained crystals, and in situ real-time Laue X-ray diffraction (XRD). Twinned Si-II, consisting of two martensitic variants, and unexpected nanobands, consisting of alternating strongly deformed and rotated residual Si-I and third variant of Si-II, form \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\{111\}$$\end{document}{111} interfaces, leading to repeating nucleation-growth-arrest process and to growth by propagating \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\{111\}$$\end{document}{111} interface) do not appear in traditional crystallographic theory. Crystallographic theory suggests austenite-twinned martensite interfaces at specific orientations, but this is not the case for Si-I → Si-II phase transformation. Here the authors show the classically forbidden microstructure by combined experiments, simulations and crystallographic theory.
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Babaei H, Levitas VI. Stress-Measure Dependence of Phase Transformation Criterion under Finite Strains: Hierarchy of Crystal Lattice Instabilities for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Transformations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:075701. [PMID: 32142341 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.075701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchy of crystal lattice instabilities leading to a first-order phase transformation (PT) is found, which consists of PT instability described by the order parameter and elastic instabilities under different prescribed stress measures. After PT instability and prior to the elastic instability, an unexpected continuous third-order PT was discovered, which is followed by a first-order PT after the elastic instability. Under prescribed compressive second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, PT is third order until completion; it occurs without hysteresis and dissipation, properties that are ideal for various applications. For heterogeneous perturbations and PT, first-order PT occurs when the first elastic instability criterion (among criteria corresponding to different stress measures) is met inside the volume, surprisingly independent of the stress measure prescribed at the boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Babaei
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Valery I Levitas
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Jafarzadeh H, Levitas VI, Farrahi GH, Javanbakht M. Phase field approach for nanoscale interactions between crack propagation and phase transformation. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22243-22247. [PMID: 31742314 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phase field approach (PFA) for the interaction of fracture and martensitic phase transformation (PT) is developed, which includes the change in surface energy during PT and the effect of unexplored scale parameters proportional to the ratio of the widths of the crack surface and the phase interface, both at the nanometer scale. The variation of these two parameters causes unexpected qualitative and quantitative effects: shift of PT away from the crack tip, "wetting" of the crack surface by martensite, change in the structure and geometry of the transformed region, crack trajectory, and process of interfacial damage evolution, as well as transformation toughening. The results suggest additional parameters controlling coupled fracture and PTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jafarzadeh
- Sharif University of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran.
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Ghasemi A, Xiao P, Gao W. Nudged elastic band method for solid-solid transition under finite deformation. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5113716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Ghasemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Penghao Xiao
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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Zarkevich NA, Chen H, Levitas VI, Johnson DD. Lattice Instability during Solid-Solid Structural Transformations under a General Applied Stress Tensor: Example of Si I→Si II with Metallization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:165701. [PMID: 30387636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.165701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The density functional theory was employed to study the stress-strain behavior and elastic instabilities during the solid-solid phase transformation (PT) when subjected to a general stress tensor, as exemplified for semiconducting Si I and metallic Si II, where metallization precedes the PT, so stressed Si I can be a metal. The hydrostatic PT occurs at 76 GPa, while under uniaxial loading it is 11 GPa (3.7 GPa mean pressure), 21 times lower. The Si I→Si II PT is described by a critical value of the phase-field's modified transformation work, and the PT criterion has only two parameters given six independent stress elements. Our findings reveal novel, more practical synthesis routes for new or known high-pressure phases under predictable nonhydrostatic loading, where competition of instabilities can serve for phase selection rather than free energy minima used for equilibrium processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Zarkevich
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Valery I Levitas
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Duane D Johnson
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Levitas VI. High pressure phase transformations revisited. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:163001. [PMID: 29512511 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab4b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High pressure phase transformations play an important role in the search for new materials and material synthesis, as well as in geophysics. However, they are poorly characterized, and phase transformation pressure and pressure hysteresis vary drastically in experiments of different researchers, with different pressure transmitting media, and with different material suppliers. Here we review the current state, challenges in studying phase transformations under high pressure, and the possible ways in overcoming the challenges. This field is critically compared with fields of phase transformations under normal pressure in steels and shape memory alloys, as well as plastic deformation of materials. The main reason for the above mentioned discrepancy is the lack of understanding that there is a fundamental difference between pressure-induced transformations under hydrostatic conditions, stress-induced transformations under nonhydrostatic conditions below yield, and strain-induced transformations during plastic flow. Each of these types of transformations has different mechanisms and requires a completely different thermodynamic and kinetic description and experimental characterization. In comparison with other fields the following challenges are indicated for high pressure phase transformation: (a) initial and evolving microstructure is not included in characterization of transformations; (b) continuum theory is poorly developed; (c) heterogeneous stress and strain fields in experiments are not determined, which leads to confusing material transformational properties with a system behavior. Some ways to advance the field of high pressure phase transformations are suggested. The key points are: (a) to take into account plastic deformations and microstructure evolution during transformations; (b) to formulate phase transformation criteria and kinetic equations in terms of stress and plastic strain tensors (instead of pressure alone); (c) to develop multiscale continuum theories, and (d) to couple experimental, theoretical, and computational studies of the behavior of a tested sample to extract information about fields of stress and strain tensors and concentration of high pressure phase, transformation criteria and kinetics. The ideal characterization should contain complete information which is required for simulation of the same experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Departments of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America. Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Gao C, Zhang X, Zhang C, Sui Z, Hou M, Dai R, Wang Z, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Effect of pressure gradient and new phases for 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX) under high pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14374-14383. [PMID: 29770413 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01192c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, pressure-induced phase transitions of RDX up to 50 GPa were systematically studied under different compression conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Gao
- Department of Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Chuanchao Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Zhilei Sui
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Meng Hou
- Department of Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Rucheng Dai
- The Centre for Physical Experiments
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xianxu Zheng
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Zengming Zhang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics
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