1
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Kang S, Lee S, Lee H, Kang YM. Manipulating disorder within cathodes of alkali-ion batteries. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00622-1. [PMID: 38956354 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The fact that ordered materials are rarely perfectly crystalline is widely acknowledged among materials scientists, but its impact is often overlooked or underestimated when studying how structure relates to properties. Various investigations demonstrate that intrinsic and extrinsic defects, and disorder generated by physicochemical reactions, are responsible for unexpectedly detrimental or beneficial functionalities. The task remains to modulate the disorder to produce desired properties in materials. As disorder is often correlated with local interactions, it is controllable. In this Review, we explore the structural disorder in cathode materials as a novel approach for improving their electrochemical performance. We revisit cathode materials for alkali-ion batteries and outline the origins and beneficial consequences of disorder. Focusing on layered, cubic rocksalt and other metal oxides, we discuss how disorder improves electrochemical properties of cathode materials and which interactions generate the disorder. We also present the potential pitfalls of disorder that must be considered. We conclude with perspectives for enhancing the electrochemical performance of cathode materials by using disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwoo Lee
- Department of Battery-Smart Factory, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Mook Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Battery-Smart Factory, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Vojtasová D, Staško D, Hájek F, Colman RH, Klicpera M. Low-temperature properties of magnetically frustrated rare-earth zirconates A2Zr 2O 7. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:325805. [PMID: 38714194 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad483f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Rare-earthA2Zr2O7zirconates have attracted considerable attention of the scientific community for their complex magnetic, electronic and material properties applicable in modern technologies. The light rare-earth members of the series, crystallising in the pyrochlore variant of cubic crystal structure, have been studied in detail. The heavierA2Zr2O7compounds have been investigated mainly from the material properties viewpoint, focussing on their thermal properties and stability at high temperature and pressure. Low-temperature studies were mostly missing until recently. We present the low-temperature magnetic and thermodynamic properties ofA2Zr2O7withA= Y, La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu, well covering the whole series, newly synthesised by high-temperature sintering and melting methods. X-ray diffraction reveals and confirms the ordered pyrochlore structure in the light members, the disordered cubic structure of the defect-fluorite type inA2Zr2O7withA= Y, Gd-Yb, and finally the lower symmetry rhombohedral structure in the end-member Lu2Zr2O7. The specific heat of the investigated compounds is dominated by a low-temperature anomaly associated with magnetic ordering: long-range in light rare-earth zirconates; and short-range in heavier members. The effective magnetic moment in the studied compounds, determined by fitting the magnetisation data to the Curie-Weiss formula, is in good agreement with the expected value of theA3+free ion. The magnetic properties have been revealed to be strongly influenced by the geometric frustration of the magnetic moments of both the pyrochlore structure, as well as the face centred cubic lattice created by the cations of the defect-fluorite structure, but connected also to intrinsic atomic disorder. The experimental results are discussed in the framework of previous studies onA2Zr2O7zirconates, as well as otherA2B2O7compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vojtasová
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - D Staško
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - F Hájek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - R H Colman
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - M Klicpera
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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3
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Berry T, Morey JR, Arpino KE, Dou JH, Felser C, Dincǎ M, McQueen TM. Structural, Thermodynamic, and Transport Properties of the Small-Gap Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Kagomé Materials Cu 3(hexaiminobenzene) 2 and Ni 3(hexaiminobenzene) 2. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6480-6487. [PMID: 35446568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide exceptional chemical tunability and have recently been demonstrated to exhibit electrical conductivity and related functional electronic properties. The kagomé lattice is a fruitful source of novel physical states of matter, including the quantum spin liquid (in insulators) and Dirac fermions (in metals). Small-bandgap kagomé materials have the potential to bridge quantum spin liquid states and exhibit phenomena such as superconductivity but remain exceptionally rare. Here we report a structural, thermodynamic, and transport study of the two-dimensional kagomé metal-organic frameworks Ni3(HIB)2 and Cu3(HIB)2 (HIB = hexaiminobenzene). Magnetization measurements yield Curie constants of 0.989 emu K (mol Ni)-1 Oe-1 and 0.371 emu K (mol Cu)-1 Oe-1, respectively, close to the values expected for ideal S = 1 Ni2+ and S = 1/2 Cu2+. Weiss temperatures of -10.6 and -14.3 K indicate net weak mean field antiferromagnetic interactions between ions. Electrical transport measurements reveal that both materials are semiconducting, with gaps (Eg) of 22.2 and 103 meV, respectively. Specific heat measurements reveal a large T-linear contribution γ of 148(4) mJ mol-fu-1 K-2 in Ni3(HIB)2 with only a gradual upturn below ∼5 K and no evidence of a phase transition to an ordered state down to 0.1 K. Cu3(HIB)2 also lacks evidence of a phase transition above 0.1 K, with a substantial, field-dependent, magnetic contribution below ∼5 K. Despite them being superficially in agreement with the expectations of magnetic frustration and spin liquid physics, we ascribe these observations to the stacking faults found from a detailed analysis of synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. At the same time, our results demonstrate that these MOFs exhibit localized magnetism with simultaneous proximity to a metallic state, thus opening up opportunities to explore the connection between the insulating and metallic ground states of kagomé materials in a highly tunable chemical platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Berry
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for Quantum Matter and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jennifer R Morey
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for Quantum Matter and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kathryn E Arpino
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Claudia Felser
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mircea Dincǎ
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tyrel M McQueen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for Quantum Matter and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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4
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Devi S, Elghandour A, Rüdiger K, Yadav CS. Field induced spin freezing and low temperature heat capacity of disordered pyrochlore oxide Ho 2Zr 2O 7. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:245801. [PMID: 35316800 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5fd8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spin ice materials are the model systems that have a zero-point entropy as T ! 0 K, owing to the frozen disordered states. Here, we chemically alter the well-known spin ice Ho2Ti2O7 by replacing Ti sites with isovalent but larger Zr ion. Unlike the Ho2Ti2O7 which is a pyrochlore material, Ho2Zr2O7 crystallizes in disordered pyrochlore structure. We have performed detailed structural, ac magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity studies on Ho2Zr2O7 to investigate the interplay of structural disorder and frustrated interactions. The zero-field ground state exhibits large magnetic susceptibility and remains dynamic down to 300 mK without showing Pauling's residual entropy. The dynamic state is suppressed continuously with the magnetic field and freezing transition evolves ( 10 K) at a field of 10 kOe. These results suggest that the alteration of chemical order and local strain in Ho2Ti2O7 prevents the development of spin ice state and provides a new material to study the geometrical frustration based on the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Devi
- School of Basic Sciences, IIT Mandi, Kamand Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, INDIA
| | - Ahmed Elghandour
- Physics , University of Heidelberg Kirchhoff Institute of Physics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, 69120, GERMANY
| | - Klingeler Rüdiger
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg University, INF 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, 69117, GERMANY
| | - C S Yadav
- School of Basic Sciences, IIT Mandi, Near Bus stand Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, INDIA
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5
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Živković I, Favre V, Salazar Mejia C, Jeschke HO, Magrez A, Dabholkar B, Noculak V, Freitas RS, Jeong M, Hegde NG, Testa L, Babkevich P, Su Y, Manuel P, Luetkens H, Baines C, Baker PJ, Wosnitza J, Zaharko O, Iqbal Y, Reuther J, Rønnow HM. Magnetic Field Induced Quantum Spin Liquid in the Two Coupled Trillium Lattices of K_{2}Ni_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:157204. [PMID: 34677991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.157204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum spin liquids are exotic states of matter that form when strongly frustrated magnetic interactions induce a highly entangled quantum paramagnet far below the energy scale of the magnetic interactions. Three-dimensional cases are especially challenging due to the significant reduction of the influence of quantum fluctuations. Here, we report the magnetic characterization of K_{2}Ni_{2}(SO_{4})_{3} forming a three-dimensional network of Ni^{2+} spins. Using density functional theory calculations, we show that this network consists of two interconnected spin-1 trillium lattices. In the absence of a magnetic field, magnetization, specific heat, neutron scattering, and muon spin relaxation experiments demonstrate a highly correlated and dynamic state, coexisting with a peculiar, very small static component exhibiting a strongly renormalized moment. A magnetic field B≳4 T diminishes the ordered component and drives the system into a pure quantum spin liquid state. This shows that a system of interconnected S=1 trillium lattices exhibits a significantly elevated level of geometrical frustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Živković
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virgile Favre
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catalina Salazar Mejia
- Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden (HLD-EMFL) and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald O Jeschke
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Arnaud Magrez
- Crystal Growth Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bhupen Dabholkar
- Department of Physics and Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Vincent Noculak
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael S Freitas
- 7 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Minki Jeong
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nagabhushan G Hegde
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Testa
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Babkevich
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yixi Su
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Pascal Manuel
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Hubertus Luetkens
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Baines
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Baker
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Wosnitza
- Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden (HLD-EMFL) and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oksana Zaharko
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5253 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yasir Iqbal
- Department of Physics and Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Johannes Reuther
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik M Rønnow
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Quantum spin liquids are an exciting playground for exotic physical phenomena and emergent many-body quantum states. The realization and discovery of quantum spin liquid candidate materials and associated phenomena lie at the intersection of solid-state chemistry, condensed matter physics, and materials science and engineering. In this review, we provide the current status of the crystal chemistry, synthetic techniques, physical properties, and research methods in the field of quantum spin liquids. We highlight a number of specific quantum spin liquid candidate materials and their structure-property relationships, elucidating their fascinating behavior and connecting it to the intricacies of their structures. Furthermore, we share our thoughts on defects and their inevitable presence in materials, of which quantum spin liquids are no exception, which can complicate the interpretation of characterization of these materials, and urge the community to extend their attention to materials preparation and data analysis, cognizant of the impact of defects. This review was written with the intention of providing guidance on improving the materials design and growth of quantum spin liquids, and to paint a picture of the beauty of the underlying chemistry of this exciting class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Chamorro
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tyrel M McQueen
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Thao T Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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7
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Simonov A, Goodwin AL. Designing disorder into crystalline materials. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:657-673. [PMID: 37127977 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Crystals are a state of matter characterized by periodic order. Yet, crystalline materials can harbour disorder in many guises, such as non-repeating variations in composition, atom displacements, bonding arrangements, molecular orientations, conformations, charge states, orbital occupancies or magnetic structure. Disorder can sometimes be random but, more usually, it is correlated. Frontier research into disordered crystals now seeks to control and exploit the unusual patterns that persist within these correlated disordered states in order to access functional responses inaccessible to conventional crystals. In this Review, we survey the core design principles that guide targeted control over correlated disorder. We show how these principles - often informed by long-studied statistical mechanical models - can be applied across an unexpectedly broad range of materials, including organics, supramolecular assemblies, oxide ceramics and metal-organic frameworks. We conclude with a forward-looking discussion of the exciting link between disorder and function in responsive media, thermoelectrics and topological phases.
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8
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Dun Z, Bai X, Paddison JAM, Hollingworth E, Butch NP, Cruz CD, Stone MB, Hong T, Demmel F, Mourigal M, Zhou H. Quantum Versus Classical Spin Fragmentation in Dipolar Kagome Ice Ho 3Mg 2Sb 3O 14. PHYSICAL REVIEW. X 2020; 10:10.1103/PhysRevX.10.031069. [PMID: 37731951 PMCID: PMC10510738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.10.031069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A promising route to realize entangled magnetic states combines geometrical frustration with quantum-tunneling effects. Spin-ice materials are canonical examples of frustration, and Ising spins in a transverse magnetic field are the simplest many-body model of quantum tunneling. Here, we show that the tripod-kagome lattice material Ho3Mg2Sb3O14 unites an icelike magnetic degeneracy with quantum-tunneling terms generated by an intrinsic splitting of the Ho3+ ground-state doublet, which is further coupled to a nuclear spin bath. Using neutron scattering and thermodynamic experiments, we observe a symmetry-breaking transition at T * ≈ 0.32 K to a remarkable state with three peculiarities: a concurrent recovery of magnetic entropy associated with the strongly coupled electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom; a fragmentation of the spin into periodic and icelike components; and persistent inelastic magnetic excitations down to T ≈ 0.12 K . These observations deviate from expectations of classical spin fragmentation on a kagome lattice, but can be understood within a model of dipolar kagome ice under a homogeneous transverse magnetic field, which we survey with exact diagonalization on small clusters and mean-field calculations. In Ho3Mg2Sb3O14, hyperfine interactions dramatically alter the single-ion and collective properties, and suppress possible quantum correlations, rendering the fragmentation with predominantly single-ion quantum fluctuations. Our results highlight the crucial role played by hyperfine interactions in frustrated quantum magnets and motivate further investigations of the role of quantum fluctuations on partially ordered magnetic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Dun
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Xiaojian Bai
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Joseph A. M. Paddison
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Churchill College, University of Cambridge, Storey’s Way, Cambridge CB3 0DS, United Kingdom
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Emily Hollingworth
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - Clarina D. Cruz
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Matthew B. Stone
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Tao Hong
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Franz Demmel
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mourigal
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Haidong Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
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9
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Yan H, Benton O, Jaubert LDC, Shannon N. Rank-2 U(1) Spin Liquid on the Breathing Pyrochlore Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:127203. [PMID: 32281837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.127203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Higher-rank generalizations of electrodynamics have recently attracted considerable attention because of their ability to host "fracton" excitations, with connections to both fracton topological order and gravity. However, the search for higher-rank gauge theories in experiment has been greatly hindered by the lack of materially relevant microscopic models. Here we show how a spin liquid described by rank-2 U(1) gauge theory can arise in a magnet on the breathing pyrochlore lattice. We identify Yb-based breathing pyrochlores as candidate systems, and make explicit predictions for how the rank-2 U(1) spin liquid would manifest itself in experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- Theory of Quantum Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Owen Benton
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - L D C Jaubert
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, LOMA, UMR 5798, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Nic Shannon
- Theory of Quantum Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
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10
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Urai M, Miyagawa K, Sasaki T, Taniguchi H, Kanoda K. Quantum Disordering of an Antiferromagnetic Order by Quenched Randomness in an Organic Mott Insulator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:117204. [PMID: 32242676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.117204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of interacting spins subject to randomness is a longstanding issue and the emergence of exotic quantum states is among intriguing theoretical predictions. We show how a quantum-disordered phase emerges from a classical antiferromagnet by controlled randomness. ^{1}H NMR of a successively x-ray-irradiated organic Mott insulator finds that the magnetic order collapses into a spin-glass-like state, immediately after a slight amount of disorder centers are created, and evolves to a gapless quantum-disordered state without spin freezing, spin gap, or critical slowing down, as reported by T. Furukawa et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 077001 (2015)]PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.115.077001 through sequential reductions in the spin freezing temperature and moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Urai
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sasaki
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromi Taniguchi
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kanoda
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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11
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Xu J, Benton O, Islam ATMN, Guidi T, Ehlers G, Lake B. Order out of a Coulomb Phase and Higgs Transition: Frustrated Transverse Interactions of Nd_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:097203. [PMID: 32202891 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.097203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pyrochlore material Nd_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7} with an "all-in-all-out" (AIAO) magnetic order shows novel quantum moment fragmentation with gapped flat dynamical spin ice modes. The parametrized spin Hamiltonian with a dominant frustrated ferromagnetic transverse term reveals a proximity to a U(1) spin liquid. Here we study the magnetic excitations of Nd_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7} above the ordering temperature (T_{N}) using high-energy-resolution inelastic neutron scattering. We find strong spin ice correlations at zero energy with the disappearance of gapped magnon excitations of the AIAO order. It seems that the gap to the dynamical spin ice closes above T_{N} and the system enters a quantum spin ice state competing with and suppressing the AIAO order. Classical Monte Carlo simulations, molecular dynamics, and quantum boson calculations support the existence of a Coulombic phase above T_{N}. Our findings relate the magnetic ordering of Nd_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7} with the Higgs mechanism and provide explanations for several previously reported experimental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Owen Benton
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A T M N Islam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Guidi
- ISIS facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - G Ehlers
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, P.O. Box 2008, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - B Lake
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Gaudet J, Smith EM, Dudemaine J, Beare J, Buhariwalla CRC, Butch NP, Stone MB, Kolesnikov AI, Xu G, Yahne DR, Ross KA, Marjerrison CA, Garrett JD, Luke GM, Bianchi AD, Gaulin BD. Quantum Spin Ice Dynamics in the Dipole-Octupole Pyrochlore Magnet Ce_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:187201. [PMID: 31144900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.187201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neutron scattering measurements on the pyrochlore magnet Ce_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7} reveal an unusual crystal field splitting of its lowest J=5/2 multiplet, such that its ground-state doublet is composed of m_{J}=±3/2, giving these doublets a dipole-octupole (DO) character with local Ising anisotropy. Its magnetic susceptibility shows weak antiferromagnetic correlations with θ_{CW}=-0.4(2) K, leading to a naive expectation of an all-in, all-out ordered state at low temperatures. Instead, our low-energy inelastic neutron scattering measurements show a dynamic quantum spin ice state, with suppressed scattering near |Q|=0, and no long-range order at low temperatures. This is consistent with recent theory predicting symmetry-enriched U(1) quantum spin liquids for such DO doublets decorating the pyrochlore lattice. Finally, we show that disorder, especially oxidation of powder samples, is important in Ce_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7} and could play an important role in the low-temperature behavior of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gaudet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Matter and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS 6100 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - E M Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - J Dudemaine
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - J Beare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - C R C Buhariwalla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - N P Butch
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS 6100 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - M B Stone
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A I Kolesnikov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Guangyong Xu
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS 6100 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - D R Yahne
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1875, USA
| | - K A Ross
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1875, USA
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - C A Marjerrison
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - J D Garrett
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - G M Luke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - A D Bianchi
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Quebec, H3T 3J7, Canada
| | - B D Gaulin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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13
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Role of defects in determining the magnetic ground state of ytterbium titanate. Nat Commun 2019; 10:637. [PMID: 30733436 PMCID: PMC6367421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrochlore systems are ideally suited to the exploration of geometrical frustration in three dimensions, and their rich phenomenology encompasses topological order and fractional excitations. Classical spin ices provide the first context in which it is possible to control emergent magnetic monopoles, and anisotropic exchange leads to even richer behaviour associated with large quantum fluctuations. Whether the magnetic ground state of Yb2Ti2O7 is a quantum spin liquid or a ferromagnetic phase induced by a Higgs transition appears to be sample dependent. Here we have determined the role of structural defects on the magnetic ground state via the diffuse scattering of neutrons. We find that oxygen vacancies stabilise the spin liquid phase and the stuffing of Ti sites by Yb suppresses it. Samples in which the oxygen vacancies have been eliminated by annealing in oxygen exhibit a transition to a ferromagnetic phase, and this is the true magnetic ground state. Exploring the role of structural defect is essential to understand the exotic quantum spin phenoma in rare earth pyrochlores. Here the authors show oxygen vacancies can stabilise the spin liquid phase and reveal the ferromagnetic ground state when oxygen vacancies are eliminated in Yb2Ti2O7.
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14
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Benton O, Jaubert LDC, Singh RRP, Oitmaa J, Shannon N. Quantum Spin Ice with Frustrated Transverse Exchange: From a π-Flux Phase to a Nematic Quantum Spin Liquid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:067201. [PMID: 30141668 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.067201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum spin ice materials, pyrochlore magnets with competing Ising and transverse exchange interactions, have been widely discussed as candidates for a quantum spin-liquid ground state. Here, motivated by quantum chemical calculations for Pr pyrochlores, we present the results of a study for frustrated transverse exchange. Using a combination of variational calculations, exact diagonalization, numerical linked-cluster and series expansions, we find that the previously studied U(1) quantum spin liquid, in its π-flux phase, transforms into a nematic quantum spin liquid at a high-symmetry, SU(2) point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Benton
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - L D C Jaubert
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, LOMA, UMR 5798, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Rajiv R P Singh
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jaan Oitmaa
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nic Shannon
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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15
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Benton O. Instabilities of a U(1) Quantum Spin Liquid in Disordered Non-Kramers Pyrochlores. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:037203. [PMID: 30085790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.037203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) are exotic phases of matter exhibiting long-range entanglement and supporting emergent gauge fields. A vigorous search for experimental realizations of these states has identified several materials with properties hinting at QSL physics. A key issue in understanding these QSL candidates is often the interplay of weak disorder of the crystal structure with the spin liquid state. It has recently been pointed out that in at least one important class of candidate QSLs-pyrochlore magnets based on non-Kramers ions such as Pr^{3+} or Tb^{3+}-structural disorder can actually promote a U(1) QSL ground state. Here we set this proposal on a quantitative footing by analyzing the stability of the QSL state in the minimal model for these systems: a random transverse field Ising model. We consider two kinds of instability, which are relevant in different limits of the phase diagram: condensation of spinons and confinement of the U(1) gauge fields. Having obtained stability bounds on the QSL state, we apply our results directly to the disordered candidate QSL Pr_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7}. We find that the available data for currently studied samples of Pr_{2}Zr_{2}O_{7} are most consistent with it a ground state outside the spin liquid regime, in a paramagnetic phase with quadrupole moments near saturation due to the influence of structural disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Benton
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Trump BA, Koohpayeh SM, Livi KJT, Wen JJ, Arpino KE, Ramasse QM, Brydson R, Feygenson M, Takeda H, Takigawa M, Kimura K, Nakatsuji S, Broholm CL, McQueen TM. Universal geometric frustration in pyrochlores. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2619. [PMID: 29976983 PMCID: PMC6033937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials with the pyrochlore/fluorite structure have diverse technological applications, from magnetism to nuclear waste disposal. Here we report the observation of structural instability present in the pyrochlores A2Zr2O6Oʹ (A = Pr, La) and Yb2Ti2O6Oʹ, that exists despite ideal stoichiometry, ideal cation-ordering, the absence of lone pair effects, and a lack of magnetic order. Though these materials appear to have good long-range order, local structure probes find displacements, of the order of 0.01 nm, within the pyrochlore framework. The pattern of displacements of the A2Oʹ sublattice mimics the entropically-driven fluxional motions characteristic of and well-known in the silica mineral β-cristobalite. The universality of such displacements within the pyrochlore structure adds to the known structural diversity and explains the extreme sensitivity to composition found in quantum spin ices and the lack of ferroelectric behavior in pyrochlores. The family of pyrochlore complex oxides includes many materials of fundamental or practical interest, such as spin ices and dielectrics. Trump et al. show that flexibility of the pyrochlores’ structure leads to local displacements that explain some of their unusual physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Trump
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Matter, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - S M Koohpayeh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Matter, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - K J T Livi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - J-J Wen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Matter, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - K E Arpino
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Matter, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Q M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, STFC Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - R Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - M Feygenson
- Jülich Center for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - H Takeda
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - M Takigawa
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - K Kimura
- Division of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - S Nakatsuji
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - C L Broholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Matter, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - T M McQueen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Matter, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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17
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Sarte PM, Aczel AA, Ehlers G, Stock C, Gaulin BD, Mauws C, Stone MB, Calder S, Nagler SE, Hollett JW, Zhou HD, Gardner JS, Attfield JP, Wiebe CR. Evidence for the confinement of magnetic monopoles in quantum spin ice. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:45LT01. [PMID: 29049030 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8ec2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic monopoles are hypothesised elementary particles connected by Dirac strings that behave like infinitely thin solenoids (Dirac 1931 Proc. R. Soc. A 133 60). Despite decades of searching, free magnetic monopoles and their Dirac strings have eluded experimental detection, although there is substantial evidence for deconfined magnetic monopole quasiparticles in spin ice materials (Castelnovo et al 2008 Nature 326 411). Here we report the detection of a hierarchy of unequally-spaced magnetic excitations via high resolution inelastic neutron spectroscopic measurements on the quantum spin ice candidate [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. These excitations are well-described by a simple model of monopole pairs bound by a linear potential (Coldea et al Science 327 177) with an effective tension of 0.642(8) K [Formula: see text] at 1.65 K. The success of the linear potential model suggests that these low energy magnetic excitations are direct spectroscopic evidence for the confinement of magnetic monopole quasiparticles in the quantum spin ice candidate [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sarte
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom. Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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Lu H, Hayashi N, Matsumoto Y, Takatsu H, Kageyama H. Mixed-Spin Diamond Chain Cu2FePO4F4(H2O)4 with a Noncollinear Spin Order and Possible Successive Phase Transitions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9353-9360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Lu
- Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoaki Hayashi
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Morimoto, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiya, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takatsu
- Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kageyama
- Graduate School
of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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