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Liu Y, Wang Z, Yang P, Wang Q, Fan Q, Guan S, Li G, Zhang P, Zhang T. Realization of Strong Coupling between Deterministic Single-Atom Arrays and a High-Finesse Miniature Optical Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:173601. [PMID: 37172253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between a one-dimensional (1D) single-atom array and a high-finesse miniature cavity. The atom array is obtained by loading single atoms into a 1D optical tweezer array with dimensions of 1×11. Therefore, a deterministic number of atoms is obtained, and the atom number is determined by imaging the atom array on a CCD camera in real time. By precisely controlling the position and spacing of the atom array in the high finesse Fabry-Perot cavity, all the atoms in the array are strongly coupled to the cavity simultaneously. The vacuum Rabi splitting spectra are discriminated for deterministic atom numbers from 1 to 8, and the sqrt[N] dependence of the collective enhancement of the coupling strength on atom number N is validated at the single-atom level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qinxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shijun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tiancai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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2
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Field programmable spin arrays for scalable quantum repeaters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:704. [PMID: 36759601 PMCID: PMC9911411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The large scale control over thousands of quantum emitters desired by quantum network technology is limited by the power consumption and cross-talk inherent in current microwave techniques. Here we propose a quantum repeater architecture based on densely-packed diamond color centers (CCs) in a programmable electrode array, with quantum gates driven by electric or strain fields. This 'field programmable spin array' (FPSA) enables high-speed spin control of individual CCs with low cross-talk and power dissipation. Integrated in a slow-light waveguide for efficient optical coupling, the FPSA serves as a quantum interface for optically-mediated entanglement. We evaluate the performance of the FPSA architecture in comparison to a routing-tree design and show an increased entanglement generation rate scaling into the thousand-qubit regime. Our results enable high fidelity control of dense quantum emitter arrays for scalable networking.
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Kaufman
- JILA/Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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4
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Ðorđević T, Samutpraphoot P, Ocola PL, Bernien H, Grinkemeyer B, Dimitrova I, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. Entanglement transport and a nanophotonic interface for atoms in optical tweezers. Science 2021; 373:1511-1514. [PMID: 34385353 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The realization of an efficient quantum optical interface for multi-qubit systems is an outstanding challenge in science and engineering. Using two atoms in individually-controlled optical tweezers coupled to a nanofabricated photonic crystal cavity, we demonstrate entanglement generation, fast non-destructive readout, and full quantum control of atomic qubits. The entangled state is verified in free space after being transported away from the cavity by encoding the qubits into long-lived states and using dynamical decoupling. Our approach bridges quantum operations at an optical link and in free space by a coherent one-way transport, potentially enabling an integrated optical interface for atomic quantum processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ðorđević
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Polnop Samutpraphoot
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paloma L Ocola
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hannes Bernien
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brandon Grinkemeyer
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ivana Dimitrova
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. .,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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5
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Alexander B, Bollinger JJ, Uys H. Generating Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states with squeezing and postselection. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A 2020; 101:10.1103/PhysRevA.101.062303. [PMID: 34796312 PMCID: PMC8597541 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.101.062303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many quantum state preparation methods rely on a combination of dissipative quantum state initialization followed by unitary evolution to a desired target state. Here we demonstrate the usefulness of quantum measurement as an additional tool for quantum state preparation. Starting from a pure separable multipartite state, a control sequence, which includes rotation, spin squeezing via one-axis twisting, quantum measurement, and postselection, generates highly entangled multipartite states, which we refer to as projected squeezed (PS) states. Through an optimization method, we then identify parameters required to maximize the overlap fidelity of the PS states with the maximally entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. The method leads to an appreciable decrease in the state preparation time of GHZ states for successfully postselected outcomes when compared to preparation through unitary evolution with one-axis twisting only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Alexander
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Central 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John J. Bollinger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Hermann Uys
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Central 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, National Laser Centre, Brummeria, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
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6
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Garcia S, Ferri F, Reichel J, Long R. Overlapping two standing waves in a microcavity for a multi-atom photon interface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15515-15528. [PMID: 32403578 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We develop a light-matter interface enabling strong and uniform coupling between a chain of cold atoms and photons of an optical cavity. This interface is a fiber Fabry-Perot cavity, doubly resonant for both the wavelength of the atomic transition and for a geometrically commensurate red-detuned intracavity trapping lattice. Fulfilling the condition of a strong and uniform atom-photon coupling requires optimization of the spatial overlap between the two standing waves in the cavity. In a strong-coupling cavity, where the mode waists and Rayleigh range are small, we derive the expression of the optimal trapping wavelength, taking into account the Gouy phase. The main parameter controlling the overlap of the standing waves is the relative phase shift at the reflection on the cavity mirrors between the two wavelengths, for which we derive the optimal value. We have built a microcavity optimized according to these results, employing custom-made mirrors with engineered reflection phase for both wavelengths. We present a method to measure with high precision the relative phase shift at reflection, which allows us to determine the spatial overlap of the two modes in this cavity.
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7
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Ferri F, Garcia S, Baghdad M, Reichel J, Long R. Mapping optical standing-waves of an open-access Fabry-Perot cavity with a tapered fiber. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033104. [PMID: 32259942 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method to map the standing-wave pattern inside an open-access Fabry-Perot optical cavity with sub-wavelength resolution by perturbing it with a commercially available tapered fiber. The method is applied to a fiber Fabry-Perot microcavity. We demonstrate its use in determining the relative position of the antinodes at two different wavelengths. In addition, we use the tapered optical fiber as a point-like source, allowing precise positioning of a microscope objective with respect to the cavity mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferri
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Garcia
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Baghdad
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jakob Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Long
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Samutpraphoot P, Đorđević T, Ocola PL, Bernien H, Senko C, Vuletić V, Lukin MD. Strong Coupling of Two Individually Controlled Atoms via a Nanophotonic Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:063602. [PMID: 32109118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate photon-mediated interactions between two individually trapped atoms coupled to a nanophotonic cavity. Specifically, we observe collective enhancement when the atoms are resonant with the cavity and level repulsion when the cavity is coupled to the atoms in the dispersive regime. Our approach makes use of individual control over the internal states of the atoms and their position with respect to the cavity mode, as well as the light shifts to tune atomic transitions individually, allowing us to directly observe the anticrossing of the bright and dark two-atom states. These observations open the door for realizing quantum networks and studying quantum many-body physics based on atom arrays coupled to nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Đorđević
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Paloma L Ocola
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hannes Bernien
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Crystal Senko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3R1, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3R1, Canada
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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9
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Nguyen CT, Sukachev DD, Bhaskar MK, Machielse B, Levonian DS, Knall EN, Stroganov P, Riedinger R, Park H, Lončar M, Lukin MD. Quantum Network Nodes Based on Diamond Qubits with an Efficient Nanophotonic Interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:183602. [PMID: 31763904 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.183602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum networks require functional nodes consisting of stationary registers with the capability of high-fidelity quantum processing and storage, which efficiently interface with photons propagating in an optical fiber. We report a significant step towards realization of such nodes using a diamond nanocavity with an embedded silicon-vacancy (SiV) color center and a proximal nuclear spin. Specifically, we show that efficient SiV-cavity coupling (with cooperativity C>30) provides a nearly deterministic interface between photons and the electron spin memory, featuring coherence times exceeding 1 ms. Employing coherent microwave control, we demonstrate heralded single photon storage in the long-lived spin memory as well as a universal control over a cavity-coupled two-qubit register consisting of a SiV and a proximal ^{13}C nuclear spin with nearly second-long coherence time, laying the groundwork for implementing quantum repeaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - D D Sukachev
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M K Bhaskar
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Machielse
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - D S Levonian
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E N Knall
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - P Stroganov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Riedinger
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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10
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Bao DQ, Zhu CJ, Yang YP, Agarwal GS. Sensing single atoms in a cavity using a broadband squeezed light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15540-15547. [PMID: 31163749 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a single atom cavity-QED system directly driven by a broadband squeezed light. We demonstrate how the squeezed radiation can be used to sense the presence of a single atom in a cavity. This happens by transferring one of the photons from the field in a state with an even number of photons to the atom and thereby populating an odd number of Fock states. Specifically, the presence of the atom is sensed by remarkable changing in the presence of one photon and the loss of squeezing of the cavity field. A complete study of quantum fluctuations and the excitation of multiphoton transitions is given.
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11
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Davis EJ, Wang Z, Safavi-Naeini AH, Schleier-Smith MH. Painting Nonclassical States of Spin or Motion with Shaped Single Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:123602. [PMID: 30296158 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a robust scheme for generating macroscopic superposition states of spin or motion with the aid of a single photon. Shaping the wave packet of the photon enables high-fidelity preparation of nonclassical states of matter even in the presence of photon loss. Success is heralded by photodetection, enabling the scheme to be implemented with a weak coherent field. We analyze applications to preparing Schrödinger cat states of a collective atomic spin or of a mechanical oscillator coupled to an optical resonator. The method generalizes to preparing arbitrary superpositions of coherent states, enabling full quantum control. We illustrate this versatility by showing how to prepare Dicke or Fock states, as well as superpositions in the Dicke or Fock basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Davis
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zhaoyou Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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12
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Lester BJ, Lin Y, Brown MO, Kaufman AM, Ball RJ, Knill E, Rey AM, Regal CA. Measurement-Based Entanglement of Noninteracting Bosonic Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:193602. [PMID: 29799233 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.193602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the ability to extract a spin-entangled state of two neutral atoms via postselection based on a measurement of their spatial configuration. Typically, entangled states of neutral atoms are engineered via atom-atom interactions. In contrast, in our Letter, we use Hong-Ou-Mandel interference to postselect a spin-singlet state after overlapping two atoms in distinct spin states on an effective beam splitter. We verify the presence of entanglement and determine a bound on the postselected fidelity of a spin-singlet state of (0.62±0.03). The experiment has direct analogy to creating polarization entanglement with single photons and hence demonstrates the potential to use protocols developed for photons to create complex quantum states with noninteracting atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Lester
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yiheng Lin
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Mark O Brown
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Adam M Kaufman
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Randall J Ball
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Emanuel Knill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Ana M Rey
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Cindy A Regal
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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13
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Qin W, Miranowicz A, Li PB, Lü XY, You JQ, Nori F. Exponentially Enhanced Light-Matter Interaction, Cooperativities, and Steady-State Entanglement Using Parametric Amplification. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:093601. [PMID: 29547303 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.093601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose an experimentally feasible method for enhancing the atom-field coupling as well as the ratio between this coupling and dissipation (i.e., cooperativity) in an optical cavity. It exploits optical parametric amplification to exponentially enhance the atom-cavity interaction and, hence, the cooperativity of the system, with the squeezing-induced noise being completely eliminated. Consequently, the atom-cavity system can be driven from the weak-coupling regime to the strong-coupling regime for modest squeezing parameters, and even can achieve an effective cooperativity much larger than 100. Based on this, we further demonstrate the generation of steady-state nearly maximal quantum entanglement. The resulting entanglement infidelity (which quantifies the deviation of the actual state from a maximally entangled state) is exponentially smaller than the lower bound on the infidelities obtained in other dissipative entanglement preparations without applying squeezing. In principle, we can make an arbitrarily small infidelity. Our generic method for enhancing atom-cavity interaction and cooperativities can be implemented in a wide range of physical systems, and it can provide diverse applications for quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Quantum Physics and Quantum Information Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- CEMS, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Adam Miranowicz
- CEMS, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Peng-Bo Li
- CEMS, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-You Lü
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - J Q You
- Quantum Physics and Quantum Information Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Franco Nori
- CEMS, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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