1
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Schwemmlein AK, Collins GW, LaPierre AJ, Sprowal ZK, Polsin DN, Jeanloz R, Celliers PM, Eggert JH, Rygg JR. A platform for planar dynamic compression of crystalline hydrogen toward the terapascal regime. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:073901. [PMID: 38949467 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
We describe a method for laser-driven planar compression of crystalline hydrogen that starts with a sample of solid para-hydrogen (even-valued rotational quantum number j) having an entropy of 0.06 kB/molecule at 10 K and 2 atm, with Boltzmann constant kB. Starting with this low-entropy state, the sample is compressed using a small initial shock (<0.2 GPa), followed by a pressure ramp that approaches isentropic loading as the sample is taken to hundreds of GPa. Planar loading allows for quantitative compression measurements; the objective of our low-entropy compression is to keep the sample cold enough to characterize crystalline hydrogen toward the terapascal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Schwemmlein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A J LaPierre
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14611, USA
| | - Z K Sprowal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Jeanloz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 250 East River Rd., Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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2
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Thermodynamics of diamond formation from hydrocarbon mixtures in planets. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1104. [PMID: 36843123 PMCID: PMC9968715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocarbon mixtures are extremely abundant in the Universe, and diamond formation from them can play a crucial role in shaping the interior structure and evolution of planets. With first-principles accuracy, we first estimate the melting line of diamond, and then reveal the nature of chemical bonding in hydrocarbons at extreme conditions. We finally establish the pressure-temperature phase boundary where it is thermodynamically possible for diamond to form from hydrocarbon mixtures with different atomic fractions of carbon. Notably, here we show a depletion zone at pressures above 200 GPa and temperatures below 3000 K-3500 K where diamond formation is thermodynamically favorable regardless of the carbon atomic fraction, due to a phase separation mechanism. The cooler condition of the interior of Neptune compared to Uranus means that the former is much more likely to contain the depletion zone. Our findings can help explain the dichotomy of the two ice giants manifested by the low luminosity of Uranus, and lead to a better understanding of (exo-)planetary formation and evolution.
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3
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Niu H, Yang Y, Jensen S, Holzmann M, Pierleoni C, Ceperley DM. Stable Solid Molecular Hydrogen above 900 K from a Machine-Learned Potential Trained with Diffusion Quantum Monte Carlo. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:076102. [PMID: 36867819 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.076102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We survey the phase diagram of high-pressure molecular hydrogen with path integral molecular dynamics using a machine-learned interatomic potential trained with quantum Monte Carlo forces and energies. Besides the HCP and C2/c-24 phases, we find two new stable phases both with molecular centers in the Fmmm-4 structure, separated by a molecular orientation transition with temperature. The high temperature isotropic Fmmm-4 phase has a reentrant melting line with a maximum at higher temperature (1450 K at 150 GPa) than previously estimated and crosses the liquid-liquid transition line around 1200 K and 200 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Niu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yubo Yang
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Scott Jensen
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | - Carlo Pierleoni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 10, I-67010 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - David M Ceperley
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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4
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Fried NR, Longo TJ, Anisimov MA. Thermodynamic modeling of fluid polyamorphism in hydrogen at extreme conditions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:101101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid polyamorphism, the existence of multiple amorphous fluid states in a single-component system, has been observed or predicted in a variety of substances. A remarkable example of this phenomenon is the fluid–fluid phase transition (FFPT) in high-pressure hydrogen between insulating and conducting high-density fluids. This transition is induced by the reversible dimerization/dissociation of the molecular and atomistic states of hydrogen. In this work, we present the first attempt to thermodynamically model the FFPT in hydrogen at extreme conditions. Our predictions for the phase coexistence and the reaction equilibrium of the two alternative forms of fluid hydrogen are based on experimental data and supported by the results of simulations. Remarkably, we find that the law of corresponding states can be utilized to construct a unified equation of state combining the available computational results for different models of hydrogen and the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R. Fried
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Thomas J. Longo
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Mikhail A. Anisimov
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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5
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Boeri L, Hennig R, Hirschfeld P, Profeta G, Sanna A, Zurek E, Pickett WE, Amsler M, Dias R, Eremets MI, Heil C, Hemley RJ, Liu H, Ma Y, Pierleoni C, Kolmogorov AN, Rybin N, Novoselov D, Anisimov V, Oganov AR, Pickard CJ, Bi T, Arita R, Errea I, Pellegrini C, Requist R, Gross EKU, Margine ER, Xie SR, Quan Y, Hire A, Fanfarillo L, Stewart GR, Hamlin JJ, Stanev V, Gonnelli RS, Piatti E, Romanin D, Daghero D, Valenti R. The 2021 room-temperature superconductivity roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:183002. [PMID: 34544070 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Designing materials with advanced functionalities is the main focus of contemporary solid-state physics and chemistry. Research efforts worldwide are funneled into a few high-end goals, one of the oldest, and most fascinating of which is the search for an ambient temperature superconductor (A-SC). The reason is clear: superconductivity at ambient conditions implies being able to handle, measure and access a single, coherent, macroscopic quantum mechanical state without the limitations associated with cryogenics and pressurization. This would not only open exciting avenues for fundamental research, but also pave the road for a wide range of technological applications, affecting strategic areas such as energy conservation and climate change. In this roadmap we have collected contributions from many of the main actors working on superconductivity, and asked them to share their personal viewpoint on the field. The hope is that this article will serve not only as an instantaneous picture of the status of research, but also as a true roadmap defining the main long-term theoretical and experimental challenges that lie ahead. Interestingly, although the current research in superconductor design is dominated by conventional (phonon-mediated) superconductors, there seems to be a widespread consensus that achieving A-SC may require different pairing mechanisms.In memoriam, to Neil Ashcroft, who inspired us all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Boeri
- Physics Department, Sapienza University and Enrico Fermi Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard Hennig
- Deparment of Material Science and Engineering and Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, United States of America
| | - Peter Hirschfeld
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | | | - Antonio Sanna
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Eva Zurek
- University at Buffalo, SUNY, United States of America
| | | | - Maximilian Amsler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - Ranga Dias
- University of Rochester, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Hanyu Liu
- Jilin University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Ma
- Jilin University, People's Republic of China
| | - Carlo Pierleoni
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tiange Bi
- University at Buffalo, SUNY, United States of America
| | | | - Ion Errea
- University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Ryan Requist
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E K U Gross
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Stephen R Xie
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Yundi Quan
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Ajinkya Hire
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Laura Fanfarillo
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - G R Stewart
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - J J Hamlin
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
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6
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Karasiev VV, Hinz J, Hu SX, Trickey SB. On the liquid-liquid phase transition of dense hydrogen. Nature 2021; 600:E12-E14. [PMID: 34912080 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin V Karasiev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Joshua Hinz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S B Trickey
- Quantum Theory Project, Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Cheng B, Mazzola G, Pickard CJ, Ceriotti M. Reply to: On the liquid-liquid phase transition of dense hydrogen. Nature 2021; 600:E15-E16. [PMID: 34912081 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Chris J Pickard
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Abstract
Nondipolar magnetic fields exhibited at Uranus and Neptune may be derived from a unique geometry of their icy mantle with a thin convective layer on top of a stratified nonconvective layer. The presence of superionic H2O and NH3 has been thought as an explanation to stabilize such nonconvective regions. However, a lack of experimental data on the physical properties of those superionic phases has prevented the clarification of this matter. Here, our Brillouin measurements for NH3 show a two-stage reduction in longitudinal wave velocity (V p) by ∼9% and ∼20% relative to the molecular solid in the temperature range of 1,500 K and 2,000 K above 47 GPa. While the first V p reduction observed at the boundary to the superionic α phase was most likely due to the onset of the hydrogen diffusion, the further one was likely attributed to the transition to another superionic phase, denoted γ phase, exhibiting the higher diffusivity. The reduction rate of V p in the superionic γ phase, comparable to that of the liquid, implies that this phase elastically behaves almost like a liquid. Our measurements show that superionic NH3 becomes convective and cannot contribute to the internal stratification.
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9
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Cheng B, Mazzola G, Pickard CJ, Ceriotti M. Evidence for supercritical behaviour of high-pressure liquid hydrogen. Nature 2020; 585:217-220. [PMID: 32908269 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the Universe, develops a remarkably complex behaviour upon compression1. Since Wigner predicted the dissociation and metallization of solid hydrogen at megabar pressures almost a century ago2, several efforts have been made to explain the many unusual properties of dense hydrogen, including a rich and poorly understood solid polymorphism1,3-5, an anomalous melting line6 and the possible transition to a superconducting state7. Experiments at such extreme conditions are challenging and often lead to hard-to-interpret and controversial observations, whereas theoretical investigations are constrained by the huge computational cost of sufficiently accurate quantum mechanical calculations. Here we present a theoretical study of the phase diagram of dense hydrogen that uses machine learning to 'learn' potential-energy surfaces and interatomic forces from reference calculations and then predict them at low computational cost, overcoming length- and timescale limitations. We reproduce both the re-entrant melting behaviour and the polymorphism of the solid phase. Simulations using our machine-learning-based potentials provide evidence for a continuous molecular-to-atomic transition in the liquid, with no first-order transition observed above the melting line. This suggests a smooth transition between insulating and metallic layers in giant gas planets, and reconciles existing discrepancies between experiments as a manifestation of supercritical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,TCM Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Trinity College, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Chris J Pickard
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Chen D, Cui TT, Gao W, Jiang Q. Distinguishing the Structure of High-Pressure Hydrogen with Dielectric Constants. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:664-669. [PMID: 31902208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the structures of high-pressure hydrogen has been one of the central goals in high-pressure physics; however, it still presents a fundamental challenge because of the lack of an effective measure for distinguishing the structures. Herein, we address this issue by focusing on the potential candidates of phases II and III of high-pressure hydrogen. We find that the anisotropic dielectric constants of the different hydrogen solids and their responses to pressure behave differently depending on the atomic structures, corresponding to the different polarization responses of the structures to the external electric field. These findings are robust regardless of the quantum and thermal motion of hydrogen solids. Therefore, the anisotropic dielectric property can serve as a potential measure for probing the structures of high-pressure hydrogen as well as other high-pressure materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Ting Ting Cui
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Wang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
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11
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Jiang S, Holtgrewe N, Geballe ZM, Lobanov SS, Mahmood MF, McWilliams RS, Goncharov AF. A Spectroscopic Study of the Insulator-Metal Transition in Liquid Hydrogen and Deuterium. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901668. [PMID: 31993284 PMCID: PMC6974937 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The insulator-to-metal transition in dense fluid hydrogen is an essential phenomenon in the study of gas giant planetary interiors and the physical and chemical behavior of highly compressed condensed matter. Using direct fast laser spectroscopy techniques to probe hydrogen and deuterium precompressed in a diamond anvil cell and laser heated on microsecond timescales, an onset of metal-like reflectance is observed in the visible spectral range at P >150 GPa and T ≥ 3000 K. The reflectance increases rapidly with decreasing photon energy indicating free-electron metallic behavior with a plasma edge in the visible spectral range at high temperatures. The reflectance spectra also suggest much longer electronic collision time (≥1 fs) than previously inferred, implying that metallic hydrogen at the conditions studied is not in the regime of saturated conductivity (Mott-Ioffe-Regel limit). The results confirm the existence of a semiconducting intermediate fluid hydrogen state en route to metallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhui230031China
- Geophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of WashingtonWashingtonDC20015USA
| | - Nicholas Holtgrewe
- Geophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of WashingtonWashingtonDC20015USA
- Department of MathematicsHoward University2400 Sixth Street NWWashingtonDC20059USA
- Present address:
US Food and Drug Administration645 S Newstead Ave.St. LouisMO63110USA
| | - Zachary M. Geballe
- Geophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of WashingtonWashingtonDC20015USA
| | - Sergey S. Lobanov
- Geophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of WashingtonWashingtonDC20015USA
- GFZ German Research Center for GeosciencesSection 3.6, Telegrafenberg14473PotsdamGermany
| | - Mohammad F. Mahmood
- Department of MathematicsHoward University2400 Sixth Street NWWashingtonDC20059USA
| | - R. Stewart McWilliams
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme ConditionsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FDUK
| | - Alexander F. Goncharov
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhui230031China
- Geophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of WashingtonWashingtonDC20015USA
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12
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Zaporozhets Y, Mintsev V, Fortov V, Reinholz H, Röpke G, Rosmej S, Omarbakiyeva YA. Polarized angular-dependent reflectivity and density-dependent profiles of shock-compressed xenon plasmas. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:043202. [PMID: 31108619 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.043202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New data for the reflectivity of shock-compressed xenon plasmas at pressures of 10-12 GPa at large incident angles are presented. In addition, measurements have been performed at different densities. These data allow to analyze the free-electron density profile across the shock wave front. Assuming a Fermi-like density profile, the width of the front layer is inferred. The reflectivity coefficients for the s- and p-polarized waves are calculated. The influence of atoms, which was taken into account on the level of the collision frequency, proves to be essential for the understanding of the reflection process. Subsequently, a unique density profile is sufficient to obtain good agreement with the experimental data at different incident angles and at all investigated optical laser frequencies. Reflectivity measurements for different densities allow to determine the dependence of shock-front density profiles on the plasma parameters. As a result, it was found that the width of the front layer increases with decreasing density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zaporozhets
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka, Moscow Reg., 142432 Russia
| | - V Mintsev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka, Moscow Reg., 142432 Russia
| | - V Fortov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka, Moscow Reg., 142432 Russia
| | - H Reinholz
- University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia and University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Universitätsplatz 1, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - G Röpke
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Universitätsplatz 1, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Rosmej
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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13
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Rillo G, Morales MA, Ceperley DM, Pierleoni C. Optical properties of high-pressure fluid hydrogen across molecular dissociation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9770-9774. [PMID: 31040212 PMCID: PMC6525540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818897116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical properties of compressed fluid hydrogen in the region where dissociation and metallization is observed are computed by ab initio methods and compared with recent experimental results. We confirm that at T > 3,000 K, both processes are continuous, while at T < 1,500 K, the first-order phase transition is accompanied by a discontinuity of the dc conductivity and the thermal conductivity, while both the reflectivity and absorption coefficient vary rapidly but continuously. Our results support the recent analysis of National Ignition Facility (NIF) experiments [Celliers PM, et al. (2018) Science 361:677-682], which assigned the inception of metallization to pressures where the reflectivity is ∼0.3. Our results also support the conclusion that the temperature plateau seen in laser-heated diamond-anvil cell (DAC) experiments at temperatures higher than 1,500 K corresponds to the onset of optical absorption, not to the phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rillo
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel A Morales
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - David M Ceperley
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
| | - Carlo Pierleoni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy;
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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Paul R, Hu SX, Karasiev VV. Anharmonic and Anomalous Trends in the High-Pressure Phase Diagram of Silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:125701. [PMID: 30978067 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.125701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multifaceted first-principles approach utilizing density functional theory, evolutionary algorithms, and lattice dynamics was used to construct the phase diagram of silicon up to 4 TPa and 26 000 K. These calculations predicted that (i) an anomalous sequence of face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic to simple cubic crystalline phase transitions occur at pressures of 2.87 and 3.89 TPa, respectively, along the cold curve, (ii) the orthorhombic phases of Imma and Cmce-16 appear on the phase diagram only when the anharmonic contribution to the Gibbs free energy is taken into account, and (iii) a substantial change in the slope of the principal Hugoniot is observed if the anharmonic free energy of the cubic diamond phase is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paul
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - V V Karasiev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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15
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Celliers PM, Millot M, Brygoo S, McWilliams RS, Fratanduono DE, Rygg JR, Goncharov AF, Loubeyre P, Eggert JH, Peterson JL, Meezan NB, Le Pape S, Collins GW, Jeanloz R, Hemley RJ. Insulator-metal transition in dense fluid deuterium. Science 2018; 361:677-682. [PMID: 30115805 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dense fluid metallic hydrogen occupies the interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, and many extrasolar planets, where pressures reach millions of atmospheres. Planetary structure models must describe accurately the transition from the outer molecular envelopes to the interior metallic regions. We report optical measurements of dynamically compressed fluid deuterium to 600 gigapascals (GPa) that reveal an increasing refractive index, the onset of absorption of visible light near 150 GPa, and a transition to metal-like reflectivity (exceeding 30%) near 200 GPa, all at temperatures below 2000 kelvin. Our measurements and analysis address existing discrepancies between static and dynamic experiments for the insulator-metal transition in dense fluid hydrogen isotopes. They also provide new benchmarks for the theoretical calculations used to construct planetary models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | - R Stewart McWilliams
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | | | - J Ryan Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | | | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J Luc Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Nathan B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sebastien Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Gilbert W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Raymond Jeanloz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Russell J Hemley
- Institute of Materials Science and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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16
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Metallization and molecular dissociation of dense fluid nitrogen. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2624. [PMID: 29980680 PMCID: PMC6035179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatomic nitrogen is an archetypal molecular system known for its exceptional stability and complex behavior at high pressures and temperatures, including rich solid polymorphism, formation of energetic states, and an insulator-to-metal transformation coupled to a change in chemical bonding. However, the thermobaric conditions of the fluid molecular–polymer phase boundary and associated metallization have not been experimentally established. Here, by applying dynamic laser heating of compressed nitrogen and using fast optical spectroscopy to study electronic properties, we observe a transformation from insulating (molecular) to conducting dense fluid nitrogen at temperatures that decrease with pressure and establish that metallization, and presumably fluid polymerization, occurs above 125 GPa at 2500 K. Our observations create a better understanding of the interplay between molecular dissociation, melting, and metallization revealing features that are common in simple molecular systems. Nitrogen is a model system still presenting unknown behaviors at the pressures and temperatures typical of deep planets’ interiors. Here the authors explore, by pulsed laser heating in a diamond anvil cell and optical measurements, the metallization and non-molecular states of nitrogen in a previously unexplored domain above 1 Mbar and at 2000-7000K.
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17
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Rillo G, Morales MA, Ceperley DM, Pierleoni C. Coupled electron-ion Monte Carlo simulation of hydrogen molecular crystals. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:102314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rillo
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel A. Morales
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - David M. Ceperley
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, llinois 61801, USA
| | - Carlo Pierleoni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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18
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Borinaga M, Ibañez-Azpiroz J, Bergara A, Errea I. Strong Electron-Phonon and Band Structure Effects in the Optical Properties of High Pressure Metallic Hydrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:057402. [PMID: 29481166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.057402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent claim of having produced metallic hydrogen in the laboratory relies on measurements of optical spectra. Here, we present first-principles calculations of the reflectivity of hydrogen between 400 and 600 GPa in the I4_{1}/amd crystal structure, the one predicted at these pressures, based on both time-dependent density functional and Eliashberg theories, thus, covering the optical properties from the infrared to the ultraviolet regimes. Our results show that atomic hydrogen displays an interband plasmon at around 6 eV that abruptly suppresses the reflectivity, while the large superconducting gap energy yields a sharp decrease of the reflectivity in the infrared region approximately at 120 meV. The experimentally estimated electronic scattering rates in the 0.7-3 eV range are in agreement with our theoretical estimations, which show that the huge electron-phonon interaction of the system dominates the electronic scattering in this energy range. The remarkable features in the optical spectra predicted here encourage extending the optical measurements to the infrared and ultraviolet regions as our results suggest optical measurements can potentially identify high-pressure phases of hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Borinaga
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 5, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 4, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Julen Ibañez-Azpiroz
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Aitor Bergara
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 5, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 4, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ion Errea
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Pasealekua 4, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Fisika Aplikatua 1 Saila, Bilboko Ingeniaritza Eskola, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Rafael Moreno "Pitxitxi" Pasealekua 3, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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