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Martin LS, Zhou H, Leitao NT, Maskara N, Makarova O, Gao H, Zhu QZ, Park M, Tyler M, Park H, Choi S, Lukin MD. Controlling Local Thermalization Dynamics in a Floquet-Engineered Dipolar Ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:210403. [PMID: 37295118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the microscopic mechanisms of thermalization in closed quantum systems is among the key challenges in modern quantum many-body physics. We demonstrate a method to probe local thermalization in a large-scale many-body system by exploiting its inherent disorder and use this to uncover the thermalization mechanisms in a three-dimensional, dipolar-interacting spin system with tunable interactions. Utilizing advanced Hamiltonian engineering techniques to explore a range of spin Hamiltonians, we observe a striking change in the characteristic shape and timescale of local correlation decay as we vary the engineered exchange anisotropy. We show that these observations originate from the system's intrinsic many-body dynamics and reveal the signatures of conservation laws within localized clusters of spins, which do not readily manifest using global probes. Our method provides an exquisite lens into the tunable nature of local thermalization dynamics and enables detailed studies of scrambling, thermalization, and hydrodynamics in strongly interacting quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh S Martin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nathaniel T Leitao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nishad Maskara
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Oksana Makarova
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Haoyang Gao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Qian-Ze Zhu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mincheol Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Matthew Tyler
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Soonwon Choi
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Merkel B, Cova Fariña P, Reiserer A. Dynamical Decoupling of Spin Ensembles with Strong Anisotropic Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:030501. [PMID: 34328750 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ensembles of dopants have widespread applications in quantum technology. The miniaturization of corresponding devices is however hampered by dipolar interactions that reduce the coherence at increased dopant density. We theoretically and experimentally investigate this limitation. We find that dynamical decoupling can alleviate, but not fully eliminate, the decoherence in crystals with strong anisotropic spin-spin interactions that originate from an anisotropic g tensor. Our findings can be generalized to many quantum systems used for quantum sensing, microwave-to-optical conversion, and quantum memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Merkel
- Quantum Networks Group, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Schellingstrasse 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Pablo Cova Fariña
- Quantum Networks Group, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Schellingstrasse 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiserer
- Quantum Networks Group, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Schellingstrasse 4, D-80799 München, Germany
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Choi J, Zhou H, Choi S, Landig R, Ho WW, Isoya J, Jelezko F, Onoda S, Sumiya H, Abanin DA, Lukin MD. Probing Quantum Thermalization of a Disordered Dipolar Spin Ensemble with Discrete Time-Crystalline Order. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:043603. [PMID: 30768351 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.043603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate thermalization dynamics of a driven dipolar many-body quantum system through the stability of discrete time crystalline order. Using periodic driving of electronic spin impurities in diamond, we realize different types of interactions between spins and demonstrate experimentally that the interplay of disorder, driving, and interactions leads to several qualitatively distinct regimes of thermalization. For short driving periods, the observed dynamics are well described by an effective Hamiltonian which sensitively depends on interaction details. For long driving periods, the system becomes susceptible to energy exchange with the driving field and eventually enters a universal thermalizing regime, where the dynamics can be described by interaction-induced dephasing of individual spins. Our analysis reveals important differences between thermalization of long-range Ising and other dipolar spin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhee Choi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Soonwon Choi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Renate Landig
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Wen Wei Ho
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Junichi Isoya
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sumiya
- Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Itami, Hyougo, 664-0016, Japan
| | - Dmitry A Abanin
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Ajoy A, Bissbort U, Poletti D, Cappellaro P. Selective Decoupling and Hamiltonian Engineering in Dipolar Spin Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:013205. [PMID: 31012657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.013205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a protocol to selectively decouple, recouple, and engineer effective interactions in mesoscopic dipolar spin networks. In particular, we develop a versatile protocol that relies upon magic angle spinning to perform Hamiltonian engineering. By using global control fields in conjunction with a local actuator, such as a diamond nitrogen vacancy center located in the vicinity of a nuclear spin network, both global and local control over the effective couplings can be achieved. We show that the resulting effective Hamiltonian can be well understood within a simple, intuitive geometric picture, and corroborate its validity by performing exact numerical simulations in few-body systems. Applications of our method are in the emerging fields of two-dimensional room temperature quantum simulators in diamond platforms, as well as in molecular magnet systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - U Bissbort
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Science and Math Cluster and EPD Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - D Poletti
- Science and Math Cluster and EPD Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - P Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Kucsko G, Choi S, Choi J, Maurer PC, Zhou H, Landig R, Sumiya H, Onoda S, Isoya J, Jelezko F, Demler E, Yao NY, Lukin MD. Critical Thermalization of a Disordered Dipolar Spin System in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:023601. [PMID: 30085738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Statistical mechanics underlies our understanding of macroscopic quantum systems. It is based on the assumption that out-of-equilibrium systems rapidly approach their equilibrium states, forgetting any information about their microscopic initial conditions. This fundamental paradigm is challenged by disordered systems, in which a slowdown or even absence of thermalization is expected. We report the observation of critical thermalization in a three dimensional ensemble of ∼10^{6} electronic spins coupled via dipolar interactions. By controlling the spin states of nitrogen vacancy color centers in diamond, we observe slow, subexponential relaxation dynamics and identify a regime of power-law decay with disorder-dependent exponents; this behavior is modified at late times owing to many-body interactions. These observations are quantitatively explained by a resonance counting theory that incorporates the effects of both disorder and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kucsko
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Choi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - P C Maurer
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Landig
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Sumiya
- Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Itami, Hyougo, 664-0016, Japan
| | - S Onoda
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - J Isoya
- Research Centre for Knowledge Communities, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8550, Japan
| | - F Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Demler
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N Y Yao
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Wang J, Paesani S, Ding Y, Santagati R, Skrzypczyk P, Salavrakos A, Tura J, Augusiak R, Mančinska L, Bacco D, Bonneau D, Silverstone JW, Gong Q, Acín A, Rottwitt K, Oxenløwe LK, O’Brien JL, Laing A, Thompson MG. Multidimensional quantum entanglement with large-scale integrated optics. Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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