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Biasi A, Evnin O, Malomed BA. Obstruction to ergodicity in nonlinear Schrödinger equations with resonant potentials. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:034204. [PMID: 37849119 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.034204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
We identify a class of trapping potentials in cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLSEs) that make them nonintegrable, but prevent the emergence of power spectra associated with ergodicity. The potentials are characterized by equidistant energy spectra (e.g., the harmonic-oscillator trap), which give rise to a large number of resonances enhancing the nonlinearity. In a broad range of dynamical solutions, spanning the regimes in which the nonlinearity may be either weak or strong in comparison with the linear part of the NLSE, the power spectra are shaped as narrow (quasidiscrete), evenly spaced spikes, unlike generic truly continuous (ergodic) spectra. We develop an analytical explanation for the emergence of these spectral features in the case of weak nonlinearity. In the strongly nonlinear regime, the presence of such structures is tracked numerically by performing simulations with random initial conditions. Some potentials that prevent ergodicity in this manner are of direct relevance to Bose-Einstein condensates: they naturally appear in 1D, 2D, and 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equations (GPEs), the quintic version of these equations, and a two-component GPE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxo Biasi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Oleg Evnin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Theoretische Natuurkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and International Solvay Institutes, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Boris A Malomed
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
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Yurovsky VA. Exploring Integrability-Chaos Transition with a Sequence of Independent Perturbations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:020404. [PMID: 36706418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A gas of interacting particles is a paradigmatic example of chaotic systems. It is shown here that, even if all but one particle are fixed in generic positions, the excited states of the moving particle are chaotic. They are characterized by the number of principal components (NPC)-the number of integrable system eigenstates involved into the nonintegrable one, which increases linearly with the number of strong scatterers. This rule is a particular case of the general effect of an additional perturbation on the system chaotic properties. The perturbation independence criteria supposing the system chaoticity increase are derived here as well. The effect can be observed in experiments with photons or cold atoms as the decay of observable fluctuation variance, which is inversely proportional to NPC and, therefore, to the number of scatterers. This decay indicates that the eigenstate thermalization is approached. The results are confirmed by numerical calculations for a harmonic waveguide with zero-range scatterers along its axis.
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Guan XW, He P. New trends in quantum integrability: recent experiments with ultracold atoms. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:114001. [PMID: 36170807 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac95a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades quantum engineering has made significant advances in our ability to create genuine quantum many-body systems using ultracold atoms. In particular, some prototypical exactly solvable Yang-Baxter systems have been successfully realized allowing us to confront elegant and sophisticated exact solutions of these systems with their experimental counterparts. The new experimental developments show a variety of fundamental one-dimensional (1D) phenomena, ranging from the generalized hydrodynamics to dynamical fermionization, Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids, collective excitations, fractional exclusion statistics, quantum holonomy, spin-charge separation, competing orders with high spin symmetry and quantum impurity problems. This article briefly reviews these developments and provides rigorous understanding of those observed phenomena based on the exact solutions while highlighting the uniqueness of 1D quantum physics. The precision of atomic physics realizations of integrable many-body problems continues to inspire significant developments in mathematics and physics while at the same time offering the prospect to contribute to future quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wen Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, APM, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- NSFC-SPTP Peng Huanwu Center for Fundamental Theory, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
- Department of Fundamental and Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Peng He
- Bureau of Frontier Sciences and Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864,People's Republic of China
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Path Integral Estimates of the Quantum Fluctuations of the Relative Soliton-Soliton Velocity in a Gross-Pitaevskii Breather. PHYSICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/physics4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the quantum fluctuations of the relative velocity of constituent solitons in a Gross-Pitaevskii breather are studied. The breather is confined in a weak harmonic trap. These fluctuations are monitored, indirectly, using a two-body correlation function measured at a quarter of the harmonic period after the breather creation. The results of an ab initio quantum Monte Carlo calculation, based on the Feynman-Kac path integration method, are compared with the analytical predictions using the recently suggested approach within the Bogoliubov approximation, and a good agreement is obtained.
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Abstract
We study the reflection and transmission properties of matter wave solitons impinging on localized scattering potentials in one spatial dimension. By mean field analysis we identify regimes where the solitons behave more like waves or more like particles as a result of the interplay between the dispersive wave propagation and the attractive interactions between the atoms. For a bright soliton propagating together with a dark soliton void in a two-species Bose-Einstein condensate, we find different reflection and transmission properties of the dark and the bright components.
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Luo D, Jin Y, Nguyen JHV, Malomed BA, Marchukov OV, Yurovsky VA, Dunjko V, Olshanii M, Hulet RG. Creation and Characterization of Matter-Wave Breathers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:183902. [PMID: 33196245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.183902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the creation of quasi-1D excited matter-wave solitons, "breathers," by quenching the strength of the interactions in a Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive interactions. We characterize the resulting breathing dynamics and quantify the effects of the aspect ratio of the confining potential, the strength of the quench, and the proximity of the 1D-3D crossover for the two-soliton breather. Furthermore, we demonstrate the complex dynamics of a three-soliton breather created by a stronger interaction quench. Our experimental results, which compare well with numerical simulations, provide a pathway for utilizing matter-wave breathers to explore quantum effects in large many-body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - J H V Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - B A Malomed
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
| | - O V Marchukov
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute for Applied Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - V A Yurovsky
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - V Dunjko
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - M Olshanii
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - R G Hulet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Marchukov OV, Malomed BA, Dunjko V, Ruhl J, Olshanii M, Hulet RG, Yurovsky VA. Quantum Fluctuations of the Center of Mass and Relative Parameters of Nonlinear Schrödinger Breathers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:050405. [PMID: 32794875 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study quantum fluctuations of macroscopic parameters of a nonlinear Schrödinger breather-a nonlinear superposition of two solitons, which can be created by the application of a fourfold quench of the scattering length to the fundamental soliton in a self-attractive quasi-one-dimensional Bose gas. The fluctuations are analyzed in the framework of the Bogoliubov approach in the limit of a large number of atoms N, using two models of the vacuum state: white noise and correlated noise. The latter model, closer to the ab initio setting by construction, leads to a reasonable agreement, within 20% accuracy, with fluctuations of the relative velocity of constituent solitons obtained from the exact Bethe-ansatz results [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 220401 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.220401] in the opposite low-N limit (for N≤23). We thus confirm, for macroscopic N, the breather dissociation time to be within the limits of current cold-atom experiments. Fluctuations of soliton masses, phases, and positions are also evaluated and may have experimental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr V Marchukov
- Institute for Applied Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Boris A Malomed
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
| | - Vanja Dunjko
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - Joanna Ruhl
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - Maxim Olshanii
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - Randall G Hulet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston,Texas 77005, USA
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Di Carli A, Colquhoun CD, Henderson G, Flannigan S, Oppo GL, Daley AJ, Kuhr S, Haller E. Excitation Modes of Bright Matter-Wave Solitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:123602. [PMID: 31633971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study the excitation modes of bright matter-wave solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry. The solitons are created by quenching the interactions of a Bose-Einstein condensate of cesium atoms from repulsive to attractive in combination with a rapid reduction of the longitudinal confinement. A deliberate mismatch of quench parameters allows for the excitation of breathing modes of the emerging soliton and for the determination of its breathing frequency as a function of atom number and confinement. In addition, we observe signatures of higher-order solitons and the splitting of the wave packet after the quench. Our experimental results are compared to analytical predictions and to numerical simulations of the one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Carli
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Craig D Colquhoun
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Henderson
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Flannigan
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Gian-Luca Oppo
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Daley
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kuhr
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Elmar Haller
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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Ng KL, Opanchuk B, Reid MD, Drummond PD. Nonlocal Pair Correlations in a Higher-Order Bose Gas Soliton. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:203604. [PMID: 31172753 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The truncated Wigner and positive-P phase-space representations are used to study the dynamics of a one-dimensional Bose gas. This allows calculations of the breathing quantum dynamics of higher-order solitons with 10^{3}-10^{5} particles, as in realistic Bose-Einstein condensation experiments. Although classically stable, these decay quantum mechanically. Our calculations show that there are large nonlocal correlations and nonclassical quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Lun Ng
- Centre for Quantum and Optical Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| | - Bogdan Opanchuk
- Centre for Quantum and Optical Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| | - Margaret D Reid
- Centre for Quantum and Optical Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia and Institute of Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (ITAMP), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Peter D Drummond
- Centre for Quantum and Optical Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia and Institute of Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (ITAMP), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Attractive Bose-Einstein condensates in anharmonic traps: Accurate numerical treatment and the intriguing physics of the variance. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Malomed BA, Rosanov NN, Fedorov SV. Dynamics of nonlinear Schrödinger breathers in a potential trap. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:052204. [PMID: 29906982 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.052204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We consider the evolution of the 2-soliton (breather) of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a semi-infinite line with the zero boundary condition and a linear potential, which corresponds to the gravity field in the presence of a hard floor. This setting can be implemented in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, and in a nonlinear planar waveguide in optics. In the absence of the gravity, repulsion of the breather from the floor leads to its splitting into constituent fundamental solitons, if the initial distance from the floor is smaller than a critical value; otherwise, the moving breather persists. In the presence of gravity, the breather always splits into a pair of "co-hopping" fundamental solitons, which may be frequency locked in the form of a quasi-breather, or unlocked, forming an incoherent pseudo-breather. Some essential results are obtained in an analytical form, in addition to the systematic numerical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Malomed
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B. 39040, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B. 39040, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - N N Rosanov
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Vavilov State Optical Institute, 199053 Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - S V Fedorov
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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