1
|
van Mourik MW, Zapusek E, Hrmo P, Gerster L, Blatt R, Monz T, Schindler P, Reiter F. Experimental Realization of Nonunitary Multiqubit Operations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:040602. [PMID: 38335353 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel experimental tool set that enables irreversible multiqubit operations on a quantum platform. To exemplify our approach, we realize two elementary nonunitary operations: the or and nor gates. The electronic states of two trapped ^{40}Ca^{+} ions encode the logical information, and a cotrapped ^{88}Sr^{+} ion provides the irreversibility of the gate by a dissipation channel through sideband cooling. We measure 87% and 81% success rates for the or and nor gates, respectively. The presented methods are a stepping stone toward other nonunitary operations such as in quantum error correction and quantum machine learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W van Mourik
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/4, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Zapusek
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Hrmo
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/4, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Gerster
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/4, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Blatt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/4, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Monz
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/4, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- AQT, Technikerstraße 17, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Schindler
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/4, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - F Reiter
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McKay KS, Hite DA, Kent PD, Kotler S, Leibfried D, Slichter DH, Wilson AC, Pappas DP. Measurement of electric-field noise from interchangeable samples with a trapped-ion sensor. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A 2021; 104:052610. [PMID: 38915757 PMCID: PMC11194989 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.104.052610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a single trapped ion as a sensor to probe electric-field noise from interchangeable test surfaces. As proof of principle, we measure the magnitude and distance dependence of electric-field noise from two ion-trap-like samples with patterned Au electrodes. This trapped-ion sensor could be combined with other surface characterization tools to help elucidate the mechanisms that give rise to electric-field noise from ion-trap surfaces. Such noise presents a significant hurdle for performing large-scale trapped-ion quantum computations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. McKay
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dustin A. Hite
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Philip D. Kent
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Shlomi Kotler
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Dietrich Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel H. Slichter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Andrew C. Wilson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David P. Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hite DA, McKay KS, Pappas DP. Surface science motivated by heating of trapped ions from the quantum ground state. NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2021; 23:10.1088/1367-2630/ac2c2c. [PMID: 38487593 PMCID: PMC10938442 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/ac2c2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
For the past two and a half decades, anomalous heating of trapped ions from nearby electrode surfaces has continued to demonstrate unexpected results. Caused by electric-field noise, this heating of the ions' motional modes remains an obstacle for scalable quantum computation with trapped ions. One of the anomalous features of this electric-field noise is the reported nonmonotonic behavior in the heating rate when a trap is incrementally cleaned by ion bombardment. Motivated by this result, the present work reports on a surface analysis of a sample ion-trap electrode treated similarly with incremental doses of Ar+ ion bombardment. Kelvin probe force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate how the work functions on the electrode surface vary depending on the residual contaminant coverage between each treatment. It is shown that the as-fabricated Au electrode is covered with a hydrocarbon film that is modified after the first treatment, resulting in work functions and core-level binding energies that resemble that of atomic-like carbon on Au. Changes in the spatial distribution of work functions with each treatment, combined with a suggested phenomenological coverage and surface-potential roughness dependence to the heating, appear to be related to the nonmonotonic behavior previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hite
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
| | - K S McKay
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States of America
| | - D P Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hauke P, Katzgraber HG, Lechner W, Nishimori H, Oliver WD. Perspectives of quantum annealing: methods and implementations. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:054401. [PMID: 32235066 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab85b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum annealing is a computing paradigm that has the ambitious goal of efficiently solving large-scale combinatorial optimization problems of practical importance. However, many challenges have yet to be overcome before this goal can be reached. This perspectives article first gives a brief introduction to the concept of quantum annealing, and then highlights new pathways that may clear the way towards feasible and large scale quantum annealing. Moreover, since this field of research is to a strong degree driven by a synergy between experiment and theory, we discuss both in this work. An important focus in this article is on future perspectives, which complements other review articles, and which we hope will motivate further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hauke
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123Povo (TN), Italy. Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Zhang X, Hou Y, Chen T, Wu W, Chen P. Convenient Real-Time Monitoring of the Contamination of Surface Ion Trap. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10010109. [PMID: 31935803 PMCID: PMC7022994 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that contamination by adatoms on the surface ion trap can generate contact potential, leading to fluctuations in patch potential. By investigating contamination induced by surface adatoms during a loading process, a direct physical image of the contamination process and the relationship between the capacitance change and the contamination from surface adatoms is examined theoretically and experimentally. From the relationship, the contamination by surface adatoms and the effect of in situ treatment process can be monitored by the capacitance between electrodes in real time. This study is foundational to further research on anomalous heating with practical applications in quantum information processing from surface ion traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Zhang
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (X.Z.); (Y.H.); (T.C.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yizhu Hou
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (X.Z.); (Y.H.); (T.C.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (X.Z.); (Y.H.); (T.C.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (X.Z.); (Y.H.); (T.C.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (P.C.); Tel.:+86-137-8722-4943 (W.W.); +86-138-7581-0493 (P.C.)
| | - Pingxing Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (X.Z.); (Y.H.); (T.C.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (P.C.); Tel.:+86-137-8722-4943 (W.W.); +86-138-7581-0493 (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An D, Matthiesen C, Abdelrahman A, Berlin-Udi M, Gorman D, Möller S, Urban E, Häffner H. Surface trap with dc-tunable ion-electrode distance. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093102. [PMID: 30278688 DOI: 10.1063/1.5046527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, fabrication, and operation of a novel surface-electrode Paul trap that produces a radio-frequency-null along the axis perpendicular to the trap surface. This arrangement enables control of the vertical trapping potential and consequentially the ion-electrode distance via dc-electrodes only. We demonstrate the confinement of single 40Ca+ ions at heights between 50 μm and 300 μm above planar copper-coated aluminum electrodes. Laser-cooling and coherent operations are performed on both the planar and vertical motional modes. This architecture provides a platform for precision electric-field noise detection and trapping of vertical ion strings without excess micromotion and may have applications for scalable quantum computers with surface ion traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da An
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Clemens Matthiesen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelrahman
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Maya Berlin-Udi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dylan Gorman
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sönke Möller
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Erik Urban
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hartmut Häffner
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|