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Saffin PM, Xie QX, Zhou SY. Q-Ball Superradiance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:111601. [PMID: 37774310 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Q-balls are nontopological solitons that coherently rotate in field space. We show that these coherent rotations can induce superradiance for scattering waves, thanks to the fact that the scattering involves two coupled modes. Despite the conservation of the particle number in the scattering, the mismatch between the frequencies of the two modes allows for the enhancement of the energy and angular momentum of incident waves. When the Q-ball spins in real space, additional rotational superradiance is also possible, which can further boost the enhancements. We identify the criteria for the energy and angular momentum superradiance to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Saffin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Qi-Xin Xie
- Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuang-Yong Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Peng Huanwu Center for Fundamental Theory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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2
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East WE. Vortex String Formation in Black Hole Superradiance of a Dark Photon with the Higgs Mechanism. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:141103. [PMID: 36240398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.141103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black hole superradiance, which only relies on gravitational interactions, can provide a powerful probe of the existence of ultralight bosons that are weakly coupled to ordinary matter. However, as a boson cloud grows through superradiance, nonlinear effects from interactions with itself or other fields may become important. As a representative example of this, we use nonlinear evolutions to study black hole superradiance of a vector boson that attains a mass, via a coupling to a complex scalar, through the Higgs mechanism. For the cases considered, we find that the superradiant instability can lead to a transient period where the scalar field reaches its symmetry restoration value, leading to the formation of closed vortex strings, the temporary disruption of the exponential growth of the cloud, and an explosive outburst of energy. After the cloud loses sufficient mass, the superradiant growth resumes, and the cycle repeats. Thus, the black hole will be spun down but, potentially, at a much lower rate compared to when nonlinear effects are unimportant and with the liberated energy going primarily into bosonic radiation instead of gravitational waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E East
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
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3
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Sanchis-Gual N, Zilhão M, Cardoso V. Electromagnetic emission from axionic boson star collisions. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.064034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Roy R, Vagnozzi S, Visinelli L. Superradiance evolution of black hole shadows revisited. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.105.083002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Buckley JH, Dev PB, Ferrer F, Huang FP. Fast radio bursts from axion stars moving through pulsar magnetospheres. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.103.043015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chen Y, Shu J, Xue X, Yuan Q, Zhao Y. Probing Axions with Event Horizon Telescope Polarimetric Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:061102. [PMID: 32109092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With high spatial resolution, polarimetric imaging of a supermassive black hole, like M87^{⋆} or Sgr A^{⋆}, by the Event Horizon Telescope can be used to probe the existence of ultralight bosonic particles, such as axions. Such particles can accumulate around a rotating black hole through the superradiance mechanism, forming an axion cloud. When linearly polarized photons are emitted from an accretion disk near the horizon, their position angles oscillate due to the birefringent effect when traveling through the axion background. In particular, the observations of supermassive black holes M87^{⋆} (Sgr A^{⋆}) can probe the dimensionless axion-photon coupling c=2πg_{aγ}f_{a} for axions with mass around O(10^{-20}) eV [O(10^{-17}) eV] and decay constant f_{a}<O(10^{16}) GeV, which is complimentary to other axion measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), UMR 7589, Sorbonne Université et CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jing Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 14 Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Ghosh S, Berti E, Brito R, Richartz M. Follow-up signals from superradiant instabilities of black hole merger remnants. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Ikeda T, Brito R, Cardoso V. Blasts of Light from Axions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:081101. [PMID: 30932590 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nature of dark matter is one of the longest-standing puzzles in science. Axions or axionlike particles are a key possibility and arise in mechanisms to solve the strong CP problem, but also in low-energy limits of string theory. Extensive experimental and observational efforts are actively looking for "axionic" imprints. Independent of their nature, abundance, and contribution to the dark matter problem, axions form dense clouds around spinning black holes, grown by superradiant mechanisms. It was recently suggested that once couplings to photons are considered, an exponential (quantum) stimulated emission of photons ensues at large enough axion number. Here we solve numerically the classical problem in different setups. We show that laserlike emission from clouds exists at the classical level, and we provide the first quantitative description of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Ikeda
- CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard Brito
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Dipartimento di Fisica, "Sapienza" Università di Roma and Sezione INFN Roma1, P.A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Vitor Cardoso
- CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (UL), Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049 Lisboa, Portugal
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN 1 Esplanade des Particules, Geneva 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
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