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Kitano K, Maeda H. Coherent Amplification of Continuous Laser Field via Superfluorescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:073201. [PMID: 38427863 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.073201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Superfluorescence (SF) is collective spontaneous emission wherein radiators spontaneously synchronize, resulting in an intense single-pulse emission. The avalanche radiation of photons is initiated by the first photon emitted into the SF propagation mode. Because this process is stochastic, the absolute phase of the SF changes randomly from shot to shot. We demonstrate that this phase can be controlled by seeding the SF with a resonant continuous-wave (CW) laser. The seed light was weak enough not to cause the stimulated emission but strong enough to inject the first photon into the SF propagation mode prior to injection by the radiators themselves. Cross-correlation measurements between the seeded SF and CW laser revealed that the seed light was coherently amplified by the SF. The amplification factor for the instantaneous intensity was estimated to be 7 orders of magnitude. These results will pave the way for the development of new types of quantum optical amplifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kitano
- Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - H Maeda
- Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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Cui JJ, Cheng Y, Wang X, Li Z, Rohringer N, Kimberg V, Zhang SB. Proposal for Observing XUV-Induced Rabi Oscillation Using Superfluorescent Emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:043201. [PMID: 37566830 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.043201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Intense x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light sources have been available for decades, however, due to weak nonlinear interaction in the XUV photon energy range, observation of Rabi oscillation induced by XUV pulse remains a very challenging experimental task. Here we suggest a scheme where photoionization of a He medium by an intense XUV pump pulse is followed by a strong population inversion and Rabi oscillation at the He^{+}(1s-3p) transition and is accompanied by superfluorescence (SF) of the 7.56 eV pulse at the He^{+}(3p-2s) transition. Our numerical simulations show that the Rabi oscillation at the He^{+}(1s-3p) transition induced by an XUV pulse with photon energy 48.36 eV results in significant signatures in the SF spectra, allowing us to identify and characterize the XUV induced Rabi-oscillatory regime. The proposed scheme provides a sensitive tool to monitor and control ultrafast nonlinear dynamics in atoms and molecules triggered by intense XUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Cui
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yongjun Cheng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
| | - Nina Rohringer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor Kimberg
- Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Song Bin Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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Chen L, Mao D, Hu Y, Dong H, Zhong Y, Xie W, Mou N, Li X, Zhang L. Stable and Ultrafast Blue Cavity-Enhanced Superfluorescence in Mixed Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301589. [PMID: 37127890 PMCID: PMC10375166 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced superfluorescence (CESF) in quantum dot (QD) system is an ultrafast and intense lasing generated by combination of quantum coupling effect and optically stimulated amplification effect, which can provide a new idea for realizing high quality blue light sources and address the limitation of conventional inefficient blue light sources. Modifying halide composition is a straightforward method to achieve blue emission in perovskite QD system. However, the spectral instability introduced by photoinduced halide phase segregation and low coupling efficiency between QDs and optical cavities make it challenging to achieve stable blue CESF in such halide-doped QD system. Herein, long-range-ordered, densely packed CsPbBr2 Cl QD-assembled superlattice microcavities in which the two core issues can be appropriately addressed are developed. The QD superlattice structure facilitates excitonic delocalization to decrease exciton-phonon coupling, thus alleviating photoinduced phase segregation. By combination of theoretical analysis and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, the underlying photoinduced phase segregation mitigation mechanism in mixed halide superlattices is clarified. Based on the CsPbBr2 Cl QD superlattices with regularly geometrical structures, in which the gain medium can be strongly coupled to the naturally formed microcavity, stable and ultrafast (3 ps) blue CESF with excellent optical performance (threshold ≈33 µJ cm-2 , quality factor ≈1900) is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Danqun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yingjie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1, Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, Xihu, 310024, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yichi Zhong
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1, Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, Xihu, 310024, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Nanli Mou
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1, Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, Xihu, 310024, China
| | - Xinjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1, Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, Xihu, 310024, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
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Zen H, Hajima R, Ohgaki H. Full characterization of superradiant pulses generated from a free-electron laser oscillator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6350. [PMID: 37072550 PMCID: PMC10113263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The detailed structure of superradiant pulses generated from a free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator was experimentally revealed for the first time. Owing to the phase retrieval with a combination of linear and nonlinear autocorrelation measurements, we successfully reconstructed the temporal waveform of an FEL pulse including its phase variation. The waveform clearly exhibits the features of a superradiant pulse, the main pulse followed by a train of sub-pulses with π-phase jumps, reflecting the physics of light-matter resonant interaction. From numerical simulations, the train of sub-pulses was found to originate from repeated formation and deformation of microbunches accompanied with a temporal slippage of the electrons and light field, a process quite different from coherent many-body Rabi oscillations observed in superradiance from atomic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heishun Zen
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Hajima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0215, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ohgaki
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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Kitano K, Maeda H. Cascade and yoked superfluorescence detected by sum frequency generation spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:69-72. [PMID: 36563371 DOI: 10.1364/ol.473200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the superfluorescent decay process of dense rubidium atomic vapor in a cell. Using a femtosecond laser pulse, the atoms were excited from the 5S ground state to the 6P state. The 2.73μm and 1.37μm fields were generated on the cascaded decay, 6P → 6S → 5P, which further stimulated the 780 nm forward emission on the 5P → 5S transition. Using sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, we observed all emission fields and the time delay between them, with sufficient temporal resolution. The experimental results were successfully reproduced using semiclassical simulations.
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Kitano K, Tomida H, Takei D, Maeda H. Polarization correlation in the superfluorescent decay process. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5055-5058. [PMID: 34598267 DOI: 10.1364/ol.436250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the polarization properties of superfluorescence (SF) emitted from dense cesium atomic vapor in a cell. The atoms were excited from the 6S ground to the 8P state using a femtosecond laser pulse. The SF fields generated on the cascaded decay, 8P→8S→7P, mediated the nonlinear optical process. We observed 4.2-µm and 456-nm forward directional emissions generated on the 8S→7P and 7P→6S transitions, respectively. The polarizations of the two fields were correlated in each laser shot, and their directions fluctuated from shot to shot, reflecting the noise that initiated the 4.2-µm emission.
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Demonstration of Transmission Mode Soft X-ray NEXAFS Using Third- and Fifth-Order Harmonics of FEL Radiation at SACLA BL1. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the applicability of third- and fifth-order harmonics of free-electron laser (FEL) radiation for soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the transmission mode at SACLA BL1, which covers a photon energy range of 20 to 150 eV in the fundamental FEL radiation. By using the third- and fifth-order harmonics of the FEL radiation, we successfully recorded near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra for Ar 2p core ionization and CO2 C 1s and O 1s core ionizations. Our results show that the utilization of third- and fifth-order harmonics can significantly extend the available photon energies for NEXAFS spectroscopy using an FEL and opens the door to femtosecond pump-probe NEXAFS using a soft X-ray FEL.
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Ott C, Aufleger L, Ding T, Rebholz M, Magunia A, Hartmann M, Stooß V, Wachs D, Birk P, Borisova GD, Meyer K, Rupprecht P, da Costa Castanheira C, Moshammer R, Attar AR, Gaumnitz T, Loh ZH, Düsterer S, Treusch R, Ullrich J, Jiang Y, Meyer M, Lambropoulos P, Pfeifer T. Strong-Field Extreme-Ultraviolet Dressing of Atomic Double Excitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:163201. [PMID: 31702368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of a strong-field dressing of an autoionizing two-electron state in helium with intense extreme-ultraviolet laser pulses from a free-electron laser. The asymmetric Fano line shape of this transition is spectrally resolved, and we observe modifications of the resonance asymmetry structure for increasing free-electron-laser pulse energy on the order of few tens of Microjoules. A quantum-mechanical calculation of the time-dependent dipole response of this autoionizing state, driven by classical extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) electric fields, evidences strong-field-induced energy and phase shifts of the doubly excited state, which are extracted from the Fano line-shape asymmetry. The experimental results obtained at the Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH) thus correspond to transient energy shifts on the order of a few meV, induced by strong XUV fields. These results open up a new way of performing nonperturbative XUV nonlinear optics for the light-matter interaction of resonant electronic transitions in atoms at short wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lennart Aufleger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ding
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Rebholz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Magunia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veit Stooß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Wachs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Birk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gergana D Borisova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Rupprecht
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew R Attar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thomas Gaumnitz
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhi-Heng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, and Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Stefan Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Treusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yuhai Jiang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Michael Meyer
- European XFEL, GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Lambropoulos
- Department of Physics, University of Crete and IESL-FORTH, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Motoyama H, Owada S, Yamaguchi G, Kume T, Egawa S, Tono K, Inubushi Y, Koyama T, Yabashi M, Ohashi H, Mimura H. Intense sub-micrometre focusing of soft X-ray free-electron laser beyond 10 16 W cm -2 with an ellipsoidal mirror. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1406-1411. [PMID: 31490128 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519007057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intense sub-micrometre focusing of a soft X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) was achieved by using an ellipsoidal mirror with a high numerical aperture. A hybrid focusing system in combination with a Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror was applied for compensation of a small spatial acceptance of the ellipsoidal mirror. With this system, the soft X-ray FEL pulses were focused down to 480 nm × 680 nm with an extremely high intensity of 8.8×1016 W cm-2 at a photon energy of 120 eV, which yielded saturable absorption at the L-edge of Si (99.8 eV) with a drastic increase of transmittance from 8% to 48%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Motoyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Gota Yamaguchi
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kume
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoru Egawa
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takahisa Koyama
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ohashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Mimura
- Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Mercadier L, Benediktovitch A, Weninger C, Blessenohl MA, Bernitt S, Bekker H, Dobrodey S, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Erk B, Bomme C, Boll R, Yin Z, Majety VP, Steinbrügge R, Khalal MA, Penent F, Palaudoux J, Lablanquie P, Rudenko A, Rolles D, Crespo López-Urrutia JR, Rohringer N. Evidence of Extreme Ultraviolet Superfluorescence in Xenon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:023201. [PMID: 31386513 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.023201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study on superfluorescence in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength regime. Focusing a free-electron laser pulse in a cell filled with Xe gas, the medium is quasi-instantaneously population inverted by 4d-shell ionization on the giant resonance followed by Auger decay. On the timescale of ∼10 ps to ∼100 ps (depending on parameters) a macroscopic polarization builds up in the medium, resulting in superfluorescent emission of several Xe lines in the forward direction. As the number of emitters in the system is increased by either raising the pressure or the pump-pulse energy, the emission yield grows exponentially over four orders of magnitude and reaches saturation. With increasing yield, we observe line broadening, a manifestation of superfluorescence in the spectral domain. Our novel theoretical approach, based on a full quantum treatment of the atomic system and the irradiated field, shows quantitative agreement with the experiment and supports our interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mercadier
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - C Weninger
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M A Blessenohl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Bernitt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - H Bekker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Dobrodey
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - B Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Bomme
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Boll
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Z Yin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - V P Majety
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Steinbrügge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M A Khalal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - F Penent
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J Palaudoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - P Lablanquie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - A Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - D Rolles
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | | | - N Rohringer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
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