1
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Fábri C, Császár AG, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Coupling polyatomic molecules to lossy nanocavities: Lindblad vs Schrödinger description. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214308. [PMID: 38836455 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of cavities to impact molecular structure and dynamics has become popular. As cavities, in particular plasmonic nanocavities, are lossy and the lifetime of their modes can be very short, their lossy nature must be incorporated into the calculations. The Lindblad master equation is commonly considered an appropriate tool to describe this lossy nature. This approach requires the dynamics of the density operator and is thus substantially more costly than approaches employing the Schrödinger equation for the quantum wave function when several or many nuclear degrees of freedom are involved. In this work, we compare numerically the Lindblad and Schrödinger descriptions discussed in the literature for a molecular example where the cavity is pumped by a laser. The laser and cavity properties are varied over a range of parameters. It is found that the Schrödinger description adequately describes the dynamics of the polaritons and emission signal as long as the laser intensity is moderate and the pump time is not much longer than the lifetime of the cavity mode. Otherwise, it is demonstrated that the Schrödinger description gradually fails. We also show that the failure of the Schrödinger description can often be remedied by renormalizing the wave function at every step of time propagation. The results are discussed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila G Császár
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Impact of Cavity on Molecular Ionization Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4655-4661. [PMID: 38647546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionization phenomena have been widely studied for decades. With the advent of cavity technology, the question arises how quantum light affects molecular ionization. As the ionization spectrum is recorded from the neutral ground state, it is usually possible to choose cavities which exert negligible effect on the neutral ground state, but have significant impact on the ion and the ionization spectrum. Particularly interesting are cases where the ion exhibits conical intersections between close-lying electronic states, which gives rise to substantial nonadiabatic effects. Assuming single-molecule strong coupling, we demonstrate that vibrational modes irrelevant in the absence of a cavity play a decisive role when the molecule is in the cavity. Here, dynamical symmetry breaking is responsible for the ion-cavity coupling and high symmetry enables control of the coupling via molecular orientation relative to the cavity field polarization. Significant impact on the spectrum by the cavity is found and shown to even substantially increase for less symmetric molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Cavity-Modified Chemiluminescent Reaction of Dioxetane. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9483-9494. [PMID: 37845803 PMCID: PMC10658626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is a thermally activated chemical process that emits a photon of light by forming a fraction of products in the electronic excited state. A well-known example of this spectacular phenomenon is the emission of light in the firefly beetle, where the formation of a four-membered cyclic peroxide compound and subsequent dissociation produce a light-emitting product. The smallest cyclic peroxide, dioxetane, also exhibits chemiluminescence but with a low quantum yield as compared to that of firefly dioxetane. Employing the strong light-matter coupling has recently been found to be an alternative strategy to modify the chemical reactivity. In the presence of an optical cavity, the molecular degrees of freedom greatly mix with the cavity mode to form hybrid cavity-matter states called polaritons. These newly generated hybrid light-matter states manipulate the potential energy surfaces and significantly change the reaction dynamics. Here, we theoretically investigate the effects of a strong light-matter interaction on the chemiluminescent reaction of dioxetane using the extended Jaynes-Cummings model. The cavity couplings corresponding to the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom have been included in the interaction Hamiltonian. We explore how the cavity alters the ground- and excited-state path energy barriers and reaction rates. Our results demonstrate that the formation of excited-state products in the dioxetane decomposition process can be either accelerated or suppressed, depending on the molecular orientation with respect to the cavity polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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5
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Zhou Z, Wu Y, Bian X, Subotnik JE. Nonadiabatic Dynamics in a Continuous Circularly Polarized Laser Field with Floquet Phase-Space Surface Hopping. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:718-732. [PMID: 36655857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic chemical reactions involving continuous circularly polarized light (cw CPL) have not attracted as much attention as dynamics in unpolarized/linearly polarized light. However, including circularly (in contrast to linearly) polarized light allows one to effectively introduce a complex-valued time-dependent Hamiltonian, which offers a new path for control or exploration through the introduction of Berry forces. Here, we investigate several inexpensive semiclassical approaches for modeling such nonadiabatic dynamics in the presence of a time-dependent complex-valued Hamiltonian, beginning with a straightforward instantaneous adiabatic fewest-switches surface hopping (IA-FSSH) approach (where the electronic states depend on position and time), continuing to a standard Floquet fewest switches surface hopping (F-FSSH) approach (where the electronic states depend on position and frequency), and ending with an exotic Floquet phase-space surface hopping (F-PSSH) approach (where the electronic states depend on position, frequency, and momentum). Using a set of model systems with time-dependent complex-valued Hamiltonians, we show that the Floquet phase-space adiabats are the optimal choice of basis as far as accounting for Berry phase effects and delivering accuracy. Thus, the F-PSSH algorithm sets the stage for future modeling of nonadiabatic dynamics under strong externally pumped circular polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yanze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xuezhi Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph Eli Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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6
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Fan LB, Shu CC, Dong D, He J, Henriksen NE, Nori F. Quantum Coherent Control of a Single Molecular-Polariton Rotation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:043604. [PMID: 36763416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.043604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined analytical and numerical study for coherent terahertz control of a single molecular polariton, formed by strongly coupling two rotational states of a molecule with a single-mode cavity. Compared to the bare molecules driven by a single terahertz pulse, the presence of a cavity strongly modifies the postpulse orientation of the polariton, making it difficult to obtain its maximal degree of orientation. To solve this challenging problem toward achieving complete quantum coherent control, we derive an analytical solution of a pulse-driven quantum Jaynes-Cummings model by expanding the wave function into entangled states and constructing an effective Hamiltonian. We utilize it to design a composite terahertz pulse and obtain the maximum degree of orientation of the polariton by exploiting photon blockade effects. This Letter offers a new strategy to study rotational dynamics in the strong-coupling regime and provides a method for complete quantum coherent control of a single molecular polariton. It, therefore, has direct applications in polariton chemistry and molecular polaritonics for exploring novel quantum optical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bao Fan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chuan-Cun Shu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Daoyi Dong
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Niels E Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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7
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Fischer EW, Saalfrank P. Cavity-induced non-adiabatic dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular rovibrational polaritons studied by multi-mode quantum models. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034305. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study theoretically the quantum dynamics and spectroscopy of rovibrational polaritons formed in a model system composed of a single rovibrating diatomic molecule, which interacts with two degenerate, orthogonally polarized modes of an optical Fabry–Pérot cavity. We employ an effective rovibrational Pauli–Fierz Hamiltonian in length gauge representation and identify three-state vibro-polaritonic conical intersections (VPCIs) between singly excited vibro-polaritonic states in a two-dimensional angular coordinate branching space. The lower and upper vibrational polaritons are of mixed light–matter hybrid character, whereas the intermediate state is purely photonic in nature. The VPCIs provide effective population transfer channels between singly excited vibrational polaritons, which manifest in rich interference patterns in rotational densities. Spectroscopically, three bright singly excited states are identified when an external infrared laser field couples to both a molecular and a cavity mode. The non-trivial VPCI topology manifests as pronounced multi-peak progression in the spectral region of the upper vibrational polariton, which is traced back to the emergence of rovibro-polaritonic light–matter hybrid states. Experimentally, ubiquitous spontaneous emission from cavity modes induces a dissipative reduction of intensity and peak broadening, which mainly influences the purely photonic intermediate state peak as well as the rovibro-polaritonic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Fischer
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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8
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Triana JF, Peláez D, Hochlaf M, Sanz-Vicario JL. Ultrafast CO 2 photodissociation in the energy region of the lowest Rydberg series. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14072-14084. [PMID: 35640548 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01017h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a detailed theoretical survey of the electronic structure of excited states of the CO2 molecule, with the aim of providing a well-defined theoretical framework for the quantum dynamical studies at energies beyond 12 eV from the ground state. One of the major goals of our work is to emphasize the need for dealing with the presence of both molecular valence and Rydberg states. Although a CASSCF/MRCI approach can be used to appropriately describe the lowest-lying valence states, it becomes incapable of describing the upper electronic states due to the exceedingly large number of electronic excitations required. To circumvent this we employ instead the EOM-CCSD monoconfigurational method to describe the manifold of both valence and Rydberg states in the Franck-Condon region and then a matching procedure to connect these EOM-CCSD eigensolutions with those obtained from CASSCF/MRCI in the outer region, thus ensuring the correct asymptotic behavior. Within this hybrid level of theory, we then analyze the role of valence and Rydberg states in the dynamical mechanism of the photodissociation of quasi-linear CO2 into CO + O fragments, by considering a simple but effective 1D multistate non-adiabatic model for the ultrafast C-O bond break up. We show evidence that the metastability of the Rydberg states must be accounted for in the ultrafast dynamics since they produce changes in the photodissociation yields within the first tens of fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan F Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Victor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Chile.
| | - Daniel Peláez
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/LISIS, 5 Bd Descartes 77454, Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - José L Sanz-Vicario
- Grupo de Física Atómica y Molecular, Instituto de Física, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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9
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Structure and dynamics of electronically excited molecular systems. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Vibók Á. Probing Light-Induced Conical Intersections by Monitoring Multidimensional Polaritonic Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1172-1179. [PMID: 35084197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a molecule with the quantized electromagnetic field of a nanocavity gives rise to light-induced conical intersections between polaritonic potential energy surfaces. We demonstrate for a realistic model of a polyatomic molecule that the time-resolved ultrafast radiative emission of the cavity enables following both nuclear wavepacket dynamics on, and nonadiabatic population transfer between, polaritonic surfaces without applying a probe pulse. The latter provides an unambiguous (and in principle experimentally accessible) dynamical fingerprint of light-induced conical intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- MTA-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, Budapest 112, H-1518, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, H-4002, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, H-4002, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, H-4002, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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11
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Farag MH, Mandal A, Huo P. Polariton induced conical intersection and berry phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16868-16879. [PMID: 34328152 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00943e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the Polariton induced conical intersection (PICI) created from coupling a diatomic molecule with the quantized photon mode inside an optical cavity, and the corresponding Berry Phase effects. We use the rigorous Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian to describe the quantum light-matter interactions between a LiF molecule and the cavity, and use the exact quantum propagation to investigate the polariton quantum dynamics. The molecular rotations relative to the cavity polarization direction play a role as the tuning mode of the PICI, resulting in an effective CI even within a diatomic molecule. To clearly demonstrate the dynamical effects of the Berry phase, we construct two additional models that have the same Born-Oppenheimer surface, but the effects of the geometric phase are removed. We find that when the initial wavefunction is placed in the lower polaritonic surface, the Berry phase causes a π phase-shift in the wavefunction after the encirclement around the CI, indicated from the nuclear probability distribution. On the other hand, when the initial wavefunction is placed in the upper polaritonic surface, the geometric phase significantly influences the couplings between polaritonic states and therefore, the population dynamics between them. These BP effects are further demonstrated through the photo-fragment angular distribution. PICI created from the quantized radiation field has the promise to open up new possibilities to modulate photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H Farag
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
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12
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Liu YR, Kimberg V, Wu Y, Wang JG, Vendrell O, Zhang SB. Ultraviolet Pump-Probe Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Electron-Rotation Coupling in Diatomics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5534-5539. [PMID: 34100612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electronic angular momentum projected onto the diatomic axis couples with the angular momentum of the nuclei, significantly affecting the rotational motion of the system under electronic excitations by intense lasers. In this letter, we propose a pump-probe photodissociation scheme for an accurate determination of electron-rotation coupling effects induced by the strong fields. As a showcase we study the CH+ molecule excited by a short intense ultraviolet pump pulse to the A1Π state, which triggers coupled rovibrational dynamics. The dynamics is observed by measuring the kinetic energy release and angular resolved photofragmentation upon photodissociation induced by the time-delayed probe pulse populating the C1Σ+ state. Simulations of the rovibrational dynamics unravel clear fingerprints of the electron-rotation coupling effects that can be observed experimentally. The proposed pump-probe scheme opens new possibilities for the study of ultrafast dynamics following valence electronic transitions with current laser technology, and possible applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong Liu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Victor Kimberg
- Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- International Research Center of Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Siberian Federal University - IRC SQC, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yong Wu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Guo Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Song Bin Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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13
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Triana JF, Sanz-Vicario JL. Polar diatomic molecules in optical cavities: Photon scaling, rotational effects, and comparison with classical fields. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094120. [PMID: 33685158 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We address topics related to molecules coupled to quantum radiation. The formalism of light-matter interaction is different for classical and quantum fields, but some analogies remain, such as the formation of light induced crossings. We show that under particular circumstances, the molecular dynamics under quantum or classical fields produce similar results, as long as the radiation is prepared as a Fock state and far from ultra-strong coupling regimes. At this point, the choice of specific initial Fock states is irrelevant since the dynamics scales. However, in realistic multistate molecular systems, radiative scaling may fail due to the presence of simultaneous efficient non-radiative couplings in the dynamics. Polar molecules have permanent dipoles, and within the context of the full quantum Rabi model with a Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian, they play a crucial role in the polaritonic dynamics since both permanent dipole moments and self-energy terms produce drastic changes on the undressed potential energy surfaces at high coupling strengths. We also gauge the effect of including rotational degrees of freedom in cavity molecular photodynamics. For diatomic molecules, the addition of rotation amounts to transform (both with classical or quantum fields) a light induced crossing into a light induced conical intersection. However, we show that conical intersections due to molecular rotation do not represent the standard properties of well-known efficient intrinsic conical intersections inasmuch they do not enhance the quantum transition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan F Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Sanz-Vicario
- Grupo de Física Atómica y Molecular, Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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14
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Fábri C, Lasorne B, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Quantum light-induced nonadiabatic phenomena in the absorption spectrum of formaldehyde: Full- and reduced-dimensionality studies. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0035870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Lasorne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Gábor J. Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Born-Oppenheimer approximation in optical cavities: from success to breakdown. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1251-1258. [PMID: 34163887 PMCID: PMC8179040 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of a molecule and a cavity induces nonadiabaticity in the molecule which makes the description of its dynamics complicated. For polyatomic molecules, reduced-dimensional models and the use of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) may remedy the situation. It is demonstrated that contrary to expectation, BOA may even fail in a one-dimensional model and is generally expected to fail in two- or more-dimensional models due to the appearance of conical intersections induced by the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary .,MTA-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group P.O. Box 32 H-1518 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen P.O. Box 400 H-4002 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen PO Box 400 H-4002 Debrecen Hungary .,ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd Dugonics tér 13 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
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16
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Mandal A, Montillo Vega S, Huo P. Polarized Fock States and the Dynamical Casimir Effect in Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9215-9223. [PMID: 32991814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a new theoretical framework, polarized Fock states (PFSs), to describe the coupled molecule-cavity hybrid system in quantum electrodynamics. Through the quantum light-matter interactions under the dipole Gauge, the molecular permanent dipoles polarize the photon field by displacing the photonic coordinate. Hence, it is convenient to use these shifted Fock states (termed the PFSs) to describe light-matter interactions under the strong coupling regimes. These PFSs are nonorthogonal to each other and are light-matter entangled states. They allow an intuitive understanding of several phenomena that go beyond the prediction of the quantum Rabi model, while also offering numerical convenience to converge the results with much fewer states. With this powerful new theoretical framework, we explain how molecular permanent dipoles lead to the generation of multiple photons from a single electronic excitation (down-conversion), effectively achieving the dynamical Casimir effect through the nuclear vibration instead of cavity mirror oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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17
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Theophilou I, Penz M, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Virial Relations for Electrons Coupled to Quantum Field Modes. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6236-6243. [PMID: 32816479 PMCID: PMC7558318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a set of virial relations for many electron systems coupled to both classical and quantum fields, described by the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in dipole approximation and using length gauge. Currently, there is growing interest in solutions of this Hamiltonian because of its relevance for describing molecular systems strongly coupled to photonic modes in cavities and in the possible modification of chemical properties of such systems compared to the ones in free space. The relevance of such virial relations is demonstrated by showing a connection to mass renormalization and by providing an exact way to obtain total energies from potentials in the framework of quantum electrodynamical density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Theophilou
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Penz
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United
States
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18
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Taylor MAD, Mandal A, Zhou W, Huo P. Resolution of Gauge Ambiguities in Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:123602. [PMID: 33016745 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work provides the fundamental theoretical framework for molecular cavity quantum electrodynamics by resolving the gauge ambiguities between the Coulomb gauge and the dipole gauge Hamiltonians under the electronic state truncation. We conjecture that such ambiguity arises because not all operators are consistently constrained in the same truncated electronic subspace for both gauges. We resolve this ambiguity by constructing a unitary transformation operator that properly constrains all light-matter interaction terms in the same subspace. We further derive an equivalent and yet convenient expression for the Coulomb gauge Hamiltonian under the truncated subspace. We finally provide the analytical and numerical results of a model molecular system coupled to the cavity to demonstrate the validity of our theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A D Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Wanghuai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Advanced Functional Material and Photoelectric Technology Research Institution, School of Science, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, Hubei 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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19
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Appel H, Rubio A. Chemistry in Quantum Cavities: Exact Results, the Impact of Thermal Velocities, and Modified Dissociation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7525-7530. [PMID: 32805122 PMCID: PMC7503860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years tremendous progress in the field of light-matter interactions has unveiled that strong coupling to the modes of an optical cavity can alter chemistry even at room temperature. Despite these impressive advances, many fundamental questions of chemistry in cavities remain unanswered. This is also due to a lack of exact results that can be used to validate and benchmark approximate approaches. In this work we provide such reference calculations from exact diagonalization of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in the long-wavelength limit with an effective cavity mode. This allows us to investigate the reliability of the ubiquitous Jaynes-Cummings model not only for electronic but also for the case of ro-vibrational transitions. We demonstrate how the commonly ignored thermal velocity of charged molecular systems can influence chemical properties while leaving the spectra invariant. Furthermore, we show the emergence of new bound polaritonic states beyond the dissociation energy limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Universidad del Pais
Vasco, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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20
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Ulusoy IS, Vendrell O. Dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular ensembles in a lossy microcavity. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044108. [PMID: 32752693 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiative and nonradiative relaxation dynamics of an ensemble of molecules in a microcavity are investigated with emphasis on the impact of the cavity lifetime on reactive and spectroscopic properties. Extending a previous study [I. S. Ulusoy et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 123, 8832-8844 (2019)], it is shown that the dynamics of the ensemble and of single molecules are influenced by the presence of a cavity resonance as long as the polariton splitting can be resolved spectroscopically, which critically depends on the lifetime of the system. Our simulations illustrate how the branching between nonradiative intersystem crossing and radiative decay through the cavity can be tuned by selecting specific cavity photon energies resonant at specific molecular geometries. In the case of cavity-photon energies that are not resonant at the Franck-Condon geometry of the molecules, it is demonstrated numerically and analytically that collective effects are limited to a handful of molecules in the ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Triana JF, Hernández FJ, Herrera F. The shape of the electric dipole function determines the sub-picosecond dynamics of anharmonic vibrational polaritons. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:234111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0009869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan F. Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida C3 Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
| | - Federico J. Hernández
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida C3 Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida C3 Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics (MIRO), Concepción, Chile
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22
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Schäfer C, Ruggenthaler M, Rokaj V, Rubio A. Relevance of the Quadratic Diamagnetic and Self-Polarization Terms in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:975-990. [PMID: 32322607 PMCID: PMC7164385 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Experiments at the interface of quantum optics and chemistry have revealed that strong coupling between light and matter can substantially modify the chemical and physical properties of molecules and solids. While the theoretical description of such situations is usually based on nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics, which contains quadratic light-matter coupling terms, it is commonplace to disregard these terms and restrict the treatment to purely bilinear couplings. In this work, we clarify the physical origin and the substantial impact of the most common quadratic terms, the diamagnetic and self-polarization terms, and highlight why neglecting them can lead to rather unphysical results. Specifically, we demonstrate their relevance by showing that neglecting these terms leads to the loss of gauge invariance, basis set dependence, disintegration (loss of bound states) of any system in the basis set limit, unphysical radiation of the ground state, and an artificial dependence on the static dipole. Besides providing important guidance for modeling of strongly coupled light-matter systems, the presented results also indicate conditions under which those effects might become accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vasil Rokaj
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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23
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Silva REF, Pino JD, García-Vidal FJ, Feist J. Polaritonic molecular clock for all-optical ultrafast imaging of wavepacket dynamics without probe pulses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1423. [PMID: 32184408 PMCID: PMC7078293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional approaches to probing ultrafast molecular dynamics rely on the use of synchronized laser pulses with a well-defined time delay. Typically, a pump pulse excites a molecular wavepacket. A subsequent probe pulse can then dissociate or ionize the molecule, and measurement of the molecular fragments provides information about where the wavepacket was for each time delay. Here, we propose to exploit the ultrafast nuclear-position-dependent emission obtained due to large light-matter coupling in plasmonic nanocavities to image wavepacket dynamics using only a single pump pulse. We show that the time-resolved emission from the cavity provides information about when the wavepacket passes a given region in nuclear configuration space. This approach can image both cavity-modified dynamics on polaritonic (hybrid light-matter) potentials in the strong light-matter coupling regime and bare-molecule dynamics in the intermediate coupling regime of large Purcell enhancements, and provides a route towards ultrafast molecular spectroscopy with plasmonic nanocavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E F Silva
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J García-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Herrera F, Owrutsky J. Molecular polaritons for controlling chemistry with quantum optics. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:100902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5136320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile and Millennium Institute for Research in Optics MIRO, Concepción, Chile
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25
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Pérez-Sánchez JB, Yuen-Zhou J. Polariton Assisted Down-Conversion of Photons via Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics: A Molecular Dynamical Casimir Effect. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:152-159. [PMID: 31820998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dynamics of the photoisomerization of a single 3,3'-diethyl-2,2'-thiacynine iodide molecule embedded in an optical microcavity was theoretically studied. The molecular model consisting of two electronic states and the reaction coordinate was coupled to a single cavity mode via the quantum Rabi Hamiltonian, and the corresponding time-dependent Schrödinger equation starting with a purely molecular excitation was solved using the Multiconfigurational Time-Dependent Hartree Method (MCTDH). We show that, for single-molecule strong coupling with the photon mode, nonadiabatic molecular dynamics produces mixing of polariton manifolds with differing number of excitations, without the need of counter-rotating light-matter coupling terms. Therefore, an electronic excitation of the molecule at the cis configuration is followed by the generation of two photons in the trans configuration upon isomerization. Conditions for this phenomenon to be operating in the collective strong light-matter coupling regime are discussed and found to be unfeasible for the present system, based on simulations of two molecules inside the microcavity. Yet, our finding suggests a new mechanism that, without ultrastrong coupling, achieves photon down-conversion by exploiting the emergent molecular dynamics arising in polaritonic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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26
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Buchholz F, Theophilou I, Nielsen SEB, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Reduced Density-Matrix Approach to Strong Matter-Photon Interaction. ACS PHOTONICS 2019; 6:2694-2711. [PMID: 31788499 PMCID: PMC6875895 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a first-principles approach to electronic many-body systems strongly coupled to cavity modes in terms of matter-photon one-body reduced density matrices. The theory is fundamentally nonperturbative and thus captures not only the effects of correlated electronic systems but accounts also for strong interactions between matter and photon degrees of freedom. We do so by introducing a higher-dimensional auxiliary system that maps the coupled fermion-boson system to a dressed fermionic problem. This reformulation allows us to overcome many fundamental challenges of density-matrix theory in the context of coupled fermion-boson systems and we can employ conventional reduced density-matrix functional theory developed for purely fermionic systems. We provide results for one-dimensional model systems in real space and show that simple density-matrix approximations are accurate from the weak to the deep-strong coupling regime. This justifies the application of our method to systems that are too complex for exact calculations and we present first results, which show that the influence of the photon field depends sensitively on the details of the electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Buchholz
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Iris Theophilou
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Soeren E. B. Nielsen
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Angel Rubio
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United
States
- E-mail:
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