1
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Kim J, Kim J, Kim M, Kwak R. Electroconvective viscous fingering in a single polyelectrolyte fluid on a charge selective surface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7455. [PMID: 37978170 PMCID: PMC10656491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
When a low-viscosity fluid displaces into a higher-viscosity fluid, the liquid-liquid interface becomes unstable causing finger-like patterns. This viscous fingering instability has been widely observed in nature and engineering systems with two adjoined fluids. Here, we demonstrate a hitherto-unrealizable viscous fingering in a single fluid-solid interface. In a single polyelectrolyte fluid on a charge selective surface, selective ion rejection through the surface initiates i) stepwise ion concentration and viscosity gradient boundaries in the fluid and ii) electroconvective vortices on the surface. As the vortices grow, the viscosity gradient boundary pushes away from the surface, resulting viscous fingering. Comparable to conventional one with two fluids, i) a viscosity ratio ([Formula: see text]) governs the onset of this electroconvective viscous fingering, and ii) the boundary properties (finger velocity and rheological effects) - represented by [Formula: see text], electric Rayleigh ([Formula: see text]), Schmidt ([Formula: see text]), and Deborah ([Formula: see text]) numbers - determine finger shapes (straight v.s. ramified, the onset length of fingering, and relative finger width). With controllable onset and shape, the mechanism of electroconvective viscous fingering offers new possibilities for manipulating ion transport and dendritic instability in electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rhokyun Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Feng G, Shi Y, Jia H, Risal S, Yang X, Ruchhoeft P, Shih WC, Fan Z, Xu W, Shan X. Progressive and instantaneous nature of lithium nucleation discovered by dynamic and operando imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6813. [PMID: 37224260 PMCID: PMC10208563 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of lithium (Li) nucleation and growth is important to design better electrodes for high-performance batteries. However, the study of Li nucleation process is still limited because of the lack of imaging tools that can provide information of the entire dynamic process. We developed and used an operando reflection interference microscope (RIM) that enables real-time imaging and tracking the Li nucleation dynamics at a single nanoparticle level. This dynamic and operando imaging platform provides us with critical capabilities to continuously monitor and study the Li nucleation process. We find that the formation of initial Li nuclei is not at the exact same time point, and Li nucleation process shows the properties of both progressive and instantaneous nucleation. In addition, the RIM allows us to track the individual Li nucleus's growth and extract spatially resolved overpotential map. The nonuniform overpotential map indicates that the localized electrochemical environments substantially influence the Li nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yaping Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Hao Jia
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Samprash Risal
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Paul Ruchhoeft
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wu Xu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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3
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Vortex of Viscoelastic Fluid Electroosmotic Flow at the Micro-nanochannel Interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Zheng J, Archer LA. Crystallographically Textured Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries: Symmetry, Fabrication, and Characterization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14440-14470. [PMID: 35950898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vast of majority of battery electrode materials of contemporary interest are of a crystalline nature. Crystals are, by definition, anisotropic from an atomic-structure perspective. The inherent structural anisotropy may give rise to favored mesoscale orientations and anisotropic properties whether the material is in a rest state or subjected to an external stimulus. The overall perspective of this review is that intentional manipulation of crystallographic anisotropy of electrochemically active materials constitute an untapped parameter space in energy storage systems and thus provide new opportunities for materials innovations and design. To that end, we contend that crystallographically textured electrodes, as opposed to their textureless poly crystalline or single-crystalline analogs, are promising candidates for next-generation storage of electrical energy in rechargeable batteries relevant to commercial practice. This perspective is underpinned first by the fundamental─to a first approximation─uniaxial, rotation-invariant symmetry of electrochemical cells. On this basis, we show that a crystallographically textured electrode with the preferred orientation aligned out-of-plane toward the counter electrode represents an optimal strategy for utilization of the crystals' anisotropic properties. Detailed analyses of anisotropy of different types lead to a simple, but potentially useful general principle that "Pec//Pc" textures are optimal for metal anodes, and "Pec//Sc" textures are optimal for insertion-type electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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5
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The effects of reaction kinetics upon the instabilities in cathodic electrodeposition. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Modification of solid electrolyte interphase on deposited lithium metal by large separation between the electrodes in ether-based electrolytes. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Huo P, Xu B, Gu Z, Su M, Rubinstein SM, Deng D. Observation of Remote Electroconvection and Inert-Cation Concentration Valley within Supporting Electrolytes in a Microfluidic-Based Electrochemical Device. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108037. [PMID: 35257493 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical system is playing an increasingly important role in the advanced technology development for drinkable water and energy storage. While the binary electrolyte has been widely studied, such as the associated intriguing interfacial instabilities, multi-component electrolyte is by far less known. Here, based on the classic Cu|CuSO4 |Cu electrochemical system, the effect of supporting electrolyte is systematically investigated by highlighting the inert cations. In an annulus microfluidic device, the suppression of a previously known electro-osmotic instability and the emergence of an array of the remote electroconvection along the azimuthal direction is found. A distinctive inert-cation concentration valley propagates radially outward at a speed limited by the electromigration velocity. Remarkably, the simultaneous visualization of spatiotemporal evolution demonstrates the correlation of the concentration valley and electroconvection at a microscopic level. The underlying physical mechanism of their correlation is discussed, and the scaling analysis agrees with experiments. This work might inspire more future work on the multi-component electrolyte, such as for the suppression of interfacial hydrodynamic instability and mitigation of dendrite growth, with the technological implications for water treatment and energy storage in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huo
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bingrui Xu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Basic Courses, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430033, China
| | - Zhibo Gu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingzhuo Su
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shmuel M Rubinstein
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Daosheng Deng
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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8
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Production of fast-charge Zn-based aqueous batteries via interfacial adsorption of ion-oligomer complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2283. [PMID: 35477721 PMCID: PMC9046403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous zinc batteries are attracting interest because of their potential for cost-effective and safe electricity storage. However, metallic zinc exhibits only moderate reversibility in aqueous electrolytes. To circumvent this issue, we study aqueous Zn batteries able to form nanometric interphases at the Zn metal/liquid electrolyte interface, composed of an ion-oligomer complex. In Zn||Zn symmetric cell studies, we report highly reversible cycling at high current densities and capacities (e.g., 160 mA cm−2; 2.6 mAh cm−2). By means of quartz-crystal microbalance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and voltammetry measurements we show that the interphase film exists in a dynamic equilibrium with oligomers dissolved in the electrolyte. The interphase strategy is applied to aqueous Zn||I2 and Zn||MnO2 cells that are charged/discharged for 12,000 cycles and 1000 cycles, respectively, at a current density of 160 mA cm−2 and capacity of approximately 0.85 mAh cm−2. Finally, we demonstrate that Zn||I2-carbon pouch cells (9 cm2 area) cycle stably and deliver a specific energy of 151 Wh/kg (based on the total mass of active materials in the electrode) at a charge current density of 56 mA cm−2. Aqueous zinc batteries attract interest because of their potential for cost-effective and safe electricity storage. Here, the authors develop an in situ formed ion-oligomer nanometric interphase strategy to enable fast-charge aqueous Zn cells.
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10
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Warren A, Sharma A, Zhang D, Li G, Archer LA. Structure and Dynamics of Electric-Field-Driven Convective Flows at the Interface between Liquid Electrolytes and Ion-Selective Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5895-5901. [PMID: 33961746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At voltages above a certain critical value, Vc ≈ 20 kT/e, a space charge layer forms near ion-selective interfaces in liquid electrolytes. Interactions between the space charge and an imposed electric field drives a hydrodynamic instability known as electroconvection. Through particle tracking velocimetry we experimentally study the structure and dynamics of the resultant electroconvective flow. Consistent with previous numerical simulations, we report that, following imposition of a sufficiently large voltage, electroconvection develops gradually as pairs of counter-rotating vortices, which nucleate at the interface between an ion-selective substrate and a liquid electrolyte. Depending on the imposed voltage and cell geometry, the vorticies grow to length scales of hundreds of micrometers. Electroconvective flows are also reported to be structured and multiscale, with the size ratio of the largest to the smallest observable vortices inversely proportional to the Debye screening length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Warren
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Arpita Sharma
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Duhan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gaojin Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lynden A Archer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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11
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Ma MC, Li G, Chen X, Archer LA, Wan J. Suppression of dendrite growth by cross-flow in microfluidics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabf6941. [PMID: 33608283 PMCID: PMC7895439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Formation of rough, dendritic deposits is a critical problem in metal electrodeposition processes and could occur in next-generation, rechargeable batteries that use metallic electrodes. Electroconvection, which originates from the coupling of the imposed electric field and a charged fluid near an electrode surface, is believed to be responsible for dendrite growth. However, few studies are performed at the scale of fidelity where root causes and effective strategies for controlling electroconvection and dendrite growth can be investigated in tandem. Using microfluidics, we showed that forced convection across the electrode surface (cross-flow) during electrodeposition reduced metal dendrite growth (97.7 to 99.4%) and delayed the onset of electroconvective instabilities. Our results highlighted the roles of forced convection in reducing dendrite growth and electroconvective instabilities and provided a route toward effective strategies for managing the consequences of instability in electrokinetics-based processes where electromigration dominates ion diffusion near electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann C Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gaojin Li
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Xinye Chen
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jiandi Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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12
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Zheng J, Archer LA. Controlling electrochemical growth of metallic zinc electrodes: Toward affordable rechargeable energy storage systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe0219. [PMID: 33523975 PMCID: PMC7787491 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Scalable approaches for precisely manipulating the growth of crystals are of broad-based science and technological interest. New research interests have reemerged in a subgroup of these phenomena-electrochemical growth of metals in battery anodes. In this Review, the geometry of the building blocks and their mode of assembly are defined as key descriptors to categorize deposition morphologies. To control Zn electrodeposit morphology, we consider fundamental electrokinetic principles and the associated critical issues. It is found that the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on Zn has a similarly strong influence as for alkali metals at low current regimes, characterized by a moss-like morphology. Another key conclusion is that the unique crystal structure of Zn, featuring high anisotropy facets resulting from the hexagonal close-packed lattice with a c/a ratio of 1.85, imposes predominant influences on its growth. In our view, precisely regulating the SEI and the crystallographic features of the Zn offers exciting opportunities that will drive transformative progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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13
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Design rules for liquid crystalline electrolytes for enabling dendrite-free lithium metal batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26672-26680. [PMID: 33037154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008841117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrite-free electrodeposition of lithium metal is necessary for the adoption of high energy-density rechargeable lithium metal batteries. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of using a liquid crystalline electrolyte to suppress dendrite growth with a lithium metal anode. A nematic liquid crystalline electrolyte modifies the kinetics of electrodeposition by introducing additional overpotential due to its bulk-distortion and anchoring free energy. By extending the phase-field model, we simulate the morphological evolution of the metal anode and explore the role of bulk-distortion and anchoring strengths on the electrodeposition process. We find that adsorption energy of liquid crystalline molecules on a lithium surface can be a good descriptor for the anchoring energy and obtain it using first-principles density functional theory calculations. Unlike other extrinsic mechanisms, we find that liquid crystals with high anchoring strengths can ensure smooth electrodeposition of lithium metal, thus paving the way for practical applications in rechargeable batteries based on metal anodes.
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14
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Liu W, Zhou Y, Shi P. Scaling laws of electroconvective flow with finite vortex height near permselective membranes. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033102. [PMID: 33075936 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a steady state, the linear scaling laws are confirmed between the intensity characteristics of electroconvective (EC) vortex (including the vortex height and electroosmotic slip velocity) and the applied voltage for the nonshear EC flow with finite vortex height near permselective membranes. This finding in the nonshear EC flow is different from the shear EC flow [Kwak et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 114501 (2013)10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.114501] and indicates that the local concentration gradient has a significant improvement in the analysis of slip velocity. Further, our study reveals that the EC vortex is mainly driven by the second peak effect of the Coulomb thrust in the extended space-charge layer, and the linear scaling law exhibited by the Coulomb thrust is an essential reason for the linear scaling laws of vortex intensity. The scaling laws proposed in this paper are supported by our direct numerical simulation data and previous experimental observations [Rubinstein et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 236101 (2008)10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236101].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueting Zhou
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Shi
- School of Civil Engineering & Institute of Mechanics and Technology, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of NDT and Structural Integrity Evaluation, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zheng J, Yin J, Zhang D, Li G, Bock DC, Tang T, Zhao Q, Liu X, Warren A, Deng Y, Jin S, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ, Rahn CD, Archer LA. Spontaneous and field-induced crystallographic reorientation of metal electrodeposits at battery anodes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb1122. [PMID: 32596468 PMCID: PMC7299631 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The propensity of metal anodes of contemporary interest (e.g., Li, Al, Na, and Zn) to form non-planar, dendritic morphologies during battery charging is a fundamental barrier to achievement of full reversibility. We experimentally investigate the origins of dendritic electrodeposition of Zn, Cu, and Li in a three-electrode electrochemical cell bounded at one end by a rotating disc electrode. We find that the classical picture of ion depletion-induced growth of dendrites is valid in dilute electrolytes but is essentially irrelevant in the concentrated (≥1 M) electrolytes typically used in rechargeable batteries. Using Zn as an example, we find that ion depletion at the mass transport limit may be overcome by spontaneous reorientation of Zn crystallites from orientations parallel to the electrode surface to dominantly homeotropic orientations, which appear to facilitate contact with cations outside the depletion layer. This chemotaxis-like process causes obvious texturing and increases the porosity of metal electrodeposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jiefu Yin
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Duhan Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gaojin Li
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David C. Bock
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Sciences Building, Building 734, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Qing Zhao
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaotun Liu
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alexander Warren
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shuo Jin
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amy C. Marschilok
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Sciences Building, Building 734, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Esther S. Takeuchi
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Sciences Building, Building 734, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Christopher D. Rahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lynden A. Archer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Liu W, Zhou Y, Shi P. Shear electroconvective instability in electrodialysis channel under extreme depletion and its scaling laws. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:043105. [PMID: 32422815 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.043105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electroconvective instability (ECI) in an electrodialysis channel under a strong electric field is studied here. The phenomenon of ECI with extreme depletion (ECI-HD) is reported; that is, the overlapping vortices cause the extreme depletion zone to propagate in the horizontal direction. Using scaling theory and direct numerical simulation, we indicate a series of features under the ECI-HD. The decrease in ion transport rate with voltage in ECI-HD is different from the enhancement in the ECI with moderate depletion (ECI-MD), which results in a unique peak in the voltage-current curve. More importantly, we reveal that the ECI is regulated by a scaling factor consisting of the electric field, hydrodynamic coupling coefficient, and Péclet number. For the ECI-HD, the scaling factor has an opposite effect on the vortex size and overlimiting current as that on the ECI-MD. The extreme depletion zone of the ECI-HD also has an uncommon diffusion self-similar dynamics. These unique scaling laws allow one to establish the quantitative bridge between the ion concentration, electric field, and vortex size by the overlimiting current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueting Zhou
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Shi
- School of Civil Engineering & Institute of Mechanics and Technology, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China and State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of NDT and Structural Integrity Evaluation, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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17
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Zhang D, Warren AJ, Li G, Cheng Z, Han X, Zhao Q, Liu X, Deng Y, Archer LA. Electrodeposition of Zinc in Aqueous Electrolytes Containing High Molecular Weight Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duhan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander J. Warren
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gaojin Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhu Cheng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaoxing Han
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaotun Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yue Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lynden A. Archer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Zheng J, Kim MS, Tu Z, Choudhury S, Tang T, Archer LA. Regulating electrodeposition morphology of lithium: towards commercially relevant secondary Li metal batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2701-2750. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00883g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rational approaches for achieving fine control of the electrodeposition morphology of Li are required to create commercially-relevant rechargeable Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Mun Sek Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | | | | | - Tian Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Lynden A. Archer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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Biswal P, Stalin S, Kludze A, Choudhury S, Archer LA. Nucleation and Early Stage Growth of Li Electrodeposits. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8191-8200. [PMID: 31566985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphologies that metal electrodeposits form during the earliest stages of electrodeposition are known to play a critical role in the recharge of electrochemical cells that use metals as anodes. Here we report results from a combined theoretical and experimental study of the early stage nucleation and growth of electrodeposited lithium at liquid-solid interfaces. The spatial characteristics of lithium electrodeposits are studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in tandem with image analysis. Comparisons of Li nucleation and growth in multiple electrolytes provide a comprehensive picture of the initial nucleation and growth dynamics. We report that ion diffusion in the bulk electrolyte and through the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed spontaneously on the metal play equally important roles in regulating Li nucleation and growth. We show further that the underlying physics dictating bulk and surface diffusion are similar across a range of electrolyte chemistries and measurement conditions, and that fluorinated electrolytes produce a distinct flattening of Li electrodeposits at low rates. These observations are rationalized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and contact angle goniometry to probe the interfacial chemistry and dynamics. Our results show that high interfacial energy and high surface ion diffusivity are necessary for uniform Li plating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Snehashis Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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Warren A, Zhang D, Choudhury S, Archer LA. Electrokinetics in Viscoelastic Liquid Electrolytes above the Diffusion Limit. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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