1
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Bonvin E, Devaud L, Rossi M, Militaru A, Dania L, Bykov DS, Romero-Isart O, Northup TE, Novotny L, Frimmer M. State Expansion of a Levitated Nanoparticle in a Dark Harmonic Potential. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:253602. [PMID: 38996258 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.253602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We spatially expand and subsequently contract the motional thermal state of a levitated nanoparticle using a hybrid trapping scheme. The particle's center-of-mass motion is initialized in a thermal state (temperature 155 mK) in an optical trap and then expanded by subsequent evolution in a much softer Paul trap in the absence of optical fields. We demonstrate expansion of the motional state's standard deviation in position by a factor of 24. In our system, state expansion occurs devoid of backaction from photon recoil, making this approach suitable for coherent wave function expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Melo B, T Cuairan M, Tomassi GFM, Meyer N, Quidant R. Vacuum levitation and motion control on chip. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01677-3. [PMID: 38844665 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
By isolating from the environment and precisely controlling mesoscopic objects, levitation in vacuum has evolved into a versatile technique that has already benefited diverse scientific directions, from force sensing and thermodynamics to materials science and chemistry. It also holds great promise for advancing the study of quantum mechanics in the unexplored macroscopic regime. However, most current levitation platforms are complex and bulky. Recent efforts in miniaturization of vacuum levitation set-ups have comprised electrostatic and optical traps, but robustness is still a concern for integration into confined settings, such as cryostats or portable devices. Here we show levitation and motion control in high vacuum of a silica nanoparticle at the surface of a hybrid optical-electrostatic chip. By combining fibre-based optical trapping and sensitive position detection with cold damping through planar electrodes, we cool the particle motion to a few hundred phonons. We envisage that our fully integrated platform is the starting point for on-chip devices combining integrated photonics and nanophotonics with precisely engineered electric potentials, enhancing control over the particle motion towards complex state preparation and read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Melo
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc T Cuairan
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire F M Tomassi
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Meyer
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Romain Quidant
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Bayati S, Bagheri Harouni M, Mahdifar A. Magnomechanically induced transparency and tunable slow-fast light via a levitated micromagnet. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14914-14928. [PMID: 38859155 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically investigate the magnomechanically induced transparency (MIT) phenomenon and slow-fast light propagation in a microwave cavity-magnomechanical system which includes a levitated ferromagnetic sphere. Magnetic dipole interaction determines the interaction between the photon, magnon, and center of mass motion of the cavity-magnomechanical system. As a result, we find that apart from coupling strength, which has an important role in MIT, the levitated ferromagnetic sphere's position provides us a parameter to manipulate the width of the transparency window. In addition, the control field's frequency has crucial influences on the MIT. Also this hybrid magnonic system allows us to demonstrate MIT in both the strong coupling and intermediate coupling regimes. More interestingly, we demonstrate tunable slow and fast light in this hybrid magnonic system. In other words, we show that the group delay can be adjusted by varying the control field's frequency, the sphere position, and the magnon-photon coupling strength. These parameters have an influence on the transformation from slow to fast light propagation and vice versa. Based on the recent experimental advancements, our results provide the possibility to engineer hybrid magnonic systems with levitated particles for the light propagation, and the quantum measurements and sensing of physical quantities.
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4
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Liu ZQ, Liu L, Meng ZZ, Tan L, Liu WM. Simultaneously enhanced magnomechanical cooling and entanglement assisted by an auxiliary microwave cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:722-741. [PMID: 38175094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We propose a mechanism to simultaneously enhance quantum cooling and entanglement via coupling an auxiliary microwave cavity to a magnomechanical cavity. The auxiliary cavity acts as a dissipative cold reservoir that can efficiently cool multiple localized modes in the primary system via beam-splitter interactions, which enables us to obtain strong quantum cooling and entanglement. We analyze the stability of the system and determine the optimal parameter regime for cooling and entanglement under the auxiliary-microwave-cavity-assisted (AMCA) scheme. The maximum cooling enhancement rate of the magnon mode can reach 98.53%, which clearly reveals that the magnomechanical cooling is significantly improved in the presence of the AMCA. More importantly, the dual-mode entanglement of the system can also be significantly enhanced by AMCA in the full parameter region, where the initial magnon-phonon entanglement can be maximally enhanced by a factor of about 11. Another important result of the AMCA is that it also increases the robustness of the entanglement against temperature. Our approach provides a promising platform for the experimental realization of entanglement and quantum information processing based on cavity magnomechanics.
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5
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Kamba M, Shimizu R, Aikawa K. Nanoscale feedback control of six degrees of freedom of a near-sphere. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7943. [PMID: 38040746 PMCID: PMC10692201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the rotational as well as the translational degrees of freedom of rigid bodies has been a crucial ingredient in diverse areas, from optically controlled micro-robots, navigation, and precision measurements at macroscale to artificial and biological Brownian motors at nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate feedback cooling of all the angular motions of a near-spherical neutral nanoparticle with all the translational motions feedback-cooled to near the ground state. The occupation numbers of the three translational motions are 6 ± 1, 6 ± 1, and 0.69 ± 0.18. A tight, anisotropic optical confinement allows us to clearly observe three angular oscillations and to identify the ratio of two radii to the longest radius with a precision of 0.08 %. We develop a thermometry for three angular oscillations and realize feedback cooling of them to temperatures of lower than 0.03 K by electrically controlling the electric dipole moment of the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Kamba
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoga Shimizu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Stroboscopic thermally-driven mechanical motion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20091. [PMID: 36418396 PMCID: PMC9684504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unstable nonlinear systems can produce a large displacement driven by a small thermal initial noise. Such inherently nonlinear phenomena are stimulating in stochastic physics, thermodynamics, and in the future even in quantum physics. In one-dimensional mechanical instabilities, recently made available in optical levitation, the rapidly increasing noise accompanying the unstable motion reduces a displacement signal already in its detection. It limits the signal-to-noise ratio for upcoming experiments, thus constraining the observation of such essential nonlinear phenomena and their further exploitation. An extension to a two-dimensional unstable dynamics helps to separate the desired displacement from the noisy nonlinear driver to two independent variables. It overcomes the limitation upon observability, thus enabling further exploitation. However, the nonlinear driver remains unstable and rapidly gets noisy. It calls for a challenging high-order potential to confine the driver dynamics and rectify the noise. Instead, we propose and analyse a feasible stroboscopically-cooled driver that provides the desired detectable motion with sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio. Fast and deep cooling, together with a rapid change of the driver stiffness, are required to reach it. However, they have recently become available in levitating optomechanics. Therefore, our analysis finally opens the road to experimental investigation of thermally-driven motion in nonlinear systems, its thermodynamical analysis, and future quantum extensions.
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7
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Rudolph H, Delić U, Aspelmeyer M, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Force-Gradient Sensing and Entanglement via Feedback Cooling of Interacting Nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:193602. [PMID: 36399739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.193602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We show theoretically that feedback cooling of two levitated, interacting nanoparticles enables differential sensing of forces and the observation of stationary entanglement. The feedback drives the two particles into a stationary, nonthermal state which is susceptible to inhomogeneous force fields and which exhibits entanglement for sufficiently strong interparticle couplings. We predict that force-gradient sensing at the zepto-Newton per micron range is feasible and that entanglement due to the Coulomb interaction between charged particles can be realistically observed in state-of-the-art setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Rudolph
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Uroš Delić
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Saha TK, Lucero JNE, Ehrich J, Sivak DA, Bechhoefer J. Bayesian Information Engine that Optimally Exploits Noisy Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:130601. [PMID: 36206430 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.130601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally realized an information engine consisting of an optically trapped, heavy bead in water. The device raises the trap center after a favorable "up" thermal fluctuation, thereby increasing the bead's average gravitational potential energy. In the presence of measurement noise, poor feedback decisions degrade its performance; below a critical signal-to-noise ratio, the engine shows a phase transition and cannot store any gravitational energy. However, using Bayesian estimates of the bead's position to make feedback decisions can extract gravitational energy at all measurement noise strengths and has maximum performance benefit at the critical signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Saha
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joseph N E Lucero
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jannik Ehrich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David A Sivak
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John Bechhoefer
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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9
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Kamba M, Shimizu R, Aikawa K. Optical cold damping of neutral nanoparticles near the ground state in an optical lattice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26716-26727. [PMID: 36236858 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate purely optical feedback cooling of neutral nanoparticles in an optical lattice to an occupation number of 0.85 ± 0.20. The cooling force is derived from the optical gradients of displaced optical lattices produced with two sidebands on the trapping laser. To achieve highly accurate position observations required for cooling near the ground state, we reduce the laser intensity noise to a relative power noise of 6×10-8/Hz in a frequency band of 30 kHz to 600 kHz. We establish a reproducible method for neutralizing nanoparticles at high vacuum via a combination of discharging and irradiating an ultraviolet light. Our results form an important basis for the investigation of quantum mechanical properties of ultracold nanoparticles and are also useful for precision measurements with neutral nanoparticles.
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10
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Minowa Y, Kato K, Ueno S, Penny TW, Pontin A, Ashida M, Barker PF. Imaging-based feedback cooling of a levitated nanoparticle. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:075109. [PMID: 35922321 DOI: 10.1063/5.0095614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Imaging-based detection of the motion of levitated nanoparticles complements a widely used interferometric detection method, providing a precise and robust way to estimate the position of the particle. Here, we demonstrate a camera-based feedback cooling scheme for a charged nanoparticle levitated in a linear Paul trap. The nanoparticle levitated in vacuum was imaged using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera system. The images were processed in real-time with a microcontroller integrated with a CMOS image sensor. The phase-delayed position signal was fed back to one of the trap electrodes, resulting in cooling by velocity damping. Our study provides a simple and versatile approach applicable for the control of low-frequency mechanical oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Minowa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - K Kato
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - S Ueno
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - T W Penny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A Pontin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - M Ashida
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - P F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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11
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Afek G, Carney D, Moore DC. Coherent Scattering of Low Mass Dark Matter from Optically Trapped Sensors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:101301. [PMID: 35333080 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a search for low mass dark matter particles through momentum recoils caused by their scattering from trapped, nanometer-scale objects. Our projections show that even with a modest array of femtogram-mass sensors, parameter space beyond the reach of existing experiments can be explored. The case of smaller, attogram-mass sensors is also analyzed-where dark matter can coherently scatter from the entire sensor-enabling a large enhancement in the scattering cross-section relative to interactions with single nuclei. Large arrays of such sensors have the potential to investigate new parameter space down to dark matter masses as low as 10 keV. If recoils from dark matter are detected by such sensors, their inherent directional sensitivity would allow an unambiguous identification of a dark matter signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Afek
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Carney
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David C Moore
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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12
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Reisenbauer S, Behal P, Wachter G, Trupke M. LithPulser: An open-source pulse generator with 1 ns time resolution based on the Red Pitaya STEMlab 125-10 featuring real-time conditional logic for experimental control. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:014708. [PMID: 35104955 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many experiments in the physical sciences require high temporal resolution on multiple control channels and can benefit from conditional logic control of the experimental sequence patterns. We present LithPulser, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based open-source digital pulser solution with 1 ns time resolution on 14 digital output channels. The pulser is set up on the affordable Xilinx Zynq-7010 FPGA in the form of the Red Pitaya STEMlab board 125-10. It offers up to 125 MHz bandwidth and a sequence duration of up to 4.2 s and features 16 sequence play control, including a conditional logic module reactive to input events in real-time. LithPulser is designed for a trial until success experimental use case.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reisenbauer
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, VCQ, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Behal
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, VCQ, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, AustriaFaculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Wachter
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Trupke
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Li CH, Jing J, Zhou LM, Fu ZH, Gao XW, Li N, Chen XF, Hu HZ. Fast size estimation of single-levitated nanoparticles in a vacuum optomechanical system. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4614-4617. [PMID: 34525061 DOI: 10.1364/ol.436041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping of single nanoparticles in vacuum has various applications in both precise measurements and fundamental physics. However, to date, the number and size of randomly loaded nanoparticles in an optical trap is difficult to determine unless in vacuum. In this Letter, an efficient method for nanoparticle size estimation in an optical tweezer system before the evacuation of air was proposed and demonstrated experimentally, using scattering light from levitated particles. The particle radii deduced from the scattering light power in our proposal and from the kinetic theory of particles in gas match well (with the differences of less than 10%). For sample particles with radii ranging within 50-100 nm, we also provide a preselection rule based on this method, where over half of the trapped particles are verified as single particles. Such a particle analysis method is applicable also for the size estimation of levitated diamond particles, gold particles, and other plasmonic particles and can be applied to discovering novel scattering effects.
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15
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Zeng K, Pu J, Wu Y, Xiao D, Wu X. Centrifugal motion of an optically levitated particle. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4635-4638. [PMID: 34525067 DOI: 10.1364/ol.435167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Levitated optomechanical systems experience a tremendous development on detecting weak force and torque with the center of mass motion and rotation of the levitated particle. Here the levitated optomechanical system is established on a rotating platform, and the centrifugal motion of the particle is observed after rotating the optical platform. The centrifugal displacement of the particle is experimentally proven to show a quadratic function relation with the rotation speed, and the stiffness of the trap and the mass of the levitated particle are obtained from it separately. Furthermore, the centrifugal motion makes the particle deviate from the laser focus center, which would decrease the particle spin speed. These results will help to understand the centrifugal motion and fully consider this effect when the optomechanical system rotates.
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16
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Ornigotti L, Filip R. Uncertainty-induced instantaneous speed and acceleration of a levitated particle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18185. [PMID: 34521904 PMCID: PMC8440777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Levitating nanoparticles trapped in optical potentials at low pressure open the experimental investigation of nonlinear ballistic phenomena. With engineered non-linear potentials and fast optical detection, the observation of autonomous transient mechanical effects, such as instantaneous speed and acceleration stimulated purely by initial position uncertainty, are now achievable. By using parameters of current low pressure experiments, we simulate and analyse such uncertainty-induced particle ballistics in a cubic optical potential demonstrating their evolution, faster than their standard deviations, justifying the feasibility of the experimental verification. We predict, the maxima of instantaneous speed and acceleration distributions shift alongside the potential force, while the maximum of position distribution moves opposite to it. We report that cryogenic cooling is not necessary in order to observe the transient effects, while a low uncertainty in initial particle speed is required, via cooling or post-selection, to not mask the effects. These results stimulate the discussion for both attractive stochastic thermodynamics, and extension of recently explored quantum regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ornigotti
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Filip
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Tebbenjohanns F, Mattana ML, Rossi M, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Quantum control of a nanoparticle optically levitated in cryogenic free space. Nature 2021; 595:378-382. [PMID: 34262214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tests of quantum mechanics on a macroscopic scale require extreme control over mechanical motion and its decoherence1-3. Quantum control of mechanical motion has been achieved by engineering the radiation-pressure coupling between a micromechanical oscillator and the electromagnetic field in a resonator4-7. Furthermore, measurement-based feedback control relying on cavity-enhanced detection schemes has been used to cool micromechanical oscillators to their quantum ground states8. In contrast to mechanically tethered systems, optically levitated nanoparticles are particularly promising candidates for matter-wave experiments with massive objects9,10, since their trapping potential is fully controllable. Here we optically levitate a femtogram (10-15 grams) dielectric particle in cryogenic free space, which suppresses thermal effects sufficiently to make the measurement backaction the dominant decoherence mechanism. With an efficient quantum measurement, we exert quantum control over the dynamics of the particle. We cool its centre-of-mass motion by measurement-based feedback to an average occupancy of 0.65 motional quanta, corresponding to a state purity of 0.43. The absence of an optical resonator and its bandwidth limitations holds promise to transfer the full quantum control available for electromagnetic fields to a mechanical system. Together with the fact that the optical trapping potential is highly controllable, our experimental platform offers a route to investigating quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales11.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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18
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Fang J, Swain A, Unni R, Zheng Y. Decoding Optical Data with Machine Learning. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2021; 15:2000422. [PMID: 34539925 PMCID: PMC8443240 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy and imaging techniques play important roles in many fields such as disease diagnosis, biological study, information technology, optical science, and materials science. Over the past decade, machine learning (ML) has proved promising in decoding complex data, enabling rapid and accurate analysis of optical spectra and images. This review aims to shed light on various ML algorithms for optical data analysis with a focus on their applications in a wide range of fields. The goal of this work is to sketch the validity of ML-based optical data decoding. The review concludes with an outlook on unaddressed problems and opportunities in this emerging subject that interfaces optics, data science and ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Anand Swain
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rohit Unni
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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19
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Millen J, Monteiro TS, Pettit R, Vamivakas AN. Optomechanics with levitated particles. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:026401. [PMID: 31825901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanics is concerned with the use of light to control mechanical objects. As a field, it has been hugely successful in the production of precise and novel sensors, the development of low-dissipation nanomechanical devices, and the manipulation of quantum signals. Micro- and nano-particles levitated in optical fields act as nanoscale oscillators, making them excellent low-dissipation optomechanical objects, with minimal thermal contact to the environment when operating in vacuum. Levitated optomechanics is seen as the most promising route for studying high-mass quantum physics, with the promise of creating macroscopically separated superposition states at masses of 106 amu and above. Optical feedback, both using active monitoring or the passive interaction with an optical cavity, can be used to cool the centre-of-mass of levitated nanoparticles well below 1 mK, paving the way to operation in the quantum regime. In addition, trapped mesoscopic particles are the paradigmatic system for studying nanoscale stochastic processes, and have already demonstrated their utility in state-of-the-art force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Millen
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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20
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Guo J, Norte R, Gröblacher S. Feedback Cooling of a Room Temperature Mechanical Oscillator close to its Motional Ground State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:223602. [PMID: 31868423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.223602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Preparing mechanical systems in their lowest possible entropy state, the quantum ground state, starting from a room temperature environment is a key challenge in quantum optomechanics. This would not only enable creating quantum states of truly macroscopic systems, but at the same time also lay the groundwork for a new generation of quantum-limited mechanical sensors in ambient environments. Laser cooling of optomechanical devices using the radiation pressure force combined with cryogenic precooling has been successful at demonstrating ground state preparation of various devices, while a similar demonstration starting from a room temperature environment remains an outstanding goal. Here, we combine integrated nanophotonics with phononic band gap engineering to simultaneously overcome prior limitations in the isolation from the surrounding environment and the achievable mechanical frequencies, as well as limited optomechanical coupling strength, demonstrating a single-photon cooperativity of 200. This new microchip technology allows us to feedback cool a mechanical resonator to around 1 mK, near its motional ground state, from room temperature. Our experiment marks a major step toward accessible, widespread quantum technologies with mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Guo
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Norte
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Sommer C, Genes C. Partial Optomechanical Refrigeration via Multimode Cold-Damping Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:203605. [PMID: 31809091 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.203605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide a fully analytical treatment for the partial refrigeration of the thermal motion of a quantum mechanical resonator under the action of feedback. As opposed to standard cavity optomechanics where the aim is to isolate and cool a single mechanical mode, the aim here is to extract the thermal energy from many vibrational modes within a large frequency bandwidth. We consider a standard cold-damping technique, where homodyne readout of the cavity output field is fed into a feedback loop that provides a cooling action directly applied on the mechanical resonator. Analytical and numerical results predict that low final occupancies are achievable independent of the number of modes addressed by the feedback, as long as the cooling rate is smaller than the intermode frequency separation. For resonators exhibiting a few nearly degenerate pairs of modes, cooling is less efficient and a weak dependence on the number of modes is obtained. These scalings hint toward the design of frequency-resolved mechanical resonators, where efficient refrigeration is possible via simultaneous cold-damping feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudiu Genes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Meyer N, Sommer ADLR, Mestres P, Gieseler J, Jain V, Novotny L, Quidant R. Resolved-Sideband Cooling of a Levitated Nanoparticle in the Presence of Laser Phase Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:153601. [PMID: 31702279 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of laser phase noise heating on resolved sideband cooling in the context of cooling the center-of-mass motion of a levitated nanoparticle in a high-finesse cavity. Although phase noise heating is not a fundamental physical constraint, the regime where it becomes the main limitation in Levitodynamics has so far been unexplored and hence embodies from this point forward the main obstacle in reaching the motional ground state of levitated mesoscopic objects with resolved sideband cooling. We reach minimal center-of-mass temperatures comparable to T_{min}=10 mK at a pressure of p=3×10^{-7} mbar, solely limited by phase noise. Finally we present possible strategies towards motional ground state cooling in the presence of phase noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Meyer
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés de Los Rios Sommer
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Mestres
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Gieseler
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vijay Jain
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Tebbenjohanns F, Frimmer M, Militaru A, Jain V, Novotny L. Cold Damping of an Optically Levitated Nanoparticle to Microkelvin Temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:223601. [PMID: 31283294 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We implement a cold-damping scheme to cool one mode of the center-of-mass motion of an optically levitated nanoparticle in ultrahigh vacuum (10^{-8} mbar) from room temperature to a record-low temperature of 100 μK. The measured temperature dependence on the feedback gain and thermal decoherence rate is in excellent agreement with a parameter-free model. For the first time, we determine the imprecision-backaction product for a levitated optomechanical system and discuss the resulting implications for ground-state cooling of an optically levitated nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Militaru
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vijay Jain
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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