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Wu HN, Li YH, Li B, You X, Liu RZ, Ren JG, Yin J, Lu CY, Cao Y, Peng CZ, Pan JW. Single-Photon Interference over 8.4 km Urban Atmosphere: Toward Testing Quantum Effects in Curved Spacetime with Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:020201. [PMID: 39073932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of quantum mechanics and general relativity has transformed our understanding of the natural world significantly. However, integrating these two theories presents immense challenges, and their interplay remains untested. Recent theoretical studies suggest that the single-photon interference covering huge space can effectively probe the interface between quantum mechanics and general relativity. We developed an alternative design using unbalanced Michelson interferometers to address this and validated its feasibility over an 8.4 km free-space channel. Using a high-brightness single-photon source based on quantum dots, we demonstrated single-photon interference along this long-distance baseline. We achieved a phase measurement precision of 16.2 mrad, which satisfied the measurement requirements for a gravitational redshift at the geosynchronous orbit by 5 times the standard deviation. Our results confirm the feasibility of the single-photon version of the Colella-Overhauser-Werner experiment for testing the quantum effects in curved spacetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Nan Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Huai Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang You
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Run-Ze Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Ji-Gang Ren
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 201315, Shanghai, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, China
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2
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Wang B, Lim JWM, Loh SM, Mayengbam R, Ye S, Feng M, He H, Liang X, Cai R, Zhang Q, Kwek LC, Demir HV, Mhaisalkar SG, Blundell SA, Chien Sum T. Weakly Confined Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots as High-Purity Room-Temperature Single Photon Sources. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10807-10817. [PMID: 38598660 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have emerged as highly promising single photon emitters for quantum information applications. Presently, most strategies have focused on leveraging quantum confinement to increase the nonradiative Auger recombination (AR) rate to enhance single-photon (SP) purity in all-inorganic CsPbBr3 QDs. However, this also increases the fluorescence intermittency. Achieving high SP purity and blinking mitigation simultaneously remains a significant challenge. Here, we transcend this limitation with room-temperature synthesized weakly confined hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) QDs. Superior single photon purity with a low g(2)(0) < 0.07 ± 0.03 and a nearly blinking-free behavior (ON-state fraction >95%) in 11 nm FAPbBr3 QDs are achieved at room temperature, attributed to their long exciton lifetimes (τX) and short biexciton lifetimes (τXX). The significance of the organic A-cation is further validated using the mixed-cation FAxCs1-xPbBr3. Theoretical calculations utilizing a combination of the Bethe-Salpeter (BSE) and k·p approaches point toward the modulation of the dielectric constants by the organic cations. Importantly, our findings provide valuable insights into an additional lever for engineering facile-synthesized room-temperature PQD single photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jia Wei Melvin Lim
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Siow Mean Loh
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rishikanta Mayengbam
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Senyun Ye
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Minjun Feng
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Huajun He
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiao Liang
- LUMINOUS! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, The Photonics Institute, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Rui Cai
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Leong-Chuan Kwek
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, on Singapore
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- LUMINOUS! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, The Photonics Institute, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- UNAM─Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, The National Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Subodh G Mhaisalkar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
| | - Steven A Blundell
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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3
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Khodadad Kashi A, Caspani L, Kues M. Spectral Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect between a Heralded Single-Photon State and a Thermal Field: Multiphoton Contamination and the Nonclassicality Threshold. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:233601. [PMID: 38134802 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect is crucial for quantum information processing, and its visibility determines the system's quantum-classical characteristics. In an experimental and theoretical study of the spectral HOM effect between a thermal field and a heralded single-photon state, we demonstrate that the HOM visibility varies dependent on the relative photon statistics of the interacting fields. Our findings reveal that multiphoton components in a heralded state get engaged in quantum interference with a thermal field, resulting in improved visibilities at certain mean photon numbers. We derive a theoretical relationship for the HOM visibility as a function of the mean photon number of the thermal field and the thermal part of the heralded state. We show that the nonclassicality degree of a heralded state is reflected in its HOM visibility with a thermal field; our results establish a lower bound of 41.42% for the peak visibility, indicating the minimum assignable degree of nonclassicality to the heralded state. This research enhances our understanding of the HOM effect and its application to high-speed remote secret key sharing, addressing security concerns due to multiphoton contamination in heralded states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Khodadad Kashi
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucia Caspani
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kues
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Lyons A, Zickus V, Álvarez-Mendoza R, Triggiani D, Tamma V, Westerberg N, Tassieri M, Faccio D. Fluorescence lifetime Hong-Ou-Mandel sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8005. [PMID: 38049423 PMCID: PMC10696080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy in the time domain is typically performed by recording the arrival time of photons either by using electronic time tagging or a gated detector. As such the temporal resolution is limited by the performance of the electronics to 100's of picoseconds. Here, we demonstrate a fluorescence lifetime measurement technique based on photon-bunching statistics with a resolution that is only dependent on the duration of the reference photon or laser pulse, which can readily reach the 1-0.1 picosecond timescale. A range of fluorescent dyes having lifetimes spanning from 1.6 to 7 picoseconds have been here measured with only ~1 s measurement duration. We corroborate the effectiveness of the technique by measuring the Newtonian viscosity of glycerol/water mixtures by means of a molecular rotor having over an order of magnitude variability in lifetime, thus introducing a new method for contact-free nanorheology. Accessing fluorescence lifetime information at such high temporal resolution opens a doorway for a wide range of fluorescent markers to be adopted for studying yet unexplored fast biological processes, as well as fundamental interactions such as lifetime shortening in resonant plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lyons
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Vytautas Zickus
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Danilo Triggiani
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Vincenzo Tamma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK
| | - Niclas Westerberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Manlio Tassieri
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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5
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Ham BS. Coherently driven quantum features using a linear optics-based polarization-basis control. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12925. [PMID: 37558762 PMCID: PMC10412634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum entanglement generation is generally known to be impossible by any classical means. According to Poisson statistics, coherent photons are not considered quantum particles due to the bunching phenomenon. Recently, a coherence approach has been applied for quantum correlations such as the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, Franson-type nonlocal correlation, and delayed-choice quantum eraser to understand the mysterious quantum features. In the coherence approach, the quantum correlation has been now understood as a direct result of selective measurements between product bases of phase-coherent photons. Especially in the HOM interpretation, it has been understood that a fixed sum-phase relation between paired photons is the bedrock of quantum entanglement. Here, a coherently excited HOM model is proposed, analyzed, and discussed for the fundamental physics of two-photon correlation using linear optics-based polarization-basis control. For this, polarization-frequency correlation in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is coherently excited using synchronized acousto-optic modulators, where polarization-basis control is conducted via a selective measurement process of the heterodyne signals. Like quantum operator-based destructive interference in the HOM theory, a perfectly coherent analysis shows the same HOM effects of the paired coherent photons on a beam splitter, whereas individual output intensities are uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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6
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Thekkadath G, England D, Bouchard F, Zhang Y, Kim M, Sussman B. Intensity interferometry for holography with quantum and classical light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1439. [PMID: 37406121 PMCID: PMC10321744 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
As first demonstrated by Hanbury Brown and Twiss, it is possible to observe interference between independent light sources by measuring correlations in their intensities rather than their amplitudes. In this work, we apply this concept of intensity interferometry to holography. We combine a signal beam with a reference and measure their intensity cross-correlations using a time-tagging single-photon camera. These correlations reveal an interference pattern from which we reconstruct the signal wavefront in both intensity and phase. We demonstrate the principle with classical and quantum light, including a single photon. Since the signal and reference do not need to be phase-stable nor from the same light source, this technique can be used to generate holograms of self-luminous or remote objects using a local reference, thus opening the door to new holography applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Thekkadath
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Duncan England
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Bouchard
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yingwen Zhang
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Myungshik Kim
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Benjamin Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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7
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Kim S, Ham BS. Revisiting self-interference in Young's double-slit experiments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:977. [PMID: 36653439 PMCID: PMC9849424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum superposition is the heart of quantum mechanics as mentioned by Dirac and Feynman. In an interferometric system, single photon self-interference has been intensively studied over the last several decades in both quantum and classical regimes. In Born rule tests, the Sorkin parameter indicates the maximum number of possible quantum superposition allowed to the input photons entering an interferometer, where multi-photon interference fringe is equivalent to that of a classical version by a laser. Here, an attenuated laser light in a quantum regime is investigated for self-interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the results are compared with its classical version. The equivalent result supports the Born rule tests, where the classical interference originates in the superposition of individual single-photon self-interferences. This understanding sheds light on the fundamental physics of quantum features between bipartite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbae Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Byoung S Ham
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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8
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Liu X, Li T, Wang J, Kamble MR, Zheltikov AM, Agarwal GS. Probing ultra-fast dephasing via entangled photon pairs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47463-47474. [PMID: 36558674 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference with polarization-entangled photons can be used to probe ultrafast dephasing. We can infer the optical properties like the real and imaginary parts of the complex susceptibility of the medium from changes in the position and the shape of the HOM dip. From the shift of the HOM dip, we are able to measure 22 fs dephasing time using a continuous-wave (CW) laser even with optical loss > 97 %, while the HOM dip visibility is maintained at 92.3 % (which can be as high as 96.7 %). The experimental observations, which are explained in terms of a rigorous theoretical model, demonstrate the utility of HOM interference in probing ultrafast dephasing.
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9
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Ham BS. Randomness-based macroscopic Franson-type nonlocal correlation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3759. [PMID: 35260682 PMCID: PMC8904538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Franson-type nonlocal correlation is related to Bell inequality violation tests and has been applied for quantum key distributions based on time bin methods. Using unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometers, Franson correlation measurements result in an interference fringe, while local measurements do not. Here, randomness-based macroscopic Franson-type correlation is presented using polarization-based two-mode coherent photons, where the quantum correlation is tested by a Hong-Ou-Mandel scheme. Coherent photons are used to investigate the wave properties of this correlation. Without contradicting the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics, the proposed method provides fundamental understanding of the quantum nature and opens the door to deterministic quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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10
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Abstract
A novel method of macroscopically entangled light-pair generation is presented for a quantum laser using randomness-based deterministic phase control of coherent light in a coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Unlike the particle nature-based quantum correlation in conventional quantum mechanics, the wave nature of photons is applied for collective phase control of coherent fields, resulting in a deterministically controllable nonclassical phenomenon. For the proof of principle, the entanglement between output light fields from a coupled MZI is examined using the Hong-Ou-Mandel-type anticorrelation technique, where the anticorrelation is a direct evidence of the nonclassical features in an interferometric scheme. For the generation of random phase bases between two bipartite input coherent fields, a deterministic control of opposite frequency shifts results in phase sensitive anticorrelation, which is a macroscopic quantum feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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11
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Coherently controlled quantum features in a coupled interferometric scheme. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11188. [PMID: 34045595 PMCID: PMC8159952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion processes in both second-order and third-order nonlinear optical materials have been intensively studied for various quantum features such as Bell inequality violation and anticorrelation. In an interferometric scheme, anticorrelation results from photon bunching based on randomness when entangled photon pairs coincidently impinge on a beam splitter. Compared with post-measurement-based probabilistic confirmation, a coherence version has been recently proposed using the wave nature of photons. Here, the origin of quantum features in a coupled interferometric scheme is investigated using pure coherence optics. In addition, a deterministic method of entangled photon-pair generation is proposed for on-demand coherence control of quantum processing.
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12
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Ishizaki A, Fleming GR. Insights into Photosynthetic Energy Transfer Gained from Free-Energy Structure: Coherent Transport, Incoherent Hopping, and Vibrational Assistance Revisited. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3286-3295. [PMID: 33724833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giant strides in ultrashort laser pulse technology have enabled real-time observation of dynamical processes in complex molecular systems. Specifically, the discovery of oscillatory transients in the two-dimensional electronic spectra of photosynthetic systems stimulated a number of theoretical investigations exploring the possible physical mechanisms of the remarkable quantum efficiency of light harvesting processes. In this work, we revisit the elementary aspects of environment-induced fluctuations in the involved electronic energies and present a simple way to understand energy flow with the intuitive picture of relaxation in a funnel-type free-energy landscape. The presented free-energy description of energy transfer reveals that typical photosynthetic systems operate in an almost barrierless regime. The approach also provides insights into the distinction between coherent and incoherent energy transfer and the criteria by which the necessity of the vibrational assistance is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Ham BS. Analysis of phase noise effects in a coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer for a much stabilized free-space optical link. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1900. [PMID: 33479354 PMCID: PMC7820431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, new physics for unconditional security in a classical key distribution (USCKD) has been proposed and demonstrated in a frame of a double Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) as a proof of principle, where the unconditional security is rooted in MZI channel superposition. Due to environmental phase noise caused by temperature variations, atmospheric turbulences, and mechanical vibrations, free-space optical links have been severely challenged for both classical and quantum communications. Here, the double MZI scheme of USCKD is analyzed for greatly subdued environment-caused phase noise via double unitary transformation, resulting in potential applications of free-space optical links, where the free-space optical link has been a major research area from fundamental physics of atomic clock and quantum key distribution to potential applications of geodesy, navigation, and MIMO technologies in mobile communications systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Chumdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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Bouchard F, Sit A, Zhang Y, Fickler R, Miatto FM, Yao Y, Sciarrino F, Karimi E. Two-photon interference: the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:012402. [PMID: 33232945 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abcd7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 30 years ago, two-photon interference was observed, marking the beginning of a new quantum era. Indeed, two-photon interference has no classical analogue, giving it a distinct advantage for a range of applications. The peculiarities of quantum physics may now be used to our advantage to outperform classical computations, securely communicate information, simulate highly complex physical systems and increase the sensitivity of precise measurements. This separation from classical to quantum physics has motivated physicists to study two-particle interference for both fermionic and bosonic quantum objects. So far, two-particle interference has been observed with massive particles, among others, such as electrons and atoms, in addition to plasmons, demonstrating the extent of this effect to larger and more complex quantum systems. A wide array of novel applications to this quantum effect is to be expected in the future. This review will thus cover the progress and applications of two-photon (two-particle) interference over the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bouchard
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alicia Sit
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yingwen Zhang
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Robert Fickler
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Filippo M Miatto
- Télécom Paris, LTCI, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 19 Place Marguerite Peray, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Yuan Yao
- Télécom Paris, LTCI, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 19 Place Marguerite Peray, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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15
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Wang Y, Yan S, Huo M, Li X, Su J, Shi S, Wang Z, Qiu Q. Phase locking and homodyne detection of repetitive laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:35588-35601. [PMID: 33379671 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method to realize pulse laser phase locking and homodyne detection is proposed, which can be used in lidar and continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) systems. Theoretical analysis shows that homodyne detection of pulse laser has a sensitivity advantage of more than 4 dB over heterodyne detection. An experimental verification setup was constructed to realize phase-locking and homodyne detection of pulse lasers at repetition rates from 50 kHz to 2.4 MHz. For 320 ns signal laser pulses at 300 kHz with peak power of -65 dBm, the phase error is 8.9° (mainly limited by the chirp effect in the modulation of signal laser), and the detection signal-to-noise ratio reaches 20.2 dB. When the peak power is reduced to -75 dBm, phase locking and homodyne detection can still be achieved. Homodyne detection based on phase locking could serve as a novel weak-laser-pulse receiving method with high sensitivity and anti-interference performance.
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17
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Deterministic control of photonic de Broglie waves using coherence optics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12899. [PMID: 32733015 PMCID: PMC7393373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic de Broglie waves offer a unique property of quantum mechanics satisfying the complementarity between the particle and wave natures of light, where the photonic de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the number of entangled photons acting on a beam splitter. Very recently, the nonclassical feature of photon bunching has been newly interpreted using the pure wave nature of coherence optics [Sci. Rep. 10, 7,309 (2020)], paving the road to unconditionally secured classical key distribution [Sci. Rep. 10, 11,687 (2020)]. Here, deterministic photonic de Broglie waves are presented in a coherence regime to uncover new insights in both fundamental quantum physics and potential applications of coherence-quantum metrology.
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18
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Thiel V, Davis AOC, Sun K, D'Ornellas P, Jin XM, Smith BJ. Single-photon characterization by two-photon spectral interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19315-19324. [PMID: 32672211 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon sources are a fundamental resource in quantum optics and quantum information science. Photons with differing spectral and temporal shapes do not interfere well and inhibit the performance of quantum applications such as linear optics quantum computing, boson sampling, and quantum networks. Indistinguishability and purity of photons emitted from different sources are crucial properties for many quantum applications. The ability to determine the state of single-photon sources therefore provides a means to assess their quality, compare different sources, and provide feedback for source tuning. Here, we propose and demonstrate a single-configuration experimental method enabling complete characterization of the spectral-temporal state of a pulsed single-photon source having both pure and mixed states. The method involves interference of the unknown single-photon source with a reference at a balanced beam splitter followed by frequency-resolved coincidence detection at the outputs. Fourier analysis of the joint-spectral two-photon interference pattern reveals the density matrix of the single-photon source in the frequency basis. We present an experimental realization of this method for pure and mixed state pulsed single-photon sources.
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19
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Ham BS. The origin of anticorrelation for photon bunching on a beam splitter. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7309. [PMID: 32355259 PMCID: PMC7193647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Copenhagen interpretation, in which the core concepts are Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and nonlocal EPR correlation, has been long discussed. Second-order anticorrelation in a beam splitter represents the origin of these phenomena and cannot be achieved classically. Here, the anticorrelation of nonclassicality in a beam splitter is interpreted using the concept of coherence. Unlike the common understanding of photons having a particle nature, anticorrelation is rooted in the wave nature of coherence optics, described by coherence optics, wherein quantum superposition between two input fields plays a key role. This interpretation may pose fundamental questions about the nature of nonclassicality and pave a road to coherence-based quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
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20
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Duan ZC, Deng YH, Yu Y, Chen S, Qin J, Wang H, Ding X, Peng LC, Schneider C, Wang DW, Höfling S, Dowling JP, Lu CY, Pan JW. Quantum Beat between Sunlight and Single Photons. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:152-157. [PMID: 31841348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fourth-order quantum beat between sunlight and single photons from a quantum dot. With a fast time-resolved detection system, we observed high-visibility quantum beat between the independent photons of different frequencies from the two astronomically separated light sources. The temporal dynamics of the beat oscillation indicate the coherent behavior of the interfering photons, and the raw visibility of two-photon interference shows violation of the classical limit with a frequency mismatch of three-times the line width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chen Duan
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Yu-Hao Deng
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510275 , China
| | - Si Chen
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Jian Qin
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Xing Ding
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Li-Chao Peng
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institüt and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems , Universitat Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- Department of Physics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310027 , China
| | - Sven Höfling
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institüt and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems , Universitat Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews KY16 9SS , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Dowling
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
- NYU-ECNU Institute for Physics at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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