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Qu R, Zhang C, Chang ZH, Zhang XL, Guo Y, Hu XM, Li CF, Guo GC, Zhang P, Liu BH. Observation of Diverse Asymmetric Structures in High-Dimensional Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:210202. [PMID: 38856248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.210202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering, a distinctive quantum correlation, reveals a unique and inherent asymmetry. This research delves into the multifaceted asymmetry of EPR steering within high-dimensional quantum systems, exploring both theoretical frameworks and experimental validations. We introduce the concept of genuine high-dimensional one-way steering, wherein a high Schmidt number of bipartite quantum states is demonstrable in one steering direction but not reciprocally. Additionally, we explore two criteria to certify the lower and upper bounds of the Schmidt number within a one-sided device-independent context. These criteria serve as tools for identifying potential asymmetric dimensionality of EPR steering in both directions. By preparing two-qutrit mixed states with high fidelity, we experimentally observe asymmetric structures of EPR steering in the C^{3}⊗C^{3} Hilbert space. Our Letter offers new perspectives to understand the asymmetric EPR steering beyond qubits and has potential applications in asymmetric high-dimensional quantum information tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ze-Hong Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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2
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Han XH, Qian T, Dong SC, Wang S, Xiao Y, Gu YJ. Activation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering sharing with unsharp nonlocal measurements. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11462. [PMID: 38769348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering is commonly shared among multiple observers by utilizing unsharp measurements. Nevertheless, their usage is restricted to local measurements and does not encompass all nonlocal measurement-based cases. In this work, a method for finding beneficial local measurement settings has been expanded to include nonlocal measurement cases. This method is applicable for any bipartite state and offers benefits even in scenarios with a high number of measurement settings. Using the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state as an illustration, we show that employing unsharp nonlocal measurements can activate the phenomenon of steering sharing in contrast to using local measurements. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that nonlocal measurements with unequal strength possess a greater activation capability compared to those with equal strength. Our activation method generates fresh concepts for conservation and recycling quantum resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Han
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Qian
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Chuan Dong
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Xiao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Jian Gu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Li Y, Xiang Y, Yu XD, Nguyen HC, Gühne O, He Q. Randomness Certification from Multipartite Quantum Steering for Arbitrary Dimensional Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:080201. [PMID: 38457732 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.080201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Entanglement in bipartite systems has been applied to generate secure random numbers, which are playing an important role in cryptography or scientific numerical simulations. Here, we propose to use multipartite entanglement distributed between trusted and untrusted parties for generating randomness of arbitrary dimensional systems. We show that the distributed structure of several parties leads to additional protection against possible attacks by an eavesdropper, resulting in more secure randomness generated than in the corresponding bipartite scenario. Especially, randomness can be certified in the group of untrusted parties, even when there is no randomness in either of them individually. We prove that the necessary and sufficient resource for quantum randomness in this scenario is multipartite quantum steering when each untrusted party has a choice between only two measurements. However, the sufficiency no longer holds with more measurement settings. Finally, we apply our analysis to some experimentally realized states and show that more randomness can be extracted compared with the existing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yu
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - H Chau Nguyen
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Otfried Gühne
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Qiongyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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Rahman AU, Abd‐Rabbou MY, Haddadi S, Ali H. Two‐Qubit Steerability, Nonlocality, and Average Steered Coherence under Classical Dephasing Channels. ANNALEN DER PHYSIK 2023; 535. [DOI: 10.1002/andp.202200523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWhen two qubits are prepared in a mixture of two Bell states and exposed to local transmission channels, the dynamics of steerability, Bell nonlocality, and average steered coherence are investigated. Disorders are assumed to influence the channels, resulting in either Markovian Ornstein–Uhlenbeck noise or non‐Markovian static noise in two models: a single noisy channel or two local noisy channels. Their findings show that the type and number of classical channels, noise, and initial state must be in an optimal setting in order to preserve quantum correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta ur Rahman
- School of Physics University of Chinese Academy of Science Yuquan Road 19A Beijing 100049 China
| | - M. Y. Abd‐Rabbou
- Mathematics Department Faculty of Science, Al‐Azhar University Nasr City Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Saeed Haddadi
- School of Physics Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM) Tehran 19395‐5531 Iran
- Saeed's Quantum Information Group Tehran 19395‐0560 Iran
| | - Hazrat Ali
- Department of Physics Abbottabad University of Science and Technology Havellian KP 22500 Pakistan
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5
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Fu Y, Liu W, Ye X, Wang Y, Zhang C, Duan CK, Rong X, Du J. Experimental Investigation of Quantum Correlations in a Two-Qutrit Spin System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:100501. [PMID: 36112462 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental investigation of quantum correlations in a two-qutrit spin system in a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond at room temperatures. Quantum entanglement between two qutrits was observed at room temperature, and the existence of nonclassical correlations beyond entanglement in the qutrit case has been revealed. Our work demonstrates the potential of the NV centers as the multiqutrit system to execute quantum information tasks and provides a powerful experimental platform for studying the fundamental physics of high-dimensional quantum systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenquan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chengjie Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chang-Kui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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6
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Complete classification of steerability under local filters and its relation with measurement incompatibility. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4973. [PMID: 36008389 PMCID: PMC9411635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum steering is a central resource for one-sided device-independent quantum information. It is manipulated via one-way local operations and classical communication, such as local filtering on the trusted party. Here, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a steering assemblage to be transformable into another via local filtering. We characterize the equivalence classes with respect to filters in terms of the steering equivalent observables (SEO), first proposed to connect the problem of steerability and measurement incompatibility. We provide an efficient method to compute the extractable steerability that is maximal via local filters and show that it coincides with the incompatibility of the SEO. Moreover, we show that there always exists a bipartite state that provides an assemblage with steerability equal to the incompatibility of the measurements on the untrusted party. Finally, we investigate the optimal success probability and rates for transformation protocols (distillation and dilution) in the single-shot scenario together with examples. The study of quantum steering has both foundational and practical interest. Here, the authors show that transformability of a steerable resource into another via local filtering at the trusted party is determined by whether they have the same steering equivalent observables (SEO).
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Hu XM, Zhang C, Liu BH, Guo Y, Xing WB, Huang CX, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC. High-Dimensional Bell Test without Detection Loophole. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:060402. [PMID: 36018648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Violation of Bell's inequalities shows strong conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism. Loophole-free Bell tests not only deepen understanding of quantum mechanics, but are also important foundations for device-independent (DI) tasks in quantum information. High-dimensional quantum systems offer a significant advantage over qubits for closing the detection loophole. In the symmetric scenario, a detection efficiency as low as 61.8% can be tolerated using four-dimensional states and a four-setting Bell inequality [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 060401 (2010)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.104.060401]. For the first time, we show that four-dimensional entangled photons violate a Bell inequality while closing the detection loophole in experiment. The detection efficiency of the four-dimensional entangled source is about 71.7%, and the fidelity of the state is 0.995±0.001. Combining the technique of multicore fibers, the realization of loophole-free high-dimensional Bell tests and high-dimensional quantum DI technologies are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Cen-Xiao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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8
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Qu R, Wang Y, An M, Wang F, Quan Q, Li H, Gao H, Li F, Zhang P. Retrieving High-Dimensional Quantum Steering from a Noisy Environment with N Measurement Settings. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:240402. [PMID: 35776453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.240402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most often implied benefits of high-dimensional (HD) quantum systems is to lead to stronger forms of correlations, featuring increased robustness to noise. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the n-setting linear HD quantum steering criterion. We verify the large violation of the steering inequalities without full-state tomography. The lower bound of the violation is 2.24±0.01 in 11 dimensions, exceeding the bound (V<2) of two-setting criteria. Hence, a higher strength of steering has been revealed. Moreover, we demonstrate the method for enhancing the noise robustness without increasing dimension, alternatively, by increasing measurement settings. Using the entanglement in 11 dimensions, we experimentally retrieve steering nonlocality with 63.4±1.4% isotropic noise fraction, surpassing the 50% limitation of two-setting criteria. Our Letter offers the potential for practical one-sided device-independent quantum information processing that tolerates the noisy environment, lossy detection, and transcends the present transmission distance limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Min An
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Feiran Wang
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Quan Quan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongrong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hong Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fuli Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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9
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Yang H, Zhao F, Fan XG, Ding ZY, Wang D, Song XK, Yuan H, Zhang CJ, Ye L. Estimating quantum steering and Bell nonlocality through quantum entanglement in two-photon systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26822-26830. [PMID: 34615109 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement, quantum steering and Bell nonlocality, as significant quantum resources in the field of quantum information science, can achieve variously valuable quantum information tasks. Among of them, quantum entanglement and Bell nonlocality are the weakest and strongest nonlocal correlations, respectively. One can capture the quantum steering and Bell nonlocality via violating steering inequality and Bell inequality, respectively. In general, the detections of quantum steering and Bell nonlocality are strictly harder than entanglement detection. Here, based on steering inequality test and quantum state tomography, we attain various nonlocal correlations and experimentally demonstrate that the estimations of quantum steering and Bell nonlocality can be realized according to the quantum entanglement of the prepared two-photon test states. The estimated efficiency of quantum steering is stronger than the one of Bell nonlocality in this scenario, i.e., more steerable two-photon test states can be verified through quantum entanglement. In addition, quantum steering and Bell nonlocality are bounded by the corresponding upper and lower bounds, and these bounds cannot be punctured by all prepared two-photon states in experiment. These results are conducive to understand the relations among these nonlocal correlations.
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Huang CJ, Xiang GY, Guo Y, Wu KD, Liu BH, Li CF, Guo GC, Tavakoli A. Nonlocality, Steering, and Quantum State Tomography in a Single Experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:020401. [PMID: 34296907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate whether paradigmatic measurements for quantum state tomography, namely mutually unbiased bases and symmetric informationally complete measurements, can be employed to certify quantum correlations. For this purpose, we identify a simple and noise-robust correlation witness for entanglement detection, steering, and nonlocality that can be evaluated based on the outcome statistics obtained in the tomography experiment. This allows us to perform state tomography on entangled qutrits, a test of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering and a Bell inequality test, all within a single experiment. We also investigate the trade-off between quantum correlations and subsets of tomographically complete measurements as well as the quantification of entanglement in the different scenarios. Finally, we perform a photonics experiment in which we demonstrate quantum correlations under these flexible assumptions, namely with both parties trusted, one party untrusted and both parties untrusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guo-Yong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang-Da Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Armin Tavakoli
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Guo Y, Taranto P, Liu BH, Hu XM, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC. Experimental Demonstration of Instrument-Specific Quantum Memory Effects and Non-Markovian Process Recovery for Common-Cause Processes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:230401. [PMID: 34170148 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.230401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The duration, strength, and structure of memory effects are crucial properties of physical evolution. Because of the invasive nature of quantum measurement, such properties must be defined with respect to the probing instruments employed. Here, using a photonic platform, we experimentally demonstrate this necessity via two paradigmatic processes: future-history correlations in the first process can be erased by an intermediate quantum measurement; for the second process, a noisy classical measurement blocks the effect of history. We then apply memory truncation techniques to recover an efficient description that approximates expectation values for multitime observables. Our proof-of-principle analysis paves the way for experiments concerning more general non-Markovian quantum processes and highlights where standard open systems techniques break down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip Taranto
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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12
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Designolle S, Srivastav V, Uola R, Valencia NH, McCutcheon W, Malik M, Brunner N. Genuine High-Dimensional Quantum Steering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:200404. [PMID: 34110189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional quantum entanglement can give rise to stronger forms of nonlocal correlations compared to qubit systems, offering significant advantages for quantum information processing. Certifying these stronger correlations, however, remains an important challenge, in particular in an experimental setting. Here we theoretically formalize and experimentally demonstrate a notion of genuine high-dimensional quantum steering. We show that high-dimensional entanglement, as quantified by the Schmidt number, can lead to a stronger form of steering, provably impossible to obtain via entanglement in lower dimensions. Exploiting the connection between steering and incompatibility of quantum measurements, we derive simple two-setting steering inequalities, the violation of which guarantees the presence of genuine high-dimensional steering, and hence certifies a lower bound on the Schmidt number in a one-sided device-independent setting. We report the experimental violation of these inequalities using macropixel photon-pair entanglement certifying genuine high-dimensional steering. In particular, using an entangled state in dimension d=31, our data certifies a minimum Schmidt number of n=15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vatshal Srivastav
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Roope Uola
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Herrera Valencia
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Will McCutcheon
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul Malik
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Brunner
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Xiang Y, Sun F, He Q, Gong Q. Advances in multipartite and high-dimensional Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Wang M, Xiang Y, Kang H, Han D, Liu Y, He Q, Gong Q, Su X, Peng K. Deterministic Distribution of Multipartite Entanglement and Steering in a Quantum Network by Separable States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:260506. [PMID: 33449714 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.260506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As two valuable quantum resources, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement and steering play important roles in quantum-enhanced communication protocols. Distributing such quantum resources among multiple remote users in a network is a crucial precondition underlying various quantum tasks. We experimentally demonstrate the deterministic distribution of two- and three-mode Gaussian entanglement and steering by transmitting separable states in a network consisting of a quantum server and multiple users. In our experiment, entangled states are not prepared solely by the quantum server, but are created among independent users during the distribution process. More specifically, the quantum server prepares separable squeezed states and applies classical displacements on them before spreading out, and users simply perform local beam-splitter operations and homodyne measurements after they receive separable states. We show that the distributed Gaussian entanglement and steerability are robust against channel loss. Furthermore, one-way Gaussian steering is achieved among users that is useful for further directional or highly asymmetric quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haijun Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Qiongyi He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Kunchi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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