1
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Kang M, Nuomin H, Chowdhury SN, Yuly JL, Sun K, Whitlow J, Valdiviezo J, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Beratan DN, Brown KR. Seeking a quantum advantage with trapped-ion quantum simulations of condensed-phase chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:340-358. [PMID: 38641733 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Simulating the quantum dynamics of molecules in the condensed phase represents a longstanding challenge in chemistry. Trapped-ion quantum systems may serve as a platform for the analog-quantum simulation of chemical dynamics that is beyond the reach of current classical-digital simulation. To identify a 'quantum advantage' for these simulations, performance analysis of both analog-quantum simulation on noisy hardware and classical-digital algorithms is needed. In this Review, we make a comparison between a noisy analog trapped-ion simulator and a few choice classical-digital methods on simulating the dynamics of a model molecular Hamiltonian with linear vibronic coupling. We describe several simple Hamiltonians that are commonly used to model molecular systems, which can be simulated with existing or emerging trapped-ion hardware. These Hamiltonians may serve as stepping stones towards the use of trapped-ion simulators for systems beyond the reach of classical-digital methods. Finally, we identify dynamical regimes in which classical-digital simulations seem to have the weakest performance with respect to analog-quantum simulations. These regimes may provide the lowest hanging fruit to make the most of potential quantum advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Kang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hanggai Nuomin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathon L Yuly
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ke Sun
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Whitlow
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jesús Valdiviezo
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Zhendian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Jeon H, Kang J, Kim J, Choi W, Kim K, Kim T. Experimental realization of entangled coherent states in two-dimensional harmonic oscillators of a trapped ion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6847. [PMID: 38514797 PMCID: PMC11349922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Entangled coherent states play pivotal roles in various fields such as quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum sensing. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of entangled coherent states with the two-dimensional motion of a trapped ion system. Using Raman transitions with appropriate detunings, we simultaneously drive the red and blue sidebands of the two transverse axes of a single trapped ion and observe multi-periodic entanglement and disentanglement of its spin and two-dimensional motion. Then, by measuring the spin state, we herald entangled coherent states of the transverse motions of the trapped ion and observe the corresponding modulation in the parity of the phonon distribution of one of the harmonic oscillators. Lastly, we trap two ions in a linear chain and realize Mølmer-Sørensen gate using two-dimensional motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggi Jeon
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Kang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeun Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyeong Choi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghye Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Computer Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Leong WS, Xin M, Chen Z, Wang Y, Lan SY. Creation of Two-Mode Squeezed States in Atomic Mechanical Oscillators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:193601. [PMID: 38000417 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-mode squeezed states, which are entangled states with bipartite quantum correlations in continuous-variable systems, are crucial in quantum information processing and metrology. Recently, continuous-variable quantum computing with the vibrational modes of trapped atoms has emerged with significant progress, featuring a high degree of control in hybridizing with spin qubits. Creating two-mode squeezed states in such a platform could enable applications that are only viable with photons. Here, we experimentally demonstrate two-mode squeezed states by employing atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice as quantum registers. The states are generated by a controlled projection conditioned on the relative phase of two independent squeezed states. The individual squeezing is created by sudden jumps of the oscillators' frequencies, allowing generating of the two-mode squeezed states at a rate within a fraction of the oscillation frequency. We validate the states by entanglement steering criteria and Fock state analysis. Our results can be applied in other mechanical oscillators for quantum sensing and continuous-variable quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wui Seng Leong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Mingjie Xin
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zilong Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shau-Yu Lan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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4
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Innocenti L, Lachman L, Filip R. Coherence-Based Operational Nonclassicality Criteria. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:160201. [PMID: 37925708 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.160201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonclassicality of quantum states is a fundamental resource for quantum technologies and quantum information tasks, in general. In particular, a pivotal aspect of quantum states lies in their coherence properties, encoded in the nondiagonal terms of their density matrix in the Fock-state bosonic basis. We present operational criteria to detect the nonclassicality of individual quantum coherences that use only data obtainable in experimentally realistic scenarios. We analyze and compare the robustness of the nonclassical coherence aspects when the states pass through lossy and noisy channels. The criteria can be immediately applied to experiments with light, atoms, solid-state system, and mechanical oscillators, thus providing a toolbox allowing practical experiments to more easily detect the nonclassicality of generated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Innocenti
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica-Emilio Segrè, via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lukáš Lachman
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Filip
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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5
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Katz O, Monroe C. Programmable Quantum Simulations of Bosonic Systems with Trapped Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:033604. [PMID: 37540877 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.033604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Trapped atomic ion crystals are a leading platform for quantum simulations of spin systems, with programmable and long-range spin-spin interactions mediated by excitations of phonons in the crystal. We describe a complementary approach for quantum simulations of bosonic systems using phonons in trapped-ion crystals, here mediated by excitations of the trapped-ion spins. The scheme enables a high degree of programability across a dense graph of bosonic couplings, utilizing long-lived collective phonon modes in a trapped-ion chain. As such, it is well suited for tackling hard problems such as boson sampling and simulations of long-range bosonic and spin-boson Hamiltonians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Katz
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Christopher Monroe
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- IonQ, Inc., College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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6
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Jia Z, Wang Y, Zhang B, Whitlow J, Fang C, Kim J, Brown KR. Determination of Multimode Motional Quantum States in a Trapped Ion System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:103602. [PMID: 36112437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trapped atomic ions are a versatile platform for studying interactions between spins and bosons by coupling the internal states of the ions to their motion. Measurement of complex motional states with multiple modes is challenging, because all motional state populations can only be measured indirectly through the spin state of ions. Here we present a general method to determine the Fock state distributions and to reconstruct the density matrix of an arbitrary multimode motional state. We experimentally verify the method using different entangled states of multiple radial modes in a five-ion chain. This method can be extended to any system with Jaynes-Cummings-type interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Jia
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Bichen Zhang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jacob Whitlow
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jungsang Kim
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- IonQ, Inc., College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Duke Quantum Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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7
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Podhora L, Lachman L, Pham T, Lešundák A, Číp O, Slodička L, Filip R. Quantum Non-Gaussianity of Multiphonon States of a Single Atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:013602. [PMID: 35841581 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.013602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum non-Gaussian mechanical states are already required in a range of applications. The discrete building blocks of such states are the energy eigenstates-Fock states. Despite progress in their preparation, the remaining imperfections can still invisibly cause loss of the aspects critical for their applications. We derive and apply the most challenging hierarchy of quantum non-Gaussian criteria on the characterization of single trapped-ion oscillator mechanical Fock states with up to 10 phonons. We analyze the depth of these quantum non-Gaussian features under intrinsic mechanical heating and predict their requirement for reaching quantum advantage in the sensing of a mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Podhora
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - L Lachman
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - T Pham
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Lešundák
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - O Číp
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L Slodička
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R Filip
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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8
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de Sá Neto OP, Costa HAS, Prataviera GA, de Oliveira MC. Temperature estimation of a pair of trapped ions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6697. [PMID: 35461351 PMCID: PMC9035191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply estimation theory to a system formed by two interacting trapped ions. By using the Fisher matrix formalism, we introduce a simple scheme for estimation of the temperature of the longitudinal vibrational modes of the ions. We use the ions interaction to effectively infer the temperature of the individual ions, by optimising the interaction time evolution and by measuring only over one of the ions. We also investigate the effect of a non-thermal reservoir over the inference approach. The non-classicality of one of the ions vibrational modes, introduced due to a squeezed thermal reservoir, does not directly affect the inference of the individual temperatures, although allowing the modes to be entangled. To check actual experimental conditions, we analyze the temperature inference under heating due to surface-electrode noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P de Sá Neto
- Coordenação de Ciência da Computação, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-220, Brazil
| | - H A S Costa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - G A Prataviera
- Departamento de Administração, FEA-RP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-905, Brazil
| | - M C de Oliveira
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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9
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Laha P, Slodička L, Moore DW, Filip R. Thermally induced entanglement of atomic oscillators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:8814-8828. [PMID: 35299326 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooled ions trapped in a linear Paul trap are long-standing ideal candidates for realizing quantum simulation, especially of many-body systems. The properties that contribute to this also provide the opportunity to demonstrate unexpected quantum phenomena in few-body systems. A pair of ions interacting in such traps exchange vibrational quanta through the Coulomb interaction. This linear interaction can be anharmonically modulated by an elementary coupling to the internal two-level structure of one of the ions. Driven by thermal energy in the passively coupled oscillators, which are themselves coupled to the internal ground states of the ions, the nonlinear interaction autonomously and unconditionally generates entanglement between the mechanical modes of the ions. We examine this counter-intuitive thermally induced entanglement for several experimentally feasible model systems and propose parameter regimes where state-of-the-art trapped ion systems can produce such phenomena. In addition, we demonstrate a multiqubit enhancement of such thermally induced entanglements.
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10
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Zhang DB, Zhang GQ, Xue ZY, Zhu SL, Wang ZD. Continuous-Variable Assisted Thermal Quantum Simulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:020502. [PMID: 34296925 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Simulation of a quantum many-body system at finite temperatures is crucially important but quite challenging. Here we present an experimentally feasible quantum algorithm assisted with continuous variable for simulating quantum systems at finite temperatures. Our algorithm has a time complexity scaling polynomially with the inverse temperature and the desired accuracy. We demonstrate the quantum algorithm by simulating a finite temperature phase diagram of the quantum Ising and Kitaev models. It is found that the important crossover phase diagram of the Kitaev ring can be accurately simulated by a quantum computer with only a few qubits and thus the algorithm may be implementable on current quantum processors. We further propose a protocol with superconducting or trapped ion quantum computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Bo Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Xue
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Liang Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Z D Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics, and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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