1
|
Cobucci G, Tavakoli A. Detecting the dimensionality of genuine multiparticle entanglement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadq4467. [PMID: 39303025 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Complex forms of quantum entanglement can arise in two qualitatively different ways: either between many qubits or between two particles with higher-than-qubit dimension. While both the many-qubit frontier and the high-dimension frontier are well established, state-of-the-art quantum technology is becoming increasingly able to create and manipulate entangled states that simultaneously feature many particles and high dimension. Here, we investigate generic states that can be considered both genuinely high-dimensional and genuine multiparticle entangled. We consider a natural quantity that characterizes this key property. To detect it, we develop three different classes of criteria. These enable us both to probe the ultimate noise tolerance of this form of entanglement and to make detection schemes using sparse or even minimal measurement resources. The approach provides a simple way of benchmarking entanglement dimensionality in the multiparticle regime and general, platform-independent, detection methods that readily apply to experimental use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cobucci
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Armin Tavakoli
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Denker S, Asadian A, Gühne O. Analyzing Quantum Entanglement with the Schmidt Decomposition in Operator Space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:040203. [PMID: 39121398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Characterizing entanglement is central for quantum information science. Special observables which indicate entanglement, so-called entanglement witnesses, are a widely used tool for this task. The construction of these witnesses typically relies on the observation that quantum states with a high fidelity to some entangled target state are entangled, too. We introduce a general method to construct entanglement witnesses based on the Schmidt decomposition of observables. The method works for two-particle and multiparticle systems and is strictly stronger than fidelity-based constructions. The resulting witnesses can also be used to quantify entanglement and to characterize its dimensionality. Finally, we present experimentally relevant examples, where our approach improves entanglement detection significantly.
Collapse
|
3
|
Morelli S, Huber M, Tavakoli A. Resource-Efficient High-Dimensional Entanglement Detection via Symmetric Projections. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:170201. [PMID: 37955500 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.170201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce two families of criteria for detecting and quantifying the entanglement of a bipartite quantum state of arbitrary local dimension. The first is based on measurements in mutually unbiased bases and the second is based on equiangular measurements. Both criteria give a qualitative result in terms of the state's entanglement dimension and a quantitative result in terms of its fidelity with the maximally entangled state. The criteria are universally applicable since no assumptions on the state are required. Moreover, the experimenter can control the trade-off between resource-efficiency and noise-tolerance by selecting the number of measurements performed. For paradigmatic noise models, we show that only a small number of measurements are necessary to achieve nearly-optimal detection in any dimension. The number of global product projections scales only linearly in the local dimension, thus paving the way for detection and quantification of very high-dimensional entanglement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morelli
- BCAM - Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Mazarredo 14, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marcus Huber
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Tavakoli
- Physics Department, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Gois C, Plávala M, Schwonnek R, Gühne O. Complete Hierarchy for High-Dimensional Steering Certification. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:010201. [PMID: 37478449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional quantum steering can be seen as a test for the dimensionality of entanglement, where the devices at one side are not characterized. As such, it is an important component in quantum informational protocols that make use of high-dimensional entanglement. Although it has been recently observed experimentally, the phenomenon of high-dimensional steering is lacking a general certification procedure. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions to certify the entanglement dimension in a steering scenario. These conditions are stated in terms of a hierarchy of semidefinite programs, which can also be used to quantify the phenomenon using the steering dimension robustness. To demonstrate the practical viability of our method, we characterize the dimensionality of entanglement in steering scenarios prepared with maximally entangled states measured in mutually unbiased bases. Our methods give significantly stronger bounds on the noise robustness necessary to experimentally certify high-dimensional entanglement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de Gois
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Martin Plávala
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - René Schwonnek
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Otfried Gühne
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu P, Liu Z, Chen S, Ma X. Fundamental Limitation on the Detectability of Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:230503. [PMID: 36563217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.230503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement detection is essential in quantum information science and quantum many-body physics. It has been proved that entanglement exists almost surely for a random quantum state, while the realizations of effective entanglement criteria usually consume exponentially many resources with regard to system size or qubit number, and efficient criteria often perform poorly without prior knowledge. This fact implies a fundamental limitation might exist in the detectability of entanglement. In this work, we formalize this limitation as a fundamental trade-off between the efficiency and effectiveness of entanglement criteria via a systematic method to evaluate the detection capability of entanglement criteria theoretically. For a system coupled to an environment, we prove that any entanglement criterion needs exponentially many observables to detect the entanglement effectively when restricted to single-copy operations. Otherwise, the detection capability of the criterion will decay double exponentially. Furthermore, if multicopy joint measurements are allowed, the effectiveness of entanglement detection can be exponentially improved, which implies a quantum advantage in entanglement detection problems. Our results may shed light on why quantum phenomena are difficult to observe in large noisy systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Liu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenhuan Liu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu XM, Zhang C, Liu BH, Guo Y, Xing WB, Huang CX, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC. High-Dimensional Bell Test without Detection Loophole. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:060402. [PMID: 36018648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Violation of Bell's inequalities shows strong conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism. Loophole-free Bell tests not only deepen understanding of quantum mechanics, but are also important foundations for device-independent (DI) tasks in quantum information. High-dimensional quantum systems offer a significant advantage over qubits for closing the detection loophole. In the symmetric scenario, a detection efficiency as low as 61.8% can be tolerated using four-dimensional states and a four-setting Bell inequality [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 060401 (2010)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.104.060401]. For the first time, we show that four-dimensional entangled photons violate a Bell inequality while closing the detection loophole in experiment. The detection efficiency of the four-dimensional entangled source is about 71.7%, and the fidelity of the state is 0.995±0.001. Combining the technique of multicore fibers, the realization of loophole-free high-dimensional Bell tests and high-dimensional quantum DI technologies are promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Cen-Xiao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu XM, Xing WB, Guo Y, Weilenmann M, Aguilar EA, Gao X, Liu BH, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC, Wang Z, Navascués M. Optimized Detection of High-Dimensional Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:220501. [PMID: 34889633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.220501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement detection is one of the most conventional tasks in quantum information processing. While most experimental demonstrations of high-dimensional entanglement rely on fidelity-based witnesses, these are powerless to detect entanglement within a large class of entangled quantum states, the so-called unfaithful states. In this Letter, we introduce a highly flexible automated method to construct optimal tests for entanglement detection given a bipartite target state of arbitrary dimension, faithful or unfaithful, and a set of local measurement operators. By restricting the number or complexity of the considered measurement settings, our method outputs the most convenient protocol which can be implemented using a wide range of experimental techniques such as photons, superconducting qudits, cold atoms, or trapped ions. With an experimental quantum optics setup that can prepare and measure arbitrary high-dimensional mixed states, we implement some three-setting protocols generated by our method. These protocols allow us to experimentally certify two- and three-unfaithful entanglement in four-dimensional photonic states, some of which contain well above 50% of noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Mirjam Weilenmann
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Edgar A Aguilar
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoqin Gao
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex, 25 Templeton Street, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zizhu Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Miguel Navascués
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu XD, Imai S, Gühne O. Optimal Entanglement Certification from Moments of the Partial Transpose. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:060504. [PMID: 34420346 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the certification and benchmarking of medium-size quantum devices, efficient methods to characterize entanglement are needed. In this context, it has been shown that locally randomized measurements on a multiparticle quantum system can be used to obtain valuable information on the so-called moments of the partially transposed quantum state. This allows one to infer some separability properties of a state, but how to use the given information in an optimal and systematic manner has yet to be determined. We propose two general entanglement detection methods based on the moments of the partially transposed density matrix. The first method is based on the Hankel matrices and provides a family of entanglement criteria, of which the lowest order reduces to the known p_{3}-positive-partial-transpose criterion proposed in A. Elben et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 200501 (2020)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.200501]. The second method is optimal and gives necessary and sufficient conditions for entanglement based on some moments of the partially transposed density matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yu
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Satoya Imai
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Otfried Gühne
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Weilenmann M, Aguilar EA, Navascués M. Analysis and optimization of quantum adaptive measurement protocols with the framework of preparation games. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4553. [PMID: 34315895 PMCID: PMC8316533 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A preparation game is a task whereby a player sequentially sends a number of quantum states to a referee, who probes each of them and announces the measurement result. Many experimental tasks in quantum information, such as entanglement quantification or magic state detection, can be cast as preparation games. In this paper, we introduce general methods to design n-round preparation games, with tight bounds on the performance achievable by players with arbitrarily constrained preparation devices. We illustrate our results by devising new adaptive measurement protocols for entanglement detection and quantification. Surprisingly, we find that the standard procedure in entanglement detection, namely, estimating n times the average value of a given entanglement witness, is in general suboptimal for detecting the entanglement of a specific quantum state. On the contrary, there exist n-round experimental scenarios where detecting the entanglement of a known state optimally requires adaptive measurement schemes. Finding a general way to come up with optimal strategies for quantum information tasks is a matter of both fundamental and practical interest. Here, the authors tackle the problem using the formalism of quantum preparation games, finding applications for entanglement detection and quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weilenmann
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - E A Aguilar
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Navascués
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomsen K. Timelessness Strictly inside the Quantum Realm. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:772. [PMID: 34207444 PMCID: PMC8235759 DOI: 10.3390/e23060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Time is one of the undisputed foundations of our life in the real world. Here it is argued that inside small isolated quantum systems, time does not pass as we are used to, and it is primarily in this sense that quantum objects enjoy only limited reality. Quantum systems, which we know, are embedded in the everyday classical world. Their preparation as well as their measurement-phases leave durable records and traces in the entropy of the environment. The Landauer Principle then gives a quantitative threshold for irreversibility. With double slit experiments and tunneling as paradigmatic examples, it is proposed that a label of timelessness offers clues for rendering a Copenhagen-type interpretation of quantum physics more "realistic" and acceptable by providing a coarse but viable link from the fundamental quantum realm to the classical world which humans directly experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knud Thomsen
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gühne O, Mao Y, Yu XD. Geometry of Faithful Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:140503. [PMID: 33891460 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A typical concept in quantum state analysis is based on the idea that states in the vicinity of some pure entangled state share the same properties, implying that states with a high fidelity must be entangled. States whose entanglement can be detected in this way are also called faithful. We prove a structural result on the corresponding fidelity-based entanglement witnesses, resulting in a simple condition for faithfulness of a two-party state. For the simplest case of two qubits faithfulness can directly be decided and for higher dimensions accurate analytical criteria are given. Finally, our results show that faithful entanglement is, in a certain sense, useful entanglement; moreover, they establish connections to computational complexity and simplify several results in entanglement theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otfried Gühne
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Mao
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Xiao-Dong Yu
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu XM, Xing WB, Liu BH, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC, Erker P, Huber M. Efficient Generation of High-Dimensional Entanglement through Multipath Down-Conversion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:090503. [PMID: 32915593 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional entanglement promises to greatly enhance the performance of quantum communication and enable quantum advantages unreachable by qubit entanglement. One of the great challenges, however, is the reliable production, distribution, and local certification of high-dimensional sources of entanglement. In this Letter, we present an optical setup capable of producing quantum states with an exceptionally high level of scalability, control, and quality that, together with novel certification techniques, achieve the highest amount of entanglement recorded so far. We showcase entanglement in 32-spatial dimensions with record fidelity to the maximally entangled state (F=0.933±0.001) and introduce measurement efficient schemes to certify entanglement of formation (E_{oF}=3.728±0.006). Combined with the existing multicore fiber technology, our results will lay a solid foundation for the construction of high-dimensional quantum networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China; and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China; and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China; and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China; and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China; and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China; and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Erker
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Marcus Huber
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna 1090, Austria
| |
Collapse
|