1
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Luo C, Zhang H, Koh VPW, Wilson JD, Chu A, Holland MJ, Rey AM, Thompson JK. Momentum-exchange interactions in a Bragg atom interferometer suppress Doppler dephasing. Science 2024; 384:551-556. [PMID: 38696562 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Large ensembles of laser-cooled atoms interacting through infinite-range photon-mediated interactions are powerful platforms for quantum simulation and sensing. Here we realize momentum-exchange interactions in which pairs of atoms exchange their momentum states by collective emission and absorption of photons from a common cavity mode, a process equivalent to a spin-exchange or XX collective Heisenberg interaction. The momentum-exchange interaction leads to an observed all-to-all Ising-like interaction in a matter-wave interferometer. A many-body energy gap also emerges, effectively binding interferometer matter-wave packets together to suppress Doppler dephasing in analogy to Mössbauer spectroscopy. The tunable momentum-exchange interaction expands the capabilities of quantum interaction-enhanced matter-wave interferometry and may enable the realization of exotic behaviors, including simulations of superconductors and dynamical gauge fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Luo
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vanessa P W Koh
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D Wilson
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anjun Chu
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Murray J Holland
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ana Maria Rey
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James K Thompson
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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2
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Finger F, Rosa-Medina R, Reiter N, Christodoulou P, Donner T, Esslinger T. Spin- and Momentum-Correlated Atom Pairs Mediated by Photon Exchange and Seeded by Vacuum Fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:093402. [PMID: 38489609 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.093402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Engineering pairs of massive particles that are simultaneously correlated in their external and internal degrees of freedom is a major challenge, yet essential for advancing fundamental tests of physics and quantum technologies. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a mechanism for generating pairs of atoms in well-defined spin and momentum modes. This mechanism couples atoms from a degenerate Bose gas via a superradiant photon-exchange process in an optical cavity, producing pairs via a single channel or two discernible channels. The scheme is independent of collisional interactions, fast, and tunable. We observe a collectively enhanced production of pairs and probe interspin correlations in momentum space. We characterize the emergent pair statistics and find that the observed dynamics is consistent with being primarily seeded by vacuum fluctuations in the corresponding atomic modes. Together with our observations of coherent many-body oscillations involving well-defined momentum modes, our results offer promising prospects for quantum-enhanced interferometry and quantum simulation experiments using entangled matter waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Finger
- Institute for Quantum Electronics and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Rosa-Medina
- Institute for Quantum Electronics and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Reiter
- Institute for Quantum Electronics and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Donner
- Institute for Quantum Electronics and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Esslinger
- Institute for Quantum Electronics and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Young DJ, Chu A, Song EY, Barberena D, Wellnitz D, Niu Z, Schäfer VM, Lewis-Swan RJ, Rey AM, Thompson JK. Observing dynamical phases of BCS superconductors in a cavity QED simulator. Nature 2024; 625:679-684. [PMID: 38267683 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductors1, electrons with opposite momenta bind into Cooper pairs due to an attractive interaction mediated by phonons in the material. Although superconductivity naturally emerges at thermal equilibrium, it can also emerge out of equilibrium when the system parameters are abruptly changed2-8. The resulting out-of-equilibrium phases are predicted to occur in real materials and ultracold fermionic atoms, but not all have yet been directly observed. Here we realize an alternative way to generate the proposed dynamical phases using cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). Our system encodes the presence or absence of a Cooper pair in a long-lived electronic transition in 88Sr atoms coupled to an optical cavity and represents interactions between electrons as photon-mediated interactions through the cavity9,10. To fully explore the phase diagram, we manipulate the ratio between the single-particle dispersion and the interactions after a quench and perform real-time tracking of the subsequent dynamics of the superconducting order parameter using nondestructive measurements. We observe regimes in which the order parameter decays to zero (phase I)3,4, assumes a non-equilibrium steady-state value (phase II)2,3 or exhibits persistent oscillations (phase III)2,3. This opens up exciting prospects for quantum simulation, including the potential to engineer unconventional superconductors and to probe beyond mean-field effects like the spectral form factor11,12, and for increasing the coherence time for quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Young
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anjun Chu
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric Yilun Song
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Diego Barberena
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David Wellnitz
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zhijing Niu
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vera M Schäfer
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert J Lewis-Swan
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Ana Maria Rey
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - James K Thompson
- JILA, NIST, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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4
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Bilitewski T, Rey AM. Manipulating Growth and Propagation of Correlations in Dipolar Multilayers: From Pair Production to Bosonic Kitaev Models. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:053001. [PMID: 37595247 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We study the nonequilibrium dynamics of dipoles confined in multiple stacked two-dimensional layers realizing a long-range interacting quantum spin 1/2 XXX model. We demonstrate that strong in-plane interactions can protect a manifold of collective layer dynamics. This then allows us to map the many-body spin dynamics to bosonic models. In a bilayer configuration we show how to engineer the paradigmatic two-mode squeezing Hamiltonian known from quantum optics, resulting in exponential production of entangled pairs and generation of metrologically useful entanglement from initially prepared product states. In multilayer configurations we engineer a bosonic variant of the Kitaev model displaying chiral propagation along the layer direction. Our study illustrates how the control over interactions, lattice geometry, and state preparation in interacting dipolar systems uniquely afforded by AMO platforms such as Rydberg and magnetic atoms, polar molecules, or trapped ions allows for the control over the temporal and spatial propagation of correlations for applications in quantum sensing and quantum simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bilitewski
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Ana Maria Rey
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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5
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Agarwal L, Langlett CM, Xu S. Long-Range Bell States from Local Measurements and Many-Body Teleportation without Time Reversal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:020801. [PMID: 36706396 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we study quantum many-body teleportation, where a single qubit is teleported through a strongly interacting quantum system, as a result of a scrambling unitary and local measurements on a few qubits. Usual many-body teleportation protocols require a double copy of the system, and backward time evolution, we demonstrate that teleportation is possible in the 2D spin-1/2 XY model, without these constraints. The necessary long-range entanglement for teleportation is generated from the model hosting special eigenstates known as rainbow scars. We outline a specific protocol for preparing this highly entangled state by evolving a product state and performing iterative measurements on only two qubits with feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Agarwal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Christopher M Langlett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Shenglong Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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6
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Programmable interactions and emergent geometry in an array of atom clouds. Nature 2021; 600:630-635. [PMID: 34937894 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interactions govern the flow of information and the formation of correlations between constituents of many-body quantum systems, dictating phases of matter found in nature and forms of entanglement generated in the laboratory. Typical interactions decay with distance and thus produce a network of connectivity governed by geometry-such as the crystalline structure of a material or the trapping sites of atoms in a quantum simulator1,2. However, many envisioned applications in quantum simulation and computation require more complex coupling graphs including non-local interactions, which feature in models of information scrambling in black holes3-6 and mappings of hard optimization problems onto frustrated classical magnets7-11. Here we describe the realization of programmable non-local interactions in an array of atomic ensembles within an optical cavity, in which photons carry information between atomic spins12-19. By programming the distance dependence of the interactions, we access effective geometries for which the dimensionality, topology and metric are entirely distinct from the physical geometry of the array. As examples, we engineer an antiferromagnetic triangular ladder, a Möbius strip with sign-changing interactions and a treelike geometry inspired by concepts of quantum gravity5,20-22. The tree graph constitutes a toy model of holographic duality21,22, in which the quantum system lies on the boundary of a higher-dimensional geometry that emerges from measured correlations23. Our work provides broader prospects for simulating frustrated magnets and topological phases24, investigating quantum optimization paradigms10,11,25,26 and engineering entangled resource states for sensing and computation27,28.
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7
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Lewis-Swan RJ, Barberena D, Cline JRK, Young DJ, Thompson JK, Rey AM. Cavity-QED Quantum Simulator of Dynamical Phases of a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer Superconductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:173601. [PMID: 33988424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose to simulate dynamical phases of a BCS superconductor using an ensemble of cold atoms trapped in an optical cavity. Effective Cooper pairs are encoded via the internal states of the atoms, and attractive interactions are realized via the exchange of virtual photons between atoms coupled to a common cavity mode. Control of the interaction strength combined with a tunable dispersion relation of the effective Cooper pairs allows exploration of the full dynamical phase diagram of the BCS model as a function of system parameters and the prepared initial state. Our proposal paves the way for the study of the nonequilibrium features of quantum magnetism and superconductivity by harnessing atom-light interactions in cold atomic gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lewis-Swan
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Diego Barberena
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Julia R K Cline
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dylan J Young
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - James K Thompson
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Ana Maria Rey
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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8
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Kelly SP, Rey AM, Marino J. Effect of Active Photons on Dynamical Frustration in Cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:133603. [PMID: 33861099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the far-from-equilibrium dynamical regimes of a many-body spin-boson model with disordered couplings relevant for cavity QED and trapped ion experiments, using the discrete truncated Wigner approximation. We focus on the dynamics of spin observables upon varying the disorder strength and the frequency of the photons, finding that the latter can considerably alter the structure of the system's dynamical responses. When the photons evolve at a similar rate as the spins, they can induce qualitatively distinct frustrated dynamics characterized by either logarithmic or algebraically slow relaxation. The latter illustrates resilience of glassylike dynamics in the presence of active photonic degrees of freedom, suggesting that disordered quantum many-body systems with resonant photons or phonons can display a rich diagram of nonequilibrium responses, with near future applications for quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Kelly
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Rey
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jamir Marino
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Serra N, Di Carlo P, Rea T, Sergi CM. Diffusion modeling of COVID-19 under lockdown. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2021; 33:041903. [PMID: 33897246 PMCID: PMC8060971 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viral immune evasion by sequence variation is a significant barrier to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine design and coronavirus disease-2019 diffusion under lockdown are unpredictable with subsequent waves. Our group has developed a computational model rooted in physics to address this challenge, aiming to predict the fitness landscape of SARS-CoV-2 diffusion using a variant of the bidimensional Ising model (2DIMV) connected seasonally. The 2DIMV works in a closed system composed of limited interaction subjects and conditioned by only temperature changes. Markov chain Monte Carlo method shows that an increase in temperature implicates reduced virus diffusion and increased mobility, leading to increased virus diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Serra
- Departments of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence “G. D'Alessandro,” PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Teresa Rea
- Departments of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Consolato M. Sergi
- Pathology Laboratories, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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10
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Spin transport in a tunable Heisenberg model realized with ultracold atoms. Nature 2020; 588:403-407. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Perlin MA, Qu C, Rey AM. Spin Squeezing with Short-Range Spin-Exchange Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:223401. [PMID: 33315447 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.223401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate many-body spin squeezing dynamics in an XXZ model with interactions that fall off with distance r as 1/r^{α} in D=2 and 3 spatial dimensions. In stark contrast to the Ising model, we find a broad parameter regime where spin squeezing comparable to the infinite-range α=0 limit is achievable even when interactions are short ranged, α>D. A region of "collective" behavior in which optimal squeezing grows with system size extends all the way to the α→∞ limit of nearest-neighbor interactions. Our predictions, made using the discrete truncated Wigner approximation, are testable in a variety of experimental cold atomic, molecular, and optical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Perlin
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Chunlei Qu
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
| | - Ana Maria Rey
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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