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Sugiura S, Dutt A, Munro WJ, Zeytinoğlu S, Chuang IL. Power of Sequential Protocols in Hidden Quantum Channel Discrimination. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:240805. [PMID: 38949370 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.240805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In many natural and engineered systems, unknown quantum channels act on a subsystem that cannot be directly controlled and measured, but is instead learned through a controllable subsystem that weakly interacts with it. We study quantum channel discrimination (QCD) under these restrictions, which we call hidden system QCD. We find sequential protocols achieve perfect discrimination and saturate the Heisenberg limit. In contrast, depth-1 parallel and multishot protocols cannot solve hidden system QCD. This suggests sequential protocols are superior in experimentally realistic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sugiura
- Physics and Informatics Laboratory, NTT Research, Inc., 940 Stewart Drive, Sunnyvale, California, 94085, USA
- Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Arkopal Dutt
- Department of Physics, Co-Design Center for Quantum Advantage, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - William J Munro
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories and Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Physics, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Sina Zeytinoğlu
- Physics and Informatics Laboratory, NTT Research, Inc., 940 Stewart Drive, Sunnyvale, California, 94085, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Isaac L Chuang
- Department of Physics, Co-Design Center for Quantum Advantage, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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2
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DeBry K, Sinanan-Singh J, Bruzewicz CD, Reens D, Kim ME, Roychowdhury MP, McConnell R, Chuang IL, Chiaverini J. Experimental Quantum Channel Discrimination Using Metastable States of a Trapped Ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:170602. [PMID: 37955505 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.170602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental demonstrations of accurate and unambiguous single-shot discrimination between three quantum channels using a single trapped ^{40}Ca^{+} ion. The three channels cannot be distinguished unambiguously using repeated single channel queries, the natural classical analogue. We develop techniques for using the six-dimensional D_{5/2} state space for quantum information processing, and we implement protocols to discriminate quantum channel analogues of phase shift keying and amplitude shift keying data encodings used in classical radio communication. The demonstrations achieve discrimination accuracy exceeding 99% in each case, limited entirely by known experimental imperfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle DeBry
- Department of Physics, Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - Jasmine Sinanan-Singh
- Department of Physics, Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Colin D Bruzewicz
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - David Reens
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - May E Kim
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - Matthew P Roychowdhury
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - Robert McConnell
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - Isaac L Chuang
- Department of Physics, Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John Chiaverini
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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3
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Quantum Readout of Imperfect Classical Data. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062266. [PMID: 35336438 PMCID: PMC8949242 DOI: 10.3390/s22062266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The encoding of classical data in a physical support can be done up to some level of accuracy due to errors and the imperfection of the writing process. Moreover, some degradation of the stored data can happen over time because of physical or chemical instability of the system. Any readout strategy should take into account this natural degree of uncertainty and minimize its effect. An example are optical digital memories, where the information is encoded in two values of reflectance of a collection of cells. Quantum reading using entanglement, has been shown to enhances the readout of an ideal optical memory, where the two level are perfectly characterized. In this work, we analyse the case of imperfect construction of the memory and propose an optimized quantum sensing protocol to maximize the readout accuracy in presence of imprecise writing. The proposed strategy is feasible with current technology and is relatively robust to detection and optical losses. Beside optical memories, this work have implications for identification of pattern in biological system, in spectrophotometry, and whenever the information can be extracted from a transmission/reflection optical measurement.
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Bavaresco J, Murao M, Quintino MT. Strict Hierarchy between Parallel, Sequential, and Indefinite-Causal-Order Strategies for Channel Discrimination. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:200504. [PMID: 34860031 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present an instance of a task of minimum-error discrimination of two qubit-qubit quantum channels for which a sequential strategy outperforms any parallel strategy. We then establish two new classes of strategies for channel discrimination that involve indefinite causal order and show that there exists a strict hierarchy among the performance of all four strategies. Our proof technique employs a general method of computer-assisted proofs. We also provide a systematic method for finding pairs of channels that showcase this phenomenon, demonstrating that the hierarchy between strategies is not exclusive to our main example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bavaresco
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mio Murao
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Trans-scale Quantum Science Institute, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marco Túlio Quintino
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Krawiec A, Pawela Ł, Puchała Z. Excluding false negative error in certification of quantum channels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21716. [PMID: 34741055 PMCID: PMC8571408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Certification of quantum channels is based on quantum hypothesis testing and involves also preparation of an input state and choosing the final measurement. This work primarily focuses on the scenario when the false negative error cannot occur, even if it leads to the growth of the probability of false positive error. We establish a condition when it is possible to exclude false negative error after a finite number of queries to the quantum channel in parallel, and we provide an upper bound on the number of queries. On top of that, we found a class of channels which allow for excluding false negative error after a finite number of queries in parallel, but cannot be distinguished unambiguously. Moreover, it will be proved that parallel certification scheme is always sufficient, however the number of steps may be decreased by the use of adaptive scheme. Finally, we consider examples of certification of various classes of quantum channels and measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krawiec
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Pawela
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Puchała
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.,Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
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Pereira JL, Banchi L, Pirandola S. Bounding the Benefit of Adaptivity in Quantum Metrology Using the Relative Fidelity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:150501. [PMID: 34678018 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.150501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protocols for discriminating between a pair of channels or for estimating a channel parameter can often be aided by adaptivity or by entanglement between the probe states. This can make it difficult to bound the best possible performance for such protocols. In this Letter, we introduce a quantity that we call the relative fidelity of a given pair of channels and a pair of input states to those channels. Constraining the allowed input states to all pairs of states whose fidelity is greater than some minimum "input fidelity" and minimizing this quantity over the valid pairs of states, we get the minimum relative fidelity for that input fidelity constraint. We are then able to lower bound the fidelity between the possible output states of any protocol acting on one of two possible channels in terms of the minimum relative fidelity. This allows us to bound the performance of the most general, adaptive discrimination and parameter estimation protocols. By finding a continuity bound for the relative fidelity, we also provide a simple confirmation that the quantum Fisher information (QFI) of the output of an N-use protocol is no more than N^{2} times the one-shot QFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Pereira
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York YO10 5GH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Leonardo Banchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefano Pirandola
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York YO10 5GH, United Kingdom
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Fundamental limitations on distillation of quantum channel resources. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4411. [PMID: 34285214 PMCID: PMC8292459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum channels underlie the dynamics of quantum systems, but in many practical settings it is the channels themselves that require processing. We establish universal limitations on the processing of both quantum states and channels, expressed in the form of no-go theorems and quantitative bounds for the manipulation of general quantum channel resources under the most general transformation protocols. Focusing on the class of distillation tasks — which can be understood either as the purification of noisy channels into unitary ones, or the extraction of state-based resources from channels — we develop fundamental restrictions on the error incurred in such transformations, and comprehensive lower bounds for the overhead of any distillation protocol. In the asymptotic setting, our results yield broadly applicable bounds for rates of distillation. We demonstrate our results through applications to fault-tolerant quantum computation, where we obtain state-of-the-art lower bounds for the overhead cost of magic state distillation, as well as to quantum communication, where we recover a number of strong converse bounds for quantum channel capacity. Several key tasks in quantum information processing can be regarded as channel manipulation. Here, focusing on the class of distillation protocols, the authors derive general bounds on resource overhead and incurred errors, showing application to magic state distillation and quantum channel capacities.
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Zhuang Q. Quantum Ranging with Gaussian Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:240501. [PMID: 34213931 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.240501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that entanglement can benefit quantum information processing tasks. Quantum illumination, when first proposed, was surprising as the entanglement's benefit survived entanglement-breaking noise. Since then, many efforts have been devoted to study quantum sensing in noisy scenarios. The applicability of such schemes, however, is limited to a binary quantum hypothesis testing scenario. In terms of target detection, such schemes interrogate a single spatiotemporal resolution bin at a time, limiting the impact to radar detection. We resolve this binary-hypothesis limitation by proposing an entanglement-assisted quantum ranging protocol. By formulating a ranging task as a multiary hypothesis testing problem, we show that entanglement enables a 6-dB advantage in the error exponent against the optimal classical scheme. Moreover, the proposed ranging protocol can also be used to implement a pulse-position modulated entanglement-assisted communication protocol. Our ranging protocol reveals entanglement's potential in general quantum hypothesis testing tasks and paves the way toward a quantum-ranging radar with a provable quantum advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quntao Zhuang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Nakahira K, Kato K. Simple Upper and Lower Bounds on the Ultimate Success Probability for Discriminating Arbitrary Finite-Dimensional Quantum Processes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:200502. [PMID: 34110180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We consider the problem of discriminating finite-dimensional quantum processes, also called quantum supermaps, that can consist of multiple time steps. Obtaining the ultimate performance for discriminating quantum processes is of fundamental importance, but is challenging mainly due to the necessity of considering all discrimination strategies allowed by quantum mechanics, including entanglement-assisted strategies and adaptive strategies. In the case in which the processes to be discriminated have internal memories, the ultimate performance would generally be more difficult to analyze. In this Letter, we present a simple upper bound on the ultimate success probability for discriminating arbitrary quantum processes. In the special case of multishot channel discrimination, it can be shown that the ultimate success probability increases by at most a constant factor determined by the given channels if the number of channel evaluations increases by one. We also present a lower bound based on Bayesian updating, which has a low computational cost. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed bounds are reasonably tight. The proposed bounds do not explicitly depend on any quantum phenomena, and can be readily extended to a general operational probabilistic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakahira
- Quantum Information Science Research Center, Quantum ICT Research Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Quantum Information Science Research Center, Quantum ICT Research Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
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Ortolano G, Losero E, Pirandola S, Genovese M, Ruo-Berchera I. Experimental quantum reading with photon counting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabc7796. [PMID: 33523922 PMCID: PMC7817089 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The final goal of quantum hypothesis testing is to achieve quantum advantage over all possible classical strategies. In the protocol of quantum reading, this is achieved for information retrieval from an optical memory, whose generic cell stores a bit of information in two possible lossy channels. We show, theoretically and experimentally, that quantum advantage is obtained by practical photon-counting measurements combined with a simple maximum-likelihood decision. In particular, we show that this receiver combined with an entangled two-mode squeezed vacuum source is able to outperform any strategy based on statistical mixtures of coherent states for the same mean number of input photons. Our experimental findings demonstrate that quantum entanglement and simple optics are able to enhance the readout of digital data, paving the way to real applications of quantum reading and with potential applications for any other model that is based on the binary discrimination of bosonic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ortolano
- Quantum Metrology and Nano Technologies Division, INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
- DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Losero
- Quantum Metrology and Nano Technologies Division, INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Pirandola
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York YO10 5GH, UK
| | - Marco Genovese
- Quantum Metrology and Nano Technologies Division, INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - Ivano Ruo-Berchera
- Quantum Metrology and Nano Technologies Division, INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
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