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Wang JQ, Song LJ, Huo JT, Gao M, Zhang Y. Designing Advanced Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Alloys by Controlling the Energy State. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311406. [PMID: 38811026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous alloys, also known as metallic glasses, exhibit many advanced mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Owing to the nonequilibrium nature, their energy states can vary over a wide range. However, the energy relaxation kinetics are very complex and composed of various types that are coupled with each other. This makes it challenging to control the energy state precisely and to study the energy-properties relationship. This brief review introduces the recent progresses on studying the enthalpy relaxation kinetics during isothermal annealing, for example, the observation of two-step relaxation phenomenon, the detection of relaxation unit (relaxun), the key role of large activation entropy in triggering memory effect, the influence of glass energy state on nanocrystallization. Based on the above knowledge, a new strategy is proposed to design a series of amorphous alloys and their composites consisting of nanocrystals and glass matrix with superior functional properties by precisely controlling the nonequilibrium energy states. As the typical examples, Fe-based amorphous alloys with both advanced soft magnetism and good plasticity, Gd-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composites with large magnetocaloric effect, and Fe-based amorphous alloys with high catalytic performance are specifically described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Jian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Tao Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Patrón A, Sánchez-Rey B, Prados A. Kinetic glass transition in granular gases and nonlinear molecular fluids. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:044137. [PMID: 38755825 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.044137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate, both analytically and numerically, the emergence of a kinetic glass transition in two different model systems: a uniformly heated granular gas and a molecular fluid with nonlinear drag. Despite the profound differences between these two physical systems, their behavior in thermal cycles share strong similarities, which stem from the relaxation time diverging algebraically at low temperatures for both systems. When the driving intensity--for the granular gas-or the bath temperature-for the molecular fluid-is decreased to sufficiently low values, the kinetic temperature of both systems becomes "frozen" at a value that depends on the cooling rate through a power law with the same exponent. Interestingly, this frozen glassy state is universal in the following sense: for a suitable rescaling of the relevant variables, its velocity distribution function becomes independent of the cooling rate. Upon reheating, i.e., when either the driving intensity or the bath temperature is increased from this frozen state, hysteresis cycles arise and the apparent heat capacity displays a maximum. The numerical results obtained from the simulations are well described by a perturbative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patrón
- Física Teórica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado de Correos 1065, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - B Sánchez-Rey
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Prados
- Física Teórica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado de Correos 1065, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Tong Y, Song L, Gao Y, Fan L, Li F, Yang Y, Mo G, Liu Y, Shui X, Zhang Y, Gao M, Huo J, Qiao J, Pineda E, Wang JQ. Strain-driven Kovacs-like memory effect in glasses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8407. [PMID: 38110399 PMCID: PMC10728148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying complex relaxation behaviors is of critical importance for understanding the nature of glasses. Here we report a Kovacs-like memory effect in glasses, manifested by non-monotonic stress relaxation during two-step high-to-low strains stimulations. During the stress relaxation process, if the strain jumps from a higher state to a lower state, the stress does not continue to decrease, but increases first and then decreases. The memory effect becomes stronger when the atomic motions become highly collective with a large activation energy, e.g. the strain in the first stage is larger, the temperature is higher, and the stimulation is longer. The physical origin of the stress memory effect is studied based on the relaxation kinetics and the in-situ synchrotron X-ray experiments. The stress memory effect is probably a universal phenomenon in different types of glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Lijian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yurong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Longlong Fan
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fucheng Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Mo
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shui
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Meng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Qiao
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Eloi Pineda
- Department of Physics, Institute of Energy Technologies, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sonaglioni D, Tombari E, Johari GP. Pressure Scanning Volumetry of Physically Aged Polymer Glasses, Fictive Pressure, and Memory Effect. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7070-7081. [PMID: 37506327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical aging of a glass decreases its volume, V, entropy, and enthalpy, H, toward the equilibrium state values. For glasses usually formed by cooling a melt, the effect is modeled in terms of non-exponential, nonlinear structural relaxation by using a plot of the heat capacity, Cp = (dH/dT)p, against T obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) cooling and heating scans. A melt becomes glass also on isothermal pressurizing and the glass formed becomes liquid on depressurizing, showing a hysteresis of the sigmoid-shape plot of -(dV/dp)T against p, which resembles the thermal hysteresis observed in the Cp against T plots. By analogy with DSC, it was named pressure scanning volumetry (PSV). Here, we use the known values of non-exponential and nonlinearity parameters β and x and volume of activation for structural relaxation time, ΔV*, of atactic poly(propylene) to investigate the effect of aging pressure, page, of aging time, tage, and of the pressurizing rate on aging features in PSV scans. The scans show a post-p g → l feature on depressurizing before the -(dV/dp)T overshoot peak appears. We provide quantitative plots (i) of the monotonic decrease of V and increase of fictive pressure, pf, with tage and (ii) of the memory (Kovacs) effect in V and pf of the polymer and (iii) provide generic plots of -(dV/dp)T against p for different combinations of β, x, and ΔV*. The study is of academic significance because PSV scans show a change in the density fluctuation response. It is of technological significance in polymer-extrusion processing and it may stimulate the commercial development of computer-controlled, high-pressure equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sonaglioni
- Physics Department, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elpidio Tombari
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - G P Johari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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5
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Song L, Gao Y, Zou P, Xu W, Gao M, Zhang Y, Huo J, Li F, Qiao J, Wang LM, Wang JQ. Detecting the exponential relaxation spectrum in glasses by high-precision nanocalorimetry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302776120. [PMID: 37155861 PMCID: PMC10193961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302776120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonexponential relaxations are universal characteristics for glassy materials. There is a well-known hypothesis that nonexponential relaxation peaks are composed of a series of exponential events, which have not been verified. In this Letter, we discover the exponential relaxation events during the recovery process using a high-precision nanocalorimetry, which are universal for metallic glasses and organic glasses. The relaxation peaks can be well fitted by the exponential Debye function with a single activation energy. The activation energy covers a broad range from α relaxation to β relaxation and even the fast γ/β' relaxation. We obtain the complete spectrum of the exponential relaxation peaks over a wide temperature range from 0.63Tg to 1.03Tg, which provides solid evidence that nonexponential relaxation peaks can be decomposed into exponential relaxation units. Furthermore, the contribution of different relaxation modes in the nonequilibrium enthalpy space is measured. These results open a door for developing the thermodynamics of nonequilibrium physics and for precisely modulating the properties of glasses by controlling the relaxation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Song
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yurong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Fushan S. Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Jichao C. Qiao
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian710072, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei066004, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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6
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Bonatti L, Brugman BL, Subramani T, Leinenweber KD, Navrotsky A. Heat capacity of microgram oxide samples by fast scanning calorimetry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2889795. [PMID: 37158701 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative scanning calorimetry on microgram-sized samples opens a broad, new range of opportunities for studying the thermodynamic properties of quantity-limited materials, including those produced under extreme conditions or found as rare accessory minerals in nature. We calibrated the Mettler Toledo Flash DSC 2+ calorimeter to obtain quantitative heat capacities in the range 200-350 °C, using samples weighing between 2 and 11.5 μg. Our technique is applied to a new set of oxide materials to which it has never been used before, without the need for melting, glass transitions, or phase transformations. Heat capacity data were obtained for silica in the high pressure stishovite (rutile) structure, dense post-stishovite glass, standard fused quartz, and for TiO2 rutile. These heat capacities agree within 5%-15% with the literature values reported for rutile, stishovite, and fused SiO2 glass. The heat capacity of post-stishovite glass, made by heating stishovite to 1000 °C, is a newly reported value. After accurate calibrations, measured heat capacities were then used to calculate masses for samples in the microgram range, a substantial improvement over measurement in conventional microbalances, which have uncertainties approaching 50%-100% for such small samples. Since the typical uncertainty of heat capacities measured on 10-100 mg samples in conventional differential scanning calorimetry is typically 7% (1%-5% with careful work), flash differential scanning calorimetry, using samples a factor of 1000 smaller, increases the uncertainty of heat capacity measurements by a factor of <3, opening the door for meaningful measurements on ultra-small, high-pressure samples and other quantity-limited materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonatti
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - B L Brugman
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - T Subramani
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - K D Leinenweber
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - A Navrotsky
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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7
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Douglass IM, Dyre JC. Distance-as-time in physical aging. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054615. [PMID: 36559484 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been known for half a century that the physical aging of glasses in experiments is described well by a linear thermal-history convolution integral over the so-called material time, the microscopic definition and interpretation of the material time remains a mystery. We propose that the material-time increase over a given time interval reflects the distance traveled by the system's particles. Different possible distance measures are discussed, starting from the standard mean-square displacement and its inherent-state version that excludes the vibrational contribution. The viewpoint adopted, which is inspired by and closely related to pioneering works of Cugliandolo and Kurchan from the 1990s, implies a "geometric reversibility" and a "unique-triangle property" characterizing the system's path in configuration space during aging. Both of these properties are inherited from equilibrium, and they are here confirmed by computer simulations of an aging binary Lennard-Jones system. Our simulations moreover show that the slow particles control the material time. This motivates a "dynamic-rigidity-percolation" picture of physical aging. The numerical data show that the material time is dominated by the slowest particles' inherent mean-square displacement, which is conveniently quantified by the inherent harmonic mean-square displacement. This distance measure collapses data for potential-energy aging well in the sense that the normalized relaxation functions following different temperature jumps are almost the same function of the material time. Finally, the standard Tool-Narayanaswamy linear material-time convolution-integral description of physical aging is derived from the assumption that when time is replaced by distance in the above sense, an aging system is described by the same expression as that of linear-response theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Douglass
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jeppe C Dyre
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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8
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Wang H, Zhang L, Peh KWE, Yu Q, Lu Y, Hua W, Men Y. Effect of Phase Separation and Crystallization on Enthalpy Relaxation in Thermoplastic Polyurethane. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- BASF Polyurethane Specialties (China) Co. Ltd., 300 Jiang Xin Sha Road, Pudong
District, Shanghai 200137, P. R. China
| | - Kar Wee Eddie Peh
- BASF Polyurethane Specialties (China) Co. Ltd., 300 Jiang Xin Sha Road, Pudong
District, Shanghai 200137, P. R. China
| | - Qianli Yu
- BASF Polyurethane Specialties (China) Co. Ltd., 300 Jiang Xin Sha Road, Pudong
District, Shanghai 200137, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Hua
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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9
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Carbone MR, Baity-Jesi M. Competition between energy- and entropy-driven activation in glasses. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:024603. [PMID: 36109895 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.024603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In simplified models of glasses we clarify the existence of two different kinds of coexisting activated dynamics, with one of the two dominating over the other. One is the energy barrier hopping that is typically used to understand activation, and the other, which we call entropic activation, is driven by the scarcity of convenient directions in phase space. When entropic activation dominates, the height of the energy barriers is no longer the primary factor governing the system's slowdown. In our analysis, dominance of one mechanism over the other depends on temperature and the shape of the density of states. We also find that at low temperatures a phase transition between the two kinds of activation can occur. Our observations are used to provide a scenario that can harmonize the facilitation and thermodynamic pictures of the slowdown of glasses into a single description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Carbone
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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10
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Riechers B, Roed LA, Mehri S, Ingebrigtsen TS, Hecksher T, Dyre JC, Niss K. Predicting nonlinear physical aging of glasses from equilibrium relaxation via the material time. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9809. [PMID: 35294250 PMCID: PMC8926348 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The noncrystalline glassy state of matter plays a role in virtually all fields of materials science and offers complementary properties to those of the crystalline counterpart. The caveat of the glassy state is that it is out of equilibrium and therefore exhibits physical aging, i.e., material properties change over time. For half a century, the physical aging of glasses has been known to be described well by the material-time concept, although the existence of a material time has never been directly validated. We do this here by successfully predicting the aging of the molecular glass 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one from its linear relaxation behavior. This establishes the defining property of the material time. Via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, our results imply that physical aging can be predicted from thermal-equilibrium fluctuation data, which is confirmed by computer simulations of a binary liquid mixture.
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11
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Patrón A, Sánchez-Rey B, Prados A. Strong nonexponential relaxation and memory effects in a fluid with nonlinear drag. Phys Rev E 2022; 104:064127. [PMID: 35030916 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.064127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the dynamical evolution of a fluid with nonlinear drag, for which binary collisions are elastic, described at the kinetic level by the Enskog-Fokker-Planck equation. This model system, rooted in the theory of nonlinear Brownian motion, displays a really complex behavior when quenched to low temperatures. Its glassy response is controlled by a long-lived nonequilibrium state, independent of the degree of nonlinearity and also of the Brownian-Brownian collisions rate. The latter property entails that this behavior persists in the collisionless case, where the fluid is described by the nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation. The observed response, which includes nonexponential, algebraic, relaxation, and strong memory effects, presents scaling properties: the time evolution of the temperature-for both relaxation and memory effects-falls onto a master curve, regardless of the details of the experiment. To account for the observed behavior in simulations, it is necessary to develop an extended Sonine approximation for the kinetic equation-which considers not only the fourth cumulant but also the sixth one.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patrón
- Física Teórica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado de Correos 1065, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - B Sánchez-Rey
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, E.P.S., Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Prados
- Física Teórica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado de Correos 1065, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
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12
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Sánchez-Rey B, Prados A. Linear response in the uniformly heated granular gas. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:024903. [PMID: 34525635 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.024903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the linear response properties of the uniformly heated granular gas. The intensity of the stochastic driving fixes the value of the granular temperature in the nonequilibrium steady state reached by the system. Here, we investigate two specific situations. First, we look into the "direct" relaxation of the system after a single (small) jump of the driving intensity. This study is carried out by two different methods. Not only do we linearize the evolution equations around the steady state, but we also derive generalized out-of-equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation relations for the relevant response functions. Second, we investigate the behavior of the system in a more complex experiment, specifically a Kovacs-like protocol with two jumps in the driving. The emergence of an anomalous Kovacs response is explained in terms of the properties of the direct relaxation function: it is the second mode changing sign at the critical value of the inelasticity that demarcates anomalous from normal behavior. The analytical results are compared with numerical simulations of the kinetic equation, and a good agreement is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Sánchez-Rey
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, E.P.S., Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Prados
- Física Teórica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado de Correos 1065, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
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13
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Abstract
When aged below the glass transition temperature, [Formula: see text], the density of a glass cannot exceed that of the metastable supercooled liquid (SCL) state, unless crystals are nucleated. The only exception is when another polyamorphic SCL state exists, with a density higher than that of the ordinary SCL. Experimentally, such polyamorphic states and their corresponding liquid-liquid phase transitions have only been observed in network-forming systems or those with polymorphic crystalline states. In otherwise simple liquids, such phase transitions have not been observed, either in aged or vapor-deposited stable glasses, even near the Kauzmann temperature. Here, we report that the density of thin vapor-deposited films of N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) can exceed their corresponding SCL density by as much as 3.5% and can even exceed the crystal density under certain deposition conditions. We identify a previously unidentified high-density supercooled liquid (HD-SCL) phase with a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature ([Formula: see text]) ∼35 K below the nominal glass transition temperature of the ordinary SCL. The HD-SCL state is observed in glasses deposited in the thickness range of 25 to 55 nm, where thin films of the ordinary SCL have exceptionally enhanced surface mobility with large mobility gradients. The enhanced mobility enables vapor-deposited thin films to overcome kinetic barriers for relaxation and access the HD-SCL state. The HD-SCL state is only thermodynamically favored in thin films and transforms rapidly to the ordinary SCL when the vapor deposition is continued to form films with thicknesses more than 60 nm.
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Cassidy A, Jørgensen MRV, Glavic A, Lauter V, Plekan O, Field D. A mechanism for ageing in a deeply supercooled molecular glass. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6368-6371. [PMID: 34105533 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the decay of electric fields, formed spontaneously within vapour-deposited films of cis-methyl formate, provide the first direct assessment of the energy barrier to secondary relaxation in a molecular glass. At temperatures far below the glass transition temperature, the mechanism of relaxation is shown to be through hindered molecular rotation. Magnetically-polarised neutron scattering experiments exclude diffusion, which is demonstrated to take place only close to the glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cassidy
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mads R V Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, iNano & Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C, Denmark & MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, Lund, Sweden
| | - Artur Glavic
- Laboratory for Neutron and Muon Instrumentation, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5231 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Lauter
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - David Field
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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15
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Mehri S, Ingebrigtsen TS, Dyre JC. Single-parameter aging in a binary Lennard-Jones system. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094504. [PMID: 33685153 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper studies physical aging by computer simulations of a 2:1 Kob-Andersen binary Lennard-Jones mixture, a system that is less prone to crystallization than the standard 4:1 composition. Starting from thermal-equilibrium states, the time evolution of the following four quantities is monitored by following up and down jumps in temperature: potential energy, virial, average squared force, and the Laplacian of the potential energy. Despite the fact that significantly larger temperature jumps are studied here than in typical similar experiments, to a good approximation, all four quantities conform to the single-parameter-aging scenario derived and validated for small jumps in experiments [T. Hecksher, N. B. Olsen, and J. C. Dyre, J. Chem. Phys. 142, 241103 (2015)]. As a further confirmation of single-parameter aging with a common material time for the four different quantities monitored, their relaxing parts are found to be almost identical for all temperature jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mehri
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Trond S Ingebrigtsen
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jeppe C Dyre
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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