1
|
Vine W, Kringhøj A, Savytskyi M, Parker D, Schenkel T, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Morello A, Pla JJ. Latched detection of zeptojoule spin echoes with a kinetic inductance parametric oscillator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7624. [PMID: 38578995 PMCID: PMC10997192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
When strongly pumped at twice their resonant frequency, nonlinear resonators develop a high-amplitude intracavity field, a phenomenon known as parametric self-oscillations. The boundary over which this instability occurs can be extremely sharp and thereby presents an opportunity for realizing a detector. Here, we operate such a device based on a superconducting microwave resonator whose nonlinearity is engineered from kinetic inductance. The device indicates the absorption of low-power microwave wavepackets by transitioning to a self-oscillating state. Using calibrated pulses, we measure the detection efficiency to zeptojoule energy wavepackets. We then apply it to measurements of electron spin resonance, using an ensemble of 209Bi donors in silicon that are inductively coupled to the resonator. We achieve a latched readout of the spin signal with an amplitude that is five hundred times greater than the underlying spin echoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Vine
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anders Kringhøj
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mykhailo Savytskyi
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Parker
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett C. Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C. McCallum
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jarryd J. Pla
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perminov NS, Moiseev SA. Integrated Multiresonator Quantum Memory. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25040623. [PMID: 37190411 PMCID: PMC10138295 DOI: 10.3390/e25040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We develop an integrated efficient multiresonator quantum memory scheme based on a system of three interacting resonators coupled through a common resonator to an external waveguide via switchable coupler. It is shown that high-precision parameter matching based on step-by-step optimization makes it possible to efficiently store the signal field and enables on-demand retrieval of the signal at specified time moments. Possible experimental implementations and practical applications of the proposed quantum memory scheme are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Sergeevich Perminov
- Kazan Quantum Center, Kazan National Research Technical University, n.a. A.N.Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey Andreevich Moiseev
- Kazan Quantum Center, Kazan National Research Technical University, n.a. A.N.Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10/7 Sibirsky Tract, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ranjan V, Wen Y, Keyser AKV, Kubatkin SE, Danilov AV, Lindström T, Bertet P, de Graaf SE. Spin-Echo Silencing Using a Current-Biased Frequency-Tunable Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:180504. [PMID: 36374697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.180504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control microwave emission from a spin ensemble is a requirement of several quantum memory protocols. Here, we demonstrate such ability by using a resonator whose frequency can be rapidly tuned with a bias current. We store excitations in an ensemble of rare-earth ions and suppress on demand the echo emission ("echo silencing") by two methods: (1) detuning the resonator during the spin rephasing, and (2) subjecting spins to magnetic field gradients generated by the bias current itself. We also show that spin coherence is preserved during silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Ranjan
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Y Wen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A K V Keyser
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S E Kubatkin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - A V Danilov
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - T Lindström
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S E de Graaf
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Šimėnas M, O'Sullivan J, Kennedy OW, Lin S, Fearn S, Zollitsch CW, Dold G, Schmitt T, Schüffelgen P, Liu RB, Morton JJL. Near-Surface ^{125}Te^{+} Spins with Millisecond Coherence Lifetime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:117701. [PMID: 36154421 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.117701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Impurity spins in crystal matrices are promising components in quantum technologies, particularly if they can maintain their spin properties when close to surfaces and material interfaces. Here, we investigate an attractive candidate for microwave-domain applications, the spins of group-VI ^{125}Te^{+} donors implanted into natural Si at depths as shallow as 20 nm. We show that surface band bending can be used to ionize such near-surface Te to spin-active Te^{+} state, and that optical illumination can be used further to control the Te donor charge state. We examine spin activation yield, spin linewidth, and relaxation (T_{1}) and coherence times (T_{2}) and show how a zero-field 3.5 GHz "clock transition" extends spin coherence times to over 1 ms, which is about an order of magnitude longer than other near-surface spin systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Šimėnas
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - James O'Sullivan
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar W Kennedy
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Coherence and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph W Zollitsch
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Dold
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Schmitt
- Institute for Semiconductor Nanoelectronics, Peter Grünberg Institute 9, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Schüffelgen
- Institute for Semiconductor Nanoelectronics, Peter Grünberg Institute 9, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Coherence and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, UCL, Malet Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Le Dantec M, Rančić M, Lin S, Billaud E, Ranjan V, Flanigan D, Bertaina S, Chanelière T, Goldner P, Erb A, Liu RB, Estève D, Vion D, Flurin E, Bertet P. Twenty-three-millisecond electron spin coherence of erbium ions in a natural-abundance crystal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9786. [PMID: 34910504 PMCID: PMC8673753 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Erbium ions embedded in crystals have unique properties for quantum information processing, because of their optical transition at 1.5 μm and of the large magnetic moment of their effective spin-1/2 electronic ground state. Most applications of erbium require, however, long electron spin coherence times, and this has so far been missing. Here, by selecting a host matrix with a low nuclear-spin density (CaWO4) and by quenching the spectral diffusion due to residual paramagnetic impurities at millikelvin temperatures, we obtain a 23-ms coherence time on the Er3+ electron spin transition. This is the longest Hahn echo electron spin coherence time measured in a material with a natural abundance of nuclear spins and on a magnetically sensitive transition. Our results establish Er3+:CaWO4 as a potential platform for quantum networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Le Dantec
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Miloš Rančić
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Coherence, and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Billaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Vishal Ranjan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Daniel Flanigan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Bertaina
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP (UMR 7334), Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et Nanosciences de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Chanelière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Erb
- Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
| | - Ren Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Coherence, and The Hong Kong Institute of Quantum Information Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Estève
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Denis Vion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Flurin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- AIDAS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gouzien É, Sangouard N. Factoring 2048-bit RSA Integers in 177 Days with 13 436 Qubits and a Multimode Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:140503. [PMID: 34652170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the performance of a quantum computer architecture combining a small processor and a storage unit. By focusing on integer factorization, we show a reduction by several orders of magnitude of the number of processing qubits compared with a standard architecture using a planar grid of qubits with nearest-neighbor connectivity. This is achieved by taking advantage of a temporally and spatially multiplexed memory to store the qubit states between processing steps. Concretely, for a characteristic physical gate error rate of 10^{-3}, a processor cycle time of 1 microsecond, factoring a 2 048-bit RSA integer is shown to be possible in 177 days with 3D gauge color codes assuming a threshold of 0.75% with a processor made with 13 436 physical qubits and a memory that can store 28 million spatial modes and 45 temporal modes with 2 hours' storage time. By inserting additional error-correction steps, storage times of 1 second are shown to be sufficient at the cost of increasing the run-time by about 23%. Shorter run-times (and storage times) are achievable by increasing the number of qubits in the processing unit. We suggest realizing such an architecture using a microwave interface between a processor made with superconducting qubits and a multiplexed memory using the principle of photon echo in solids doped with rare-earth ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Élie Gouzien
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Physique Théorique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Sangouard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Physique Théorique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Method to Compute the Schrieffer-Wolff Generator for Analysis of Quantum Memory. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23101260. [PMID: 34681984 PMCID: PMC8535072 DOI: 10.3390/e23101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantum illumination uses entangled light that consists of signal and idler modes to achieve higher detection rate of a low-reflective object in noisy environments. The best performance of quantum illumination can be achieved by measuring the returned signal mode together with the idler mode. Thus, it is necessary to prepare a quantum memory that can keep the idler mode ideal. To send a signal towards a long-distance target, entangled light in the microwave regime is used. There was a recent demonstration of a microwave quantum memory using microwave cavities coupled with a transmon qubit. We propose an ordering of bosonic operators to efficiently compute the Schrieffer–Wolff transformation generator to analyze the quantum memory. Our proposed method is applicable to a wide class of systems described by bosonic operators whose interaction part represents a definite number of transfer in quanta.
Collapse
|
8
|
Spong NLR, Jiao Y, Hughes ODW, Weatherill KJ, Lesanovsky I, Adams CS. Collectively Encoded Rydberg Qubit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:063604. [PMID: 34420315 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.063604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a collectively encoded qubit based on a single Rydberg excitation stored in an ensemble of N entangled atoms. Qubit rotations are performed by applying microwave fields that drive excitations between Rydberg states. Coherent readout is performed by mapping the excitation into a single photon. Ramsey interferometry is used to probe the coherence of the qubit, as well as to test the robustness to external perturbations. We show that qubit coherence is preserved even as we lose atoms from the polariton mode, preserving Ramsey fringe visibility. We show that dephasing due to electric field noise scales as the fourth power of field amplitude. These results show that robust quantum information processing can be achieved via collective encoding using Rydberg polaritons, and hence this system could provide an attractive alternative coding strategy for quantum computation and networking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L R Spong
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Rochester Building, Durham, England DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Yuechun Jiao
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Rochester Building, Durham, England DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Oliver D W Hughes
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Rochester Building, Durham, England DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Weatherill
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Rochester Building, Durham, England DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Lesanovsky
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S Adams
- Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Centre Durham-Newcastle, Rochester Building, Durham, England DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bao Z, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li Y, Ma C, Song Y, Zhang H, Duan L. On-Demand Storage and Retrieval of Microwave Photons Using a Superconducting Multiresonator Quantum Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:010503. [PMID: 34270274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We realize on-demand storage and retrieval of weak coherent microwave photon pulses at the single-photon level. A superconducting multiresonator system which is composed of a set of frequency-tunable coplanar waveguide resonators is implemented as the quantum memory. By dynamically tuning the resonant frequencies of the resonators, we achieve tunable memory bandwidth from 10 to 55 MHz, with well preserved phase coherence. We further demonstrate on-demand storage and retrieval of a time-bin flying qubit. This result opens up a prospect to integrate our chip-based quantum memory with the state-of-the-art superconducting quantum circuit technology for quantum information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Bao
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiling Wang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukai Wu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipu Song
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Luming Duan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|